HL 3 BEHAVIORAL GENETICS: CAN IT BE TRUE—AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

3 BEHAVIORAL GENETICS: CAN IT BE TRUE—AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
Note:.... e quindi?3 conseguenze: 1 guilt free 2 tratta bene i tuoi bimbi senza paura di renderli mollaccioni 3 fai altri figliCome coordinare buon senso e studi: breve e lungo xiodoBambini argilla e plasticaCome tratti tuoi bambini conta poco. Proprio come conta poco come tratti la moglie.

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We worry about what a child will become tomorrow, yet we forget that he is someone today.
               
Note:L ERRORE DEL GENITORE

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too counterintuitive to believe.
               
Note:REAZIONE AGLI STUDI SUI GEMELLI CRESCIUTI SEPARATI

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too depressing to embrace.
               
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Parents’ short-run effects are much bigger than their long-run effects.
               
Note:PRIMO CAVEAT

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Upbringing has lasting effects on appreciation, and religious and political identity.
               
Note:SECONDO CAVEAT

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guilt free.
               
Note:PRIMO EFFETTO DELL INNATISMO RELATIVO

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Treating your kids with kindness and respect,
               
Note:SECONDO EFFETTO

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Having more kids—while
               
Note:TERZO EFFETTO

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having time for yourself.
               
Note:QUARTO EFFETTO

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Show more modesty, and get more happiness.
               
Note:L ATTEGGIAMENTO GIUSTO

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“WHO YOU GONNA BELIEVE—ME OR YOUR OWN EYES?” NATURE, NURTURE, AND FADE-OUT
               
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There is a simple way to sync science and common sense: The short-run effects of parenting are larger than the long-run effects.
               
Note:SINC TRA SCIENZA E BUON SENSO

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FADE-OUT AND INTELLIGENCE
               
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Twin and adoption research on young children’s intelligence always finds nurture effects.
               
Note:SE UNO NN CTRL CON IL FADE OUT

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Nurture effects were largest for the youngest kids under observation, four- to six-year-olds.
               
Note:GRANDI EFFETTI SUI GIOVANI

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By the time the adoptees were age seven, however, two-thirds of this nurture effect was gone. By twelve, nothing was left.
               
Note:DISSOLVENZA

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FADE-OUT AND INCOME
               
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Swedes have almost no financial privacy;
               
Note:IL PARADISO DEI RICERCATORI

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Family has a moderate effect in your early twenties.
               
Note:GLI EFFETTTI SUL REDDITO CAMBIANO CON L ETÀ

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By the time your adopted brother reaches his late twenties, however, the effect of upbringing on income completely fades out—and
               
Note:SISSOLVENZA

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FADE-OUT, CRIME, AND OTHER BAD BEHAVIOR
               
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a 2002 study of almost 7,000 Virginian twins found little or no effect of family environment on adult antisocial behavior.
               
Note: EFFECT EDU

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The moral: Parents are pretty good at putting their children on the right track, but not so good at keeping them there.
               
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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FADE-OUT AND RELIGION
               
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moderate nurture effects.
               
Note:PICCOLO EFFETTO

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During childhood, the nurture effect is big. If you’re more religious than 80 percent of kids, we should expect your adopted sibling to be more religious than 68 percent.
               
Note:RELIGIONE A HREVE

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but the effect on his behavior and beliefs will largely vanish.
               
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We often compare children to clay. When they’re soft, you can mold them into any shape you like; after they harden, they stay the way you made them. What common sense and science tell us, however, is that children are more like flexible plastic.
               
Note:CONC GENERALI...I BAMBINI NN SONO CRETA MA ELASTICI

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At some point during your childhood, you probably announced, “When I grow up, I’m going to do things my way!”
               
Note:MITO DELL INDIPENDENZA

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THE POWER OF PARENTING: CAN REBELLION SAVE THE DAY?
               
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parents have big effects, but their efforts backfire about half the time.
               
Note:ALTRA INTERPRETAZIONE ALLO ZERO EFFECT...RIBELLIONE

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Intelligence: Your dad watches sports all day long, so you seek refuge in books.
               
Note:ESEMPIO

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Happiness: Your mom tells you to cheer up, so you sulk just to spite her.
               
Note:2

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Character: You’re habitually late to annoy your rigidly punctual dad.
               
Note:3

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I doubt I’d be such a nerd if my dad and brother weren’t sports fans,
               
Note:ANDIAMO SUL XSONALE

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GENETIC DETERMINISM VERSUS PARENTAL DETERMINISM
               
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“Genetic determinism”
               
Note:L ACCUSA AL NS APPROCCIO

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genes fully control our parenting
               
Note:IL MIO È UN LIBRO SELF REFUTING?

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Twin and adoption studies never claim that genes fully explain
               
Note:ASSUNTO SBAGLIATO

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a truly popular dogma: parental determinism.
               
Note:IL LIBRO È UNA CRITICA A....

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“His parents raised him well.”
               
Note:SE UNO HA SUCCESSO

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“Just look at the parents.”
               
Note:DALLA PIANTA SI VEDONO I FRUTTI

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there’s a lot more to “the environment” than the family.
               
Note:XCHÈ NN SI POSSONO FARE PREDIZIONI

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One of my sons is a better bicyclist, the other a better swimmer.
               
Note:DA PADRE DI GEMELLI

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researchers have failed to explain why
               
Note:AL MOMENTO

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Personally, I doubt that scientists will ever account
               
Note:OPINIONE

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free will.
               
Note:UN FATTORE

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embracing behavioral genetics and free will at the same time is at least consistent
               
Note:MOLTI LO RITENGONO ASSURDO

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“nonshared environment”
               
Note:IL DOMINIO DELLA LIBERTÀ

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LINGERING DOUBTS
               
Note:TtttttttttDUBBI ALLA TESI ESPRESSA

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I’m convinced, but not certain.
               
Note:CI SONO MOLTI STUDI MEDIOCRI ANCHE SULLA GENETICA

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Behavioral geneticists usually assume, for example, that genetic effects are linear—two copies of a gene have twice the effect of a single copy.
               
Note:PRIMO ASSUNTO DUBBIO

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Cutting-edge studies of the children of twins find bigger effects of parenting
               
Note:ALTRA FONTE DI DUBBI

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research focuses on middle-class families in First World countries.
               
Note:LA FONTE PIÙ IMPORTANTE DI DUBBI

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Twin and adoption studies also tend to ignore the poor in First World countries.
               
Note:POVERI

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Adoptees almost never grow up in lower-class homes,
               
Note:DIFFICOLTÀ A RECLUTARE I POVERI

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Families like yours have been studied to death.
               
Note:TU NN TEMERE QS LACUNA

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WHAT THE SCIENCE OF NATURE AND NURTURE MEANS FOR PARENTS
               
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False hope in the power of nurture leads to wasted effort
               
Note:INCIDENZA DELL CONCLUSIONI DEL LIBRO

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LIGHTEN UP
               
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relaxed parenting is a free lunch:
               
Note:ANXORA SUL SIGNIFICATO DELLE CONCLUSIONI

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How much pain can parents safely avoid?
               
Note:DOMANDA DURA

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If your parenting style passes the laugh test, your kids will be fine.
               
Note:REGOLA A SPANNE

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I see why parents of grown children resist my message. They’re proud of their kids and don’t want some genetic accountant telling them to write off their investments.
               
Note:UNA BUONA NOTIZIA CHE SUONA DISTURBANTE

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What’s puzzling is the resistance of people who are still midstream.
               
Note:CONTESTAZIONI INCOMPRENSIBILI

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illusion of control. Flying is about 100 times safer than driving, but many of us feel safer behind the wheel.
               
Note:COME SPIEGARE LE REAZIONI SCHIFATE...AEROPLANO

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the truth should come as a great relief.
               
Note:COME DEVE PRENDERLA UN GENOTORE

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if nature matters as much as I claim, you won’t be able to turn your kid into the next Einstein
               
Note:NEXT EINSTEIN

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give him the gift of life, feed and water him, don’t lock him in a closet, and life will take care of the rest.
               
Note:IL BUON GENITORE...AFFIDATEVI A DIO

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“Step back and trust that you raised your kids right.”
               
Note:IL CONSIGLIO CHE SI DÀ DI SOLITO AI GENITORI DEGLI ADOLESCENTI

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step back and trust not in your parenting but in your genes.
               
Note:IL CONSIGLIO X TUTTI I GENITORI

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peer pressure.
               
Note:PROBLEMA ALTRI GENITORI....IL GENITORE RILASSATO INDICATO AL PUBBLICO LUDIBRIO

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Most parents are too exhausted by their own overparenting to pay much attention to yours.
               
Note:LA SPERANZA

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they’ll probably keep their opinions to themselves to avoid conflict.
               
Note:L INTERESSE DEGLI ALTRI

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In modern society, we meet most of our needs in the marketplace, not our neighborhoods.
               
Note:ANCHE LA DISAPPROVAZIONE ESPLICITA NN HA CONSEG GRAVI

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CHOOSE A SPOUSE WHO RESEMBLES THE KIDS YOU WANT TO HAVE
               
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The most effective way to get the kind of kids you want is to pick a spouse who has the traits you want your kids to have.
               
Note:LA MIGLIORE STRATEGIA

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Married couples are fairly similar in health, intelligence, education, income, criminality, and values—all
               
Note:GIÀ OGGI...IL CONSIGLIO É INUTILE

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Behavioral genetics urges us to get pickier.
               
Note:AGGIORNIAMOCI

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Another implication: The macho, irresponsible “bad boy” is an even worse deal for women than he’s reputed to be.
               
Note:ALTRO AGGIORNAMENTO

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IF YOU WANT TO DRASTICALLY IMPROVE A CHILD’S LIFE, ADOPT FROM THE THIRD WORLD
               
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Suppose, however, that you yearn to transform a child’s life. Is there any effective way to do it?
               

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LO SCONTENTO CHE VUOLE PLASMARE...

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Adopt from the Third World—from lands where poverty, disease, illiteracy, and oppression stifle human flourishing.
               
Note:L ARGILLA PIÚ MALLEABILE

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RAISE YOUR CHILDREN WITH KINDNESS AND RESPECT
               
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The Nurture Assumption by Judith Harris.
               
Note:UN LIBRO CHE MI HA INFLUENZATO

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People sometimes ask me, “So you mean it doesn’t matter how I treat my child?” They never ask, “So you mean it doesn’t matter how I treat my husband or wife?” and yet the situation is similar. I don’t expect that the way I act toward my husband is going to determine what kind of person he will be ten or twenty years from now.
               
Note:PERCHÈ TRAYTARE CON CURA UNA XSONA? IL FUTURO NN È TUTTO

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Twin and adoption studies confirm that parents have a noticeable effect on how kids experience and remember their childhood.
               
Note:UN RICORDO INDELEBILE

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This knowledge should inspire every parent.
               
Note:Cccccccccccccc

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When my sons and I read A Series of Unfortunate Events, I don’t imagine that I’m boosting their adult IQ or reading ability. The point is to enjoy the stories and take away fond memories of our time together.
               
Note:ENJOY INSIEME

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Today, similarly, many believe that they have to raise their kids to be tough and competitive in a tough, competitive world. From this perspective, too much kindness is dangerous;
               
Note:L EQUIVOCO

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Treating kids harshly “for their own good,” in contrast, doesn’t pay off.
               
Note:DISCIPLINA SÌ....MA FINALIZZATA ALLA BUONA CONVIVENZA NN ALLA BUONA EDUCAZIONE

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SHARE YOUR CREED, BUT DON’T EXPECT MIRACLES
               
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Parents’ other major legacies are their effects on religious denomination and political party.
               
Note:ALTRO AMBITO DI INFLUENZA

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realize that your religious and political influence is superficial.
               
Note:MA ATTENZIONE

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DON’T WRITE OFF YOUR TEENS
               
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Parents affect juvenile antisocial behavior (for both sexes) and sexual behavior (girls only).
               
Note:INTERVENTI DI FATTO....NN RELATIVI AL CARAYTERE

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You might also try to discourage smoking, drinking, and drug use.
               
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HAVE MORE KIDS
               
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If every child’s future hinged on massive parental investment, fear of large families would be understandable.
               
Note:NELLA VISIONE TRADIZIONALE

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Since parental investment is overrated, however, good kids—kids you can be proud of—are much cheaper than they seem.
               
Note:VISIONE OPPOSTA

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Yes, the Korean adoption study provides solid evidence that kids who grow up in bigger families are slightly less successful.
               
Note:ANCHE QS È VERO

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the downside is tiny.
               
Note:RISPETTO AL FATTO DI AVERE UN BIMBO IN PIÙ

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A CLOSING PRAYER
               
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“God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference.”
               
Note:SERENITY...LA PREGHIERA DEL BUON GENITORE

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Reinhold Niebuhr’s
               

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Twin and adoption research has given parents the answers they need.
               
Note:LA FONTE DELLA SAGGEZZA

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Not only do I feel better about my life, but I can also take the physical and emotional energy I’ve conserved and make it count. That might mean taking my kids to the pool. It might mean showing extra patience for a marathon of curious questions about The Lord of the Rings. Or it might mean that my wife and I will decide that there is room in our lives to welcome another child.
               

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REINVESTIRE LE ENERGIE RISPARMIATE...ANCORA SUI FIGLI