8 Games, Bargains, Bluffs, and Other Really Hard Stuff
                    
                            
                                Note:8@@@@@@@@ ci sono proplemi facili x cui basta un piano e problemi difficili x cui occorre una strategia.teoria dei giochi. Le coluzioni latitano.l economia tenta di schivare i giochi ka il diritto nn puö. L esempio della curva dei contratti.ma xché i giochi e il diritto s incrociano? perché i costi di transazione sono una fonte di giochi.la teoria dei giochi é deludente. Quelli realusti hanno sempre solyzioni ambigue. Il diavolo sta nei dettaglu e il giurista si occupa di dettagli.il monopolio bilaterale. La curva dei contratti e altri esempi. La deterrenza dei crimini passionali.nel mp la strategia é quelle del pred commitment. Schelling.il dilemma del prigioniere e i patteggiamenti.ddp emblema di tutti i costi di transazione. Si vince con regole di coordinamento tipo tenere la destra. La voce autorevole e la conoscenza comune.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Note | Location: 1,685
        
            8@@@@@@ @@ @@
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,690
        
            one where, in deciding what to do, I can safely treat the rest of the world as things
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il contesto facile. Servono piani.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,691
        
            take full account of the fact that other people out there are seeking their objectives, and that they know that I am seeking my objectives
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Contesto difficile. Servono strategie.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,693
        
            figuring out the shortest route home from my office.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Esempio di piano.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,694
        
            roads, bridges, paths, gates—can be trusted
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,699
        
            assume I am in a car headed for an intersection with no stop light or stop sign, and someone else is in a car on the cross-street, about the same distance from the intersection.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Esempio di strategia.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,704
        
            assume that both I and the other driver are male teenagers. Each of us puts what others might regard as an unreasonably low value on his own life
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Per ravvivare il problema.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,706
        
            a variant of the ancient game of “Chicken,”
                
        
                Note | Location: 1,706
        
            Popolare tra gli adolescenti. Prova di coraggio. Chi frena x primo ha perso.
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,712
        
            The branch of mathematics that deals with such problems, invented by John von Neumann almost sixty years ago, is called game theory.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,713
        
            what choices a rational player would make
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Obbiettivo
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,716
        
            solving the general problem was extraordinarily difficult, so difficult that we are still working on it.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Esito dopo 50 anni.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,717
        
            chess,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:i benefici di a danneggiano b
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,717
        
            games such as Chicken,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ci si puõ danneggiare entrambi
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,718
        
            games like democratic voting,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ci si puö accordare danneggiando terzi
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,724
        
            Wherever possible, problems are set up, the world is modeled, in ways that make strategic behavior unimportant.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Nell ambito economico
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,724
        
            perfect competition,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Esempio
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,725
        
            actions have no significant effect on the others,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,728
        
            In chapter 2 John was buying an apple that was worth a dollar to him from Mary, to whom it was worth fifty cents.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Riprendiamo un vecchio probolema. É facile trasfirmarlo ne chicken. La curva dei contratti
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,734
        
            concealed under the name of transaction costs.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:La fatica syrategica.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,735
        
            strategic behavior,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il free riding
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,741
        
            our underlying theory is largely built on the ideas of Coase, transaction costs are central to Coase’s analysis, and transaction costs often involve strategic behavior.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Xché i giochi sono importanti nel analusi del diritto
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,744
        
            if a game is simple enough so that game theory provides a reasonably unambiguous answer, there are probably other ways of getting there.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ma la teoria dei giochi nn serve a molto
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,745
        
            In most real-world applications of game theory the answer is ambiguous until you assume away large parts of the problem
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Una teoria deludente
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,752
        
            two games: bilateral monopoly and prisoner’s dilemma.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Da quu in poi
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,754
        
            Bilateral Monopoly
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Tttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,755
        
            Mary has the world’s only apple, worth fifty cents to her. John is the world’s only customer for the apple, worth a dollar to him.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il vcaso
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,758
        
            Mary announces that her price is ninety cents,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Se j le crede pagherá
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,759
        
            If, however, John announces that his maximum price is sixty cents
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Se m gli crede venderá
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,762
        
            Each is using the threat of the zero outcome to try to force a fifty cent outcome as favorable to himself as possible.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:La minaccia
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,765
        
            A small child wants to get her way and will throw a tantrum if she doesn’t.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Situazione simile. Escalation delle minacce. Ti mando a letto. E io grido piú forte.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,768
        
            Prospective parents resolve never to give in to such threats and think they will succeed. They are wrong.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,769
        
            she has hundreds of millions of years of evolution on her side,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:I vcapricci sono tutt altro che banali
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,772
        
            if you call her bluff, you will frequently find that it is not a bluff.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,774
        
            the Doomsday Machine. The idea was for the United States to bury lots of very dirty thermonuclear weapons under the Rocky Mountains, enough so that if they went off, their fallout would kill everyone on earth.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Altro caso
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,777
        
            Once the Russians know we have a Doomsday Machine we are safe
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,778
        
            the central plot device for the movie Doctor Strange-love.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,782
        
            Kahn described a Doomsday Machine not because he thought we should build one but because he thought we already had.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,787
        
            Fortunately, the real-world Doomsday Machines worked,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,788
        
            consider someone who is big, strong, and likes to get his own way. He adopts a policy of beating up anyone
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Altro esempio
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,791
        
            Beating someone up is costly;
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,791
        
            But as long as everyone knows he is committed to that strategy, other people don’t cross him,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Non arretrare
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,793
        
            Think of the bully as a Doomsday Machine on an individual level.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,793
        
            His strategy works as long as only one person is playing it.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,803
        
            Do penalties deter?
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Veniamo alla rilevanza giuridica della situazione.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,804
        
            crime of passion
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Una situazione in cui si risponde negativamente
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,804
        
            seems to be an irrational act, one the perpetrator regrets as soon as it happens.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,805
        
            The economist’s answer is that the brawl was not chosen rationally, but the strategy that led to it was.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Invece
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,806
        
            The higher the penalty for such acts, the less profitable the bully strategy.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:E quindi.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,806
        
            fewer bullies, fewer barroom brawls, and fewer “irrational” killings.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L eesito di pene elevate.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,808
        
            crimes of passion are not necessarily undeterrable.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Conclusione.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,809
        
            The Prisoner’s Dilemma
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,809
        
            Two men are arrested for a burglary. The District Attorney puts them in separate cells.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Caso classico
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,810
        
            if he confesses
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,811
        
            If Mike also confesses,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,812
        
            If Joe refuses to confess,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,813
        
            If Mike confesses, Joe will be convicted,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,813
        
            If neither confesses,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,820
        
            If Mike confesses
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Mi conviene confessare
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,821
        
            If Mike stays silent
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Mi conviene ancora confessared. Mi conviene sempre confessare!!!!!
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,823
        
            Mike has made the same calculation,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,824
        
            Both Joe and Mike have acted rationally, and both are, as a result, worse off.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,830
        
            Mike and Joe expect to continue their criminal career and may find themselves in the same situation again.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il gioco rioetuto.
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,831
        
            Intuitively, it seems that prisoner’s dilemma many times repeated, with the same players each time, should produce a more attractive outcome
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,832
        
            but there is an elegant if counterintuitive argument against it.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Uno può sempre speeare di fregare l altro
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,837
        
            Joe and Mike confess every time.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,845
        
            The prosecutor calls up the defense lawyer and offers a deal. If the client will plead guilty to second-degree murder, the District Attorney will drop the charge of first-degree murder.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Patteggiamento
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,847
        
            Such bargains are widely criticized as a way of letting criminals off lightly.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:La critica comune
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,849
        
            A rational criminal will accept a plea bargain only if doing so makes him better off
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Premessa
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,851
        
            consider the situation of a hypothetical District Attorney
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,851
        
            There are a hundred cases per year;
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,852
        
            a budget of a hundred thousand dollars.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,852
        
            only a thousand dollars to spend investigating and prosecuting each case,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,853
        
            if he can get ninety defendants to cop pleas, the DA can concentrate his resources on the ten who refuse, spend ten thousand dollars on each case, and get a conviction rate of 90 percent.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,854
        
            A defendant faces a 90 percent chance of conviction if he goes to trial
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,855
        
            He will reject any proposed deal that is worse for him than a 90 percent
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,857
        
            All defendants would be better off if none of them accepted the DA’s offer,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il dilemna dei patteggianti
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,859
        
            Individual rationality does not always lead to group rationality.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:La lezione generale di dp
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,861
        
            if I install a converter in my car, I pay all of the cost and receive only a small fraction of the benefit, so it is not worth doing.
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,863
        
            Constructing efficient legal rules is largely an attempt to get out of prisoner’s dilemmas:
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,867
        
            two motorists approaching the same intersection
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Riprendiamo l edsempio iniziale
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,868
        
            there is a legal rule to solve that problem,
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,868
        
            The rule is “Starboard right of way.”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Una regola di coordinamento azzera i costi di transazione
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,870
        
            Conclusions
                
                    
                            
                                Note:TtttttttttRicapitoliamo
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,874
        
            making a fight between two bullies or two hawks more costly, decreases the fraction of players who commit to the bully strategy.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Conclusione 1
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,875
        
            other clear conclusion was that rational players of a game with the payoff structure of prisoner’s dilemma will betray each other.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Conclusione due
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,878
        
            Real-world games do not come with payoff matrices printed on the box.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il mondo reale
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,879
        
            commitment, reputation, altruism,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Strumenti con cui giochiamo
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,883
        
            cross my heart and hope to die.”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Il giuramento é un istinto infantile di impegno