4 HL Law needs philosophy: ethical principles of cooperation

Law needs philosophy: ethical principles of cooperation
Note:4@@@@@@@@@@@ IMO: LA GRAVITà DI UN ATTO DIPENDE DA 1) LA GRAVITA' DEL DANNO CHE PROCURA E 2) LA SUA INDISPENSABILITA' NEL PRODURRE QUEL DANNO. TUTTI GLI ALTRI PARAMETRI (IMMEDIATEZZA, PROSSIMITA' ECC) SONO RIDUCIBILI A QUESTI DUEREGOLA: QUANTO PIU' UN ATTO E' GRAVE TANTO PIU' OCCORRE TUTELARE L'OBIEZIONE DI COSCIENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 559

How might you act wrongly? Let me count the ways
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 560

what I call a ‘primary act’
Note:L ATTO MALVAGIO DIRETTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 561

hurting an innocent person,

Note | Location: 561

ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 562

other ways of acting wrongly in relation to the primary act,
Note:ATTI ACCESSORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 564

advising someone to falsify their CV;
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 570

omitted the most serious way in which one can be implicated in a wrongful primary act
Note:TRASCURATEZZA DELLA LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 572

cooperator in that act.
Note:DEFINIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 577

A conscientious objector to some act may want to avoid performing it, or they may want to avoid cooperating with it.
Note:ESIGENZA DELL OBBIETORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 581

In the UK, we see that conscientious objectors have very little real protection
Note:SPECIE NELLA COOPERAZIONE... Zero

Yellow highlight | Location: 592

law without philosophy is certain to be tyranny, or else chaos.
Note:NECESSITÀ DI RAGIONARE IN MODO ORDINATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 597

Types of cooperation
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 600

within the tradition of Catholic moral theology there is a well worked-out and robust teaching on cooperation.
Note:X FORTUNA

Yellow highlight | Location: 604

we would find freedom of conscience and religion receiving much greater protection, but it would also place reasonable limits on that protection
Note:CON UNA BUONA FILOSOFIA I CONFINI SARANNO PIÙ DEFINITI

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

Formal cooperation involves a clear (explicit or maybe implicit) intent to share in the responsibility (or guilt)
Note:COOP FORMALE: VOGLIO FARE IL MALE INSIEME A TE

Yellow highlight | Location: 615

A material cooperator is in some way co-opted into assisting the primary agent, usually through physical duress or some lesser inducement.
Note:COOP MATERIALE: IL MALE E' UN EFFETTO COLLATERALE DEL MIO REALE OBBIETTIVO (ES: VOGLIO I SOLDI X EVITARE LA POVERTA', NON RAPINARTI). VOGLIO CONSERVARE IL MIO IMPIEGO, NON PROCURARE ABORTI NELLA CLINICA DOVE LAVORO

Yellow highlight | Location: 617

threat of violence
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 618

provide contraceptive health insurance or face a financial penalty,
Note:ES DI MINACCIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 620

material cooperator does not intend that the act he is cooperating with be performed,
Note:DIFFERENZA CON IL FORMALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 626

A second question is whether the assistance is mediate or immediate.
Note:ALTRA DISTINZIONE: RIGUARDA IL COINVOLGIMENTO. COMPIO L'ATTO MALVAGIO IN MODO DIRETTO (ESEMPIO SONO IN SALA OPERATORIA DURANTE L'ABORTO) OPPURE SONO COINVOLTO IN MODO INDIRETTO: STERILIZZO IL BISTURI CHE SERVIRA' AD ABORTIRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 629

Helping someone carry away stolen goods is therefore immediate cooperation, whereas locating the target or driving the getaway car is mediate cooperation.
Note:ESEMPI... IL COOPERATORE IMMEDIATO E' COINVOLTO NELL'ATTO MALVAGIO, INDIPENDENTEMENTE DALLA SUA VOLONTA'...QUELLO MEDIATO NO. TRASPORTARE BENI RUBATI SIGNIFICA PARTECIPARE AL FURTO...INDIVIDUARE L'OBBIETTIVO NO. GUIDARE LA MACCHINA DELLA FUGA NN SIGNIFICA RAPINARE UNA BANCA

Yellow highlight | Location: 633

the basic idea is that morality is about doing good and avoiding evil.
Note:EVITARE IL MALE È IMPOSSIBILE POICHÈ È IMPOSSIBILE CALCOLATE LE CONSEG DEI NS ATTI...X QS DOBBIAMO ISOLARE LA COOP COLPEVOLE DALLE ALTRE...LA QUESTIONE SI FA SOTTILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 638

Dispensability
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 639

we need to ask is whether the cooperation is dispensable or indispensable.
Note:PRIMA QUESTIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 639

If the primary agent depends on another’s cooperation it is indispensable,
Note:INDISPENSABILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 653

Proximity
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

how far away the cooperative act is from the primary act, primarily but not solely in space and time.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 655

how close the cooperator is, causally speaking,
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 659

selling petrol to a driver on the way to a burglary, even if the seller knows what the driver is up to, is quite remote.

Note | Location: 660

ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 660

Showing the burglar where the key is hidden is very proximate.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 673

handing over surgical instruments is more proximate than administering anaesthetic, which is more proximate than booking in a patient for surgery.
Note:ESEMPIO MEDICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 686

Balancing goods and bads
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 687

proximity, dispensability, immediacy,
Note:I TRE PARAMETRI

Yellow highlight | Location: 690

the question of what reasons the cooperator might have for assisting the primary agent,
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO RILEVANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 707

The only sure way to do no bad is to do nothing at all – and even that might plausibly be thought to be doing bad by omitting to do good! We need, therefore, reasonable principles to allow us to go about our lives
Note:RIPETIAMO L ESIGENZA PRIMARIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 709

On the other hand, there are limits: sometimes our acts are just too close to other bad acts
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 711

here are some very general principles that help us to evaluate cooperation cases,
Note:LA META

Yellow highlight | Location: 713

the first consideration is whether the objector sincerely believes the primary act,
Note:PRIMO REQUISITO DELL OBBIETTORE SINCERITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 718

They are only concerned with whether the objector is a genuine believer in a genuine ethical or religious code.
Note:LE CORTI...DI SOLITO...UN UNICO INTERESSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 721

Here, I argue, the rules of cooperation are subject to the test of reasonableness,
Note:CAVEAT

Yellow highlight | Location: 723

Formal cooperation, as I have already suggested, is morally off limits. The same goes for immediate material cooperation
Note:PRIMI DUE CASI...LA DISOBB. DEVE ESSERE TUTELATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 727

Hence requiring a nurse23 to hand over surgical instruments for an abortion is impermissible,
Note:DEF COOP IMMEDIATA: IL MALE E' UN EFFETTO COLLATERALE DI UN ATTO CHE COMPIO PERSONALMENTE. ES. MI SEVONO SOLDI PER FARE X (OBBIETTIVO REALE) E TI RAPINO PER OTTENERLI. ALTRO ESEMPIO DI CCOPER MATERIALE IMMEDIATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 730

handing over drugs for the purpose of euthanasia.
Note:ALTRO CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 735

handing over sedatives to keep a patient quiet while they were denied ‘artificial nutrition and hydration’,
Note:COOP IMMEDIATA X OMISSIONE...SPESSO IMPOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 737

the supply of means or conditions for the primary act
Note:VENIAMO ALLA COOP MEDIATA. EFFETTO COLLATERALE INDIRETTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 738

how to balance the loss to be avoided by the cooperator,
Note:IL PUNTO IN QS CASI....OCCORRE ANALISI COSTI BENEFICI: IL BENE BILANCIA IL MALE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 739

balancing act or proportionality
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 740

taking your car on a one-minute drive to the corner shop to buy milk generally does not justify the pollution
Note:ANALOGIA 1

Yellow highlight | Location: 741

Again, the dentist justifies the moderate pain she causes by the necessity of repairing a damaged tooth.
Note:ANALOGIA 2

Yellow highlight | Location: 742

the wrong with which you are potentially cooperating, the greater must be the avoidance of loss that cooperation procures.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 743

cosmetic surgery
Note:SI PUÓ OBBIETTARE MA IL DANNO NN È GRAVISSIMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 744

Were she to be subject to loss of employment for refusing to cooperate,
Note:DANNO SUBITO DALL OBIETTORE....COOP CONSENTITA

Yellow highlight | Location: 746

Suppose, by contrast, she would merely have a day’s pay docked for not cooperating:
Note:IN ALTERNATIVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 747

Now consider a pharmacist who refuses to sell the ‘morning-after pill’ because she knows that sometimes it kills an embryo,
Note:ALTRO CASO DI COOP MEDIATA...O EFFETTO COLLATERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 748

the cost of refusal to cooperate
Note:PUÒ ESSERE IL LICENZIAMENTO COME PUÒ ESSERE IL MANCATO GUADAGNO

Yellow highlight | Location: 751

Now, one might immediately – and quite understandably – tend to become obsessed about these delicate balancing acts.
Note:MA IL CALCOLO COSTI BENEFICI È SEMPRE DIFFICILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 753

How can anyone know?
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 753

an exercise in clothing our intuitions
Note:DI FATTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 756

We have to look at the situation in front of us, the competing goods and bads,
Note:MA È INEVOTABILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 759

We need a good deal of ‘practical wisdom’,
Note:TORNIAMO AD ARISTOTELE E AL BUON SENSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 760

the grand tradition of the common law
Note:ALTRA FONTE DA CUI ESTRARRE BUON SENSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 763

Suppose the government, as in the Obamacare mandate, imposes a severe financial penalty on individuals (or groups) for non-cooperation
Note:PARADOSSO...IL GOVERNO È FORSE INCENTIVATO A PENALIZZARE X RENDERE MORALE UN ATTO MALVAGIO?

Yellow highlight | Location: 766

It would be like the fraudster who thinks that if he wants to get a morally upright person to help him embezzle money, it’s better to hold a gun to their head
Note:L ANALOGIA.... LA MORALIZZAZIONE DI X AVVIENE GRAZIE ALL IMMORALIZZAZIONE DI Y

Yellow highlight | Location: 777

The burden the government imposes – say, a financial penalty for failing to assist with furthering a government objective – must reasonably reflect the importance the government attaches to the objective, not merely the eagerness with which it seeks to secure compliance.
Note:LA MORALITÀ DEL GOV

Yellow highlight | Location: 779

we now need to see briefly how factors such as proximity and dispensability apply
Note:CAMBIO ARGOMENTO...PS LA PROSSIMITÀ È UNA GRADUALITÀ DELLA MEDIATEZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 780

The general principle is that the more the cooperator is implicated in the primary act,
Note:PRINCIPIO GENERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 782

There is no absolute judgment to be made here as far as implication goes, only a comparative one.
Note:CAVEAT

Yellow highlight | Location: 784

consider a nurse who has scruples about cooperating with some extreme cosmetic surgery that she considers wrong for the patient to undergo. She is worried about whether she should book the patient
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 787

she admits the patient, the patient will certainly be operated on, and if she refuses, then the patient will not, even though he might be operated on at another time when the nurse is away
Note:PROSSIMITÀ E DISPENSABILITÀ...CAUSALMENTE PROSSIMA MA SOSTITUIBILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 791

admission of the patient would be relatively remote,
Note:SE DOPO L AMMISSIONE CI SONO ULTERIORI ESAMI E VISITE INTERMEDIE

Yellow highlight | Location: 793

compared to the person who cleans the ward or serves the food, the nurse is a very proximate cooperator;
Note:GIUDIZIO COMPARATIVO...NN ASSOLUTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 804

the more serious the wrong with which a person cooperates and the more implicated they are, the greater the reason they need for their cooperation to be justified.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE....PROSSIMITÀ E Ecco NDISPENSABILITÀ AUMENTANO L ESIGENZA ETICA DI NN COLLABORARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 812

The more indispensable the cooperation, the greater the reason must be for assisting.
Note:SE SEI INDISPENSABILE LE TUE RAGIONI X OBBIETTARE CRESCONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 814

the more proximate the cooperation, the greater the reason needed:
Note:IDEM X LA PROSSIMITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 814

someone who provides information to another on how to commit suicide
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 815

someone who sells them the suicide drugs.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 818

How serious is the wrong of the primary act?
Note:ALTRO FATTORE CHE PESA...MACUMBA

Yellow highlight | Location: 828

highly proximate, indispensable cooperation in a very serious wrong
Note:IN GENERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 830

I am not suggesting such cooperation would necessarily be admirable or praiseworthy – only that it would be permissible.
Note:A COSA SIAMO INTERESSATI QUI

Yellow highlight | Location: 837

If the cooperation is dispensable, or not highly proximate, the justification bar is lowered
Note:RIPETO REGOLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 853

We have to make fine distinctions in some cases. We have to exercise what the ancient Greek philosophers called ‘practical wisdom’.
Note:SAGGEZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 857

Should you sign? It depends
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 877

In 1863, the US federal government’s Civil War Enrolment Act permitted a draftee to avoid service by either providing a substitute or paying $300.
Note:I CASI IN CUI OBBIETTARE SIGNIFICA COLLABORARE IN ALTRO.MODO

Yellow highlight | Location: 881

The objector’s cooperation would have been highly proximate, since soldiers and weapons are the most proximate means of fighting a war
Note:CON LE PREMESSE FATTE POSSIAMO DIRE CHE L OBIEZIONE HA VALORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 897

If the courts were to give this sort of reasoning about cooperation the attention it deserved, a rich jurisprudence on the subject would surely develop over time.
CONXLUSIONE