HL 1 The World Is Pretty Rich, but Once Was Poor

1 The World Is Pretty Rich, but Once Was Poor
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It had never happened before—a
Note:DAL BELGIO AL BOTSWANA....TQUASI TUTTI HANNO PATECCHIO CIBO UN TETTO SULLA TESTA E UN MINIMO DI ISTRUZIONE

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a loaf of moldy bread, some curdled milk, bad schools, bad shelter, bad clothing, bad sanitation.
Note:IL MILIARDO ANCORA ALL INFEENO...HAITI AFGHANISTAN...

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Until 1800, though, such a hell was what everybody except a handful of nobles and priests and merchants expected,
Note:1800…L INFERNO X TUTTI

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the past two centuries
Note:IL MIRACOLO

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approaches that of present-day Brazil, or of the United States in 1941.
Note:IL REDDITO MEDIO MONDIALE

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label, “the Great Enrichment.”
Note:ETICHETTA PER L EPOCA

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not in the glory of Greece or the grandeur of Rome, not in ancient Egypt or medieval China.
Note:MAI ELLA STORIA

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a roof over their heads, plentiful food and clothing, long life expectancy, reasonable hours of work, literacy, dignity—all
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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within a few generations, achieve for everyone on earth the riches of Sweden and America.
Note:IL TREND

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We’re on the way to a pretty good material paradise.
Note:PARADISO MATERIALE

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$3 a day, which before 1800 was what the average human
Note:HAITI E AFGHANISTAN...LIBERIA

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So it had been, always, back to the caves.
Note:CccccccccMAZZA DA GOLF

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$33 a day—roughly,
Note:OGGI DOPO DUE SECOLI

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Like all the figures, the $3 and the $33 are corrected, I emphasize, for exchange rates and inflation.
Note:PARIFICATO

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We humans now produce and consume seventy—7 × 10—times more goods and services worldwide than in 1800.
Note:FATTORE DI RICCHEZZA

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environmental degradation.
Note:REAZIONE DI MOLTI...ALLARMI!!!!!

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No wonder we can clean up the air and the water, and turn forests into nature preserves.
Note:ESSENDO COSÌ RICCHI...ANCHE I PARCHI DIVENTANO UN LUSSO ACCESSIBILE

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$100 a day.
Note:FRANCIA GIAPPONE FINLANDIA....DA TRE DOLLARI

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factor of thirty
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Such routine increases, desirable as they are, have occurred many times before in world history, only to fall back again to $3
Note:IN PASSATO

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in the OECD countries from 1800 to the present means a rise of 2,900 percent.
Note:PER ESSERE PRECISI

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Two centuries ago fully four out of five U.S. adults worked to grow food
Note:AGRICOLTURA

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Now a single American farmer feeds three hundred people.
Note:OGGI

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life expectancy at birth has doubled.
Note:DAL 1800

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World literacy is tending toward 100 percent.
Note:OGGI

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Industrial Revolution was impoverishing,
Note:OBIEZIONI...PRIMA....NEGAZIONISTI

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irremediable environmental disaster,
Note:SECONDA....LA BOMBA AMBIENTALE

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Europe is rich only because of poverty in the Third World,
Note:TERZA SFRUTTAMENTO

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new rich are always getting relatively richer,
Note:QUARTA...DISEGUAGLIANZE

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any enrichment is vulgar—we
Note:QUINTA....IMPOVERIMENTO SPIRITUALE

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The Great Enrichment is the most important secular event since the invention of agriculture. It has restarted history. It will end poverty, as for a good part of humankind it already has.
Note:FATTO FONDAMENTALE

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Surprisingly, though, economists and historians from left or right or center can’t explain it.
Note:IPOTESI DI PARTENZA SUL FATTO FONDAMENTALE

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The good old days, in other words, were for ordinary people horrible
Note:L ORRORE

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from 1375 to 1795 the great city of Florence experienced famine prices every five years or so.
Note:DAVID GILMORE

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“The people are like a man walking through a pond with water up to his chin. . . .
Note:LA METAFORA DI TAINE

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Over the winter in Burgundy the vineyard men hibernated, and not merely figuratively.
Note:ESEMPIO VIVIDO DI POVERTÀ BORGOGNONA...A LETTO IMBACUCCATI X MANGIARE MENO...1844

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agriculturalists often run out of energy before they run out of money,
Note:POCO CIBO PICA ENERGIA 18000… LA LENTEZZA COME STRATEGIA

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The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. “A ploughman who took hours to reach a field,”
Note:PASSO PESANTE

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He was trying to make a small amount of strength
Note:Cccccc

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Life in winter was quite literally shut in:
Note:RICORDO DELLA SVEZIA IN STREPITOSA ASCESA...1860

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tuberculosis afflicted the poor especially, but also the middle and upper classes.
Note:'800...MORTE DI TOCQUEVILKE

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fearful realities of a world without antibiotics.”
Note:MORTI ECCELLENTI

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Carlo Levi
Note:LA DESCRIZIONE DI EBOLI...VIVIDO ESEMPIO DI POVERTÀ

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stayed at subsistence, at $1 or $3 or $5
Note:X PRATICAMENTE TUTTI X TUTTA LA STORIA DELL UOMO...POI...LA RIVOLUZIONE

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Matera
Note:NELLE CAVERNE FINO A DOPO OLA II GUERRA

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Jill before 1800 had two sets of clothing at most,
Note:2 VESTITI

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almost all of a woman’s children survive to the fifteen-year-old starting line.
Note:OGGI....IERI 50 e 50

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In the richest parts of China and Europe in their most prosperous times it might rise for a while to $6 or $8 a day.
Note:PICCO PRE 800

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For most of history a dense population such as that in the lower Yangtze Valley or the lower Rhine or the lower Ganges signaled that a place was doing comparatively well in aggregate—albeit
Note:IERI RICCHEZZA=>DENSITÀ...OGGI È IL CONTRARIO

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The economic historian Bozhong Li makes a case that the Netherlands and the lower Yangtze were qualitatively comparable in 1800,
Note:L OCCIDENTE...NN UN ECCEZIONE NELL 800

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Smithian growth,
Note:PUÒ RENDERE UNA REGIONE PIÙ PROSPERA DI ALTRE MA NN CREA GREAT ENRICHMENT GT

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9,900 percent? Never.
Note:CccccDISTACCHI INCONCEPIBILI

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In 1568 the Low Countries were rich by the miserable standards of Europe,
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI DISTACCHI ENFATIZZATI MA CONTENUTI

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Two and a half centuries later, by 1820, the Netherlands was still the richest place in the world,
Note:Ccccccccccc

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but still at merely $6 or $8 a day. It meant ample bread but not much meat. Secondhand clothing if you were poor. Untreatable disease. Some education, but for most people not beyond a little reading of the Bible
Note:QUANTIFICHIAMO

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When people can vote with their feet to escape it,
Note:MIGRAZIONI DA POVERTÀ

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North Koreans
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Nigerian
Note:2…VU CUMPRÀ

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mezzogiorno
3 CARLO LEVI