0 PROLOGUE

PROLOGUE
Note:PRO@@@@@@@

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critics who decry it and defenders who acclaim it uncritically,
Note:I NEMICI DELL ILLUMINISMO

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the French who have dominated and usurped it.
Note:IL PEGGIORE

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restore it, in good part, to the British
Note:LA MANOVRA...EVODENZIARE UNA RADICALE DIFFERENZA

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the ideas generated by the philosophes and the exportation of those ideas
Note:ORTODOSSIA

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obsolete, an illusion, or delusion, of modernity.
Note:L IDEA ILLUMINISTA SECONDO I POSTMODERNI

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an embodiment of “Western cultural imperialism.”
Note:L ILLUMINISMO SECONDO ALCUNI

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“is to postmodernism what ‘Old Regime’ was to the French Revolution.
Note:L I IN ANALOGIA

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postmodernist finds reason as tyrannical and “totalizing”
Note:NUOVE TIRANNIE

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Enlightenment was a social movement as well as
Note:X ALCUNI TROPPA ENFASI SULLE IDEE

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Robert Darnton

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France, Britain, and America.
Note:APPROCCIO GEOGRAFICO

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these three Enlightenments represented alternative approaches to modernity,
Note:ALTERNATIVI

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French themselves credited that venerable English trinity, Bacon, Locke, and Newton,
Note:TRINITÀ

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reason, rights, nature, liberty, equality, tolerance, science, progress—
Note:VALORI NELLA VULGATA DELLO STEREOTIPO

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Yet it was virtue, rather than reason, that took precedence for the British,
Note:IN GB GERARCHIE ROVESCIATE...

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compassion, benevolence, sympathy—
Note:NUOVA LISTA

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bound people to each other.

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they gave reason a secondary, instrumental role,

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the social ethic
Note:DA RESTAURARE

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“There was only one Enlightenment,” Gay announces
Note:DISACCORDI

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Enlightenment was so varied, among countries as well as individuals, as to belie the singular term,
Note:VARIETÀ

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the paradigm of popular revolution, like the paradigm of Enlightenment, has been that of France.
Note:AMERICANI ESPROPRIATI

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French Revolution, which ended in disaster, has made world history,
Note:ARENDT

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self-conscious, indeed, self-dramatizing character of its proponents—an acute awareness of their own identity and (long before Hegel) their place in world history.
Note:COSA HA FATTO SPICCARE L I FRANCESE

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The titles of these works are themselves significant, the French lacking the national adjective
Note:LE ENCICLOPEDIE

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English thinkers, unlike their French confreres, never thought of themselves as a distinctive class or group.
Note:NO INTELLETTUALI

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Only in Scotland, he said, could be found the essential elements of an Enlightenment,
Note:L ECCEZIONE DI VENTURI

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the Americans had thinkers, writers, preachers, and, above all, statesmen who constituted a distinctive intellectual class—a
Note:CHI RIMPIAZZA GLI INTELLOS NEL MONDO ANGLOSASSONE

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The decisive advantage of France over Britain and America may have been the term “enlightenment” itself.
Note:IL VANTAGGIO DELLE PAROLE

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“Siècle des lumières”

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In Britain, which had the reality of enlightenment but not the appropriate language

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the reality discouraged the abstraction),

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It took more than a century for the noun to make its appearance in English.
Note:RITARDO

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there was so much interaction between French and British thinkers at the time.
Note:STRANA L ESCLUSIONE DELKA GB

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Montesquieu, who was more truly an Anglophile
Note:UN RAPPRESENTANTE DELL I GB IN FRANCIA

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Both Smith and Hume had a lively interest in French intellectual affairs.
Note:ESEMPIO

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In France, the essence of the Enlightenment—literally, its raison d’être—was reason.
Note:IL CUORE DELL I FRANCESE

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declaration of war against the church, “Ecrasez l’infâme,”
Note:DICHIARAZIONE DI GUERRA IN NOME DELLA RAGIONE

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“strangle the last king with the entrails of the last priest.”

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religion, whether as dogma or as institution, was not the paramount enemy.
Note:MA IN GB

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compatible with a large spectrum of belief

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variety of religious sects were themselves an assurance of liberty
Note:AL CONTRARIO

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The driving force of the British Enlightenment was not reason but the “social virtues”
Note:IL CUORE DELL I ANGLOSASSONE

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reason was an instrument for the attainment of the larger social end,
Note:LO STRUMENTO

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American “the politics of liberty.”
Note:AMEEICA

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sociologists as much as philosophers;
Note:GLI I ANGLO

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French had a more exalted mission: to make reason the governing principle
Note:FRANCESI MISSIONARI

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Burke and Paine
Note:DOPPIETTE POCO COMPATIBILI ANCHE SE ANGLO

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Hutcheson and Hume,

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Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton,

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Montesquieu and Rousseau

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ideas surely influenced these experiences and circumstances.
Note:LA SORTE DEI TRE PAESI

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treat the American Revolution, for example, as a prelude to or a minor version of the French Revolution,
Note:GLI ERRORI DI CHI MN DOSTINGUE

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“the creation of the modern world”;
Note:TESI ESYREMA... L I ANGLO COME

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“the Scots invented the modern world.”

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“common sense,”
AL CENTRO