8 THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS
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Affinchè gesù sia dio ci aspettiamo che 1. firmi la sua opera e 2 faccia qualcosa in grado di redimere i ns. peccati. La resurezione implica 1. un miracolo (firma) e 2. la morte di un dio (retribuzione).Resurezione come firma divina del suo operatoEvidenze empiriche: la lista dei testimoniX' la resurezione di domenica non è un' aggiunta postumaNon c' è confirmation bias: la resurezione è una sorpresa5 altrrnative alla resurezione: 1 Gesù non morì 2. Ci fu uno scambio di tombe 3 Il corpo fu trafugato x impedirne il culto 4 il corpo fu trafugato dai ladri 5. il corpo fu trafugato dai discepoli x prevenirne la profanazioneI 2 criteri x individuare un profeta autenticoPoichè esiste una minima prob a priori che gesù sia dio, non necessitano grandi evidenze per credere che gesù sia risorto (analogia con l' uomo alto 3 metri)
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our evidence about the life and teaching of Jesus is such as it is probable we would find if his life were the sort of life and teaching that God Incarnate would live and teach,
Note:RIEPILOGO PRECED
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to establish that a prophet was God Incarnate we need also God’s signature
Note:UNA PROVA DELLA DIVINITÀ...FIRMA
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violation of laws of nature;
Note:FIRMA
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miracle.
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There is, I now claim, significant detailed historical evidence of the Resurrection
Note:TESI...ESISTONO EVID STORICHE DELLA RES
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talked with a person
Note:TESTIMONI 1
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saw the empty tomb. The Appearances of the Risen Jesus
Note:TESTIMONI 2
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The Appearances of the Risen
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Matthew, Luke, John, Acts, and 1 Corinthians provide lists of witnesses
Note:LISTA
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the women finding the empty tomb,
Note:MARCO
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Jesus appeared first to Peter
Note:NELLA LETTERA AI CORINTI
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then to ‘the Twelve’,
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five hundred brothers and sisters
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then to James, then to all the Apostles, and finally to Paul himself
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Matthew reports that Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and ‘the other Mary’
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M+M
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Jesus had a long conversation that same evening with a disciple called Cleopas and another disciple,
Note:RESTA CON NOI...LUCA
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a further appearance in Jerusalem to the ‘Eleven’(and
Note:LUCA
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Matthew also lists an appearance in Galilee to the Eleven.
Note:MATTEO
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an appearance to seven disciples, five of them including Peter and John being named,
Note:GIOVANNI...IN GALILEA
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‘presented himself alive to [the Apostles]
Note:ATTI...NEI 40 GG SUCCESIVI
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a detailed story of Jesus’s literal ‘ascension’ in the presence of his Apostles.
Note:ATTI ASCENSIONE
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this is often thought to be a major difficulty casting doubt on the whole story.
Note:NNOSTANTE LE LISTE DISEGUALI
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The list therefore contains only people whom the Jews (at whom Christian preaching was first directed) would take seriously.
Note:LISTA DI CORINZI...RAGIONI X LE DIFFERENZE...VIA LE DONNE
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Moses prohibited recognizing women as witnesses.
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Cleopas was not a senior Church leader,
Note:VIA I MINORI
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The Gospels, being written later
Note:PIÙ INTERESSATI ALLA RICOSTRUZ
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Matthew and John certainly wouldn’t have recorded that women were the first
Note:PRIMA DI PIETRO!
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difference between the sources about where the appearances took place.
Note:ALTRA DIFFICOLTÀ
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Matthew claims that Jesus appeared to the Eleven in Galilee;
Note:CONFORME CON MARCO MA DIFFORME DA LUCA CHE PARLA DI GERU
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Acts 1:3 and 13:31 speak of Jesus appearing for ‘forty’ or ‘many’ days
Note:PROB PIÙ APPARIZIONI
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initial appearances to disciples in the Jerusalem area; then one or more appearances to disciples in Galilee
Note:APPARIZ DISTRIBUITE...I VANGELI CONDENSANO
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fading of memories and difficulty of communication between different historians.
Note:RAGIONI DISCREPANZE
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Many of the Twelve and other early Christians died rather than recant their beliefs.
Note:RICORDIAMOLO
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they were themselves deceived in some way.
Note:ALTRA POSSIBILITÀ
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some of these appearances involve several people together having
Note:ALLUCINAZIONE COLLETTIVA?
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The Empty Tomb
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the visit on the first Easter Sunday morning by women to the tomb, which they found empty.
Note:L INIZIO DEL RACCONTO È COMUNE AI QUATTRO VANGELI
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1 Corinthians, the earliest source, does not mention the empty tomb, this visit and the tomb being empty must have been later inventions
Note:DUBBI
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For Matthew 28: 15 records that the Jews claimed that the disciples had stolen the body,
Note:ANCHE GLI EBREI RICONOSCONO
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The eucharist was celebrated on a Sunday (and Sunday had theological significance) from the first years of Christianity because Christians believed that the central Christian event of the Resurrection occurred on a Sunday.
Note:MA XCHÈ TUTTE LE COMUNITÁ CRISTIANE FIN DA SUBITO FESTEGGIANO LA DOMENICA?
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could only go with a belief of theirs that Christians had seen either the empty tomb or the risen Jesus on the first Easter Sunday
Note:DA QUESTO FATTO SI DESUME
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prophecy of Hosea
Note:STUDIOSI SCETTICI: ECCO COSA AVEVANO LETTO I CRISTIANI
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‘After two days he will revive us: on the third day he will raise us up.’
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which is the Sunday after the Friday Crucifixion.
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there are two passages in the New Testament which claim that ‘the third day’ is an Old Testament prediction,
Note:CONFERMA DEL SOSPETTO
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Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the sea monster,
Note:PASSAGGIO CITATO NEL NUOVO
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But this citation doesn’t make the comparison Matthew needs.
Note:INACCURATA SE RIFERITA A GESÙ
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he first believed that Jesus was raised on the Sunday and then did his best to find a near-prediction of it in the Old Testament,
Note:CITAZIONE ARRANGIATA ALLA BISOGNA
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The Unexpectedness of the Resurrection
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Jewish scholar Geza Vermes, ‘[Jesus’s] disciples did not expect him to arise from the dead
Note:INATTESA
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The women went to the tomb to anoint the body of Jesus, not to check
Note:SCOPO DELLE DONNE
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disciples at first did not believe the women’s report:
Note:INCREDULITÀ
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Thomas did not believe
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Thomas may represent further disciples as well.
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‘Oh, how foolish you are and slow of heart to believe
Note:LAMENTO DI J.
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‘Was it not necessary that the Messiah should suffer these things and then enter into his glory?
Note:J DEVE SPIEGARE IL PREVEDIBILE
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the disciples did not force themselves to believe in the Resurrection because they expected it. If Jesus did not rise from the dead, what happened to his body?
Note:CONCLUSIONE
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If Jesus did not rise from the dead, what happened to his body?
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five possible theories,
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Jesus was not dead when he was taken down from the Cross, and recovered in the cool of the tomb.
Note:PRIMA TEIRIA
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push away the stone
Note:COME HA TOLTO IL MASSO?
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And what happened to him after the ‘appearances’?
Note:DIFFICILE APPAIA QUA E LÀ
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there is the theory that the body remained in the tomb but his disciples mistook an empty tomb for the tomb of Jesus.
Note:SECONDA
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Joseph of Arimathea, who owned the tomb, would soon have spotted the mistake;
Note:IL PROPRIETARIO NN SBAGLIA
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And then there are theories that the body was stolen—either by enemies of Jesus (to prevent it from becoming the centre of a cult), or by grave-robbers, or by Jesus’s disciples
Note:TERZA...FURTO...DISCEPOLI NEMICI LADRI
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they would have produced that body when the Christian movement took off in order to disprove its central claim
Note:CONTRO TESI NEMICI
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not interested in bodies, only in valuables put in graves.
Note:CONTRO TESI LADRI
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massive deceit by the whole Christian movement in their accounts
Note:IMPLICAZIONE IMPRO DEL FURTO DA AMICI
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the readiness of the first Christian leaders to die for their faith.
Note:DIFFICILE PENSARE AD INGANNI ORDITI DAI LEADER
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sceptical theories very complicated and so very improbable. The Resurrection as God’s Signature
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The Resurrection as God’s Signature
Note:CONCLUSIONE ttttttttttttt
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the kind of miracle which could be recognized by his Jewish contemporaries as God’s authenticating signature
Note:IL TIPO GIUSTO DI MIRACOLO
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two criteria
Note:PER RICONSCERE IL VERO PROFETA
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he must teach in the name of the Lord God,
Note:PRIMO...IL DIO DEGLI EBREI
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Deuteronomy (13: 1–3)
Note:FONTE
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if the prophet makes a prophecy about the future, it must come to pass:
Note:SECONDO CRITERIO
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A miracle in response to a prayer from the prophet to show that he was a true prophet would clearly also fulfil this criterion,
Note:IL MASSIMO
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Elijah was a true prophet, and the elimination of the prophets of Baal.
Note:ELIA VINCE LA CONCORRENZA CON UN MIRACOLO
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future event, especially an obviously miraculous event, would constitute God’s signature
Note:FIRMA
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if the Resurrection occurred as described, it would certainly constitute God’s signature on the work of Jesus
Note:CONCLUSIONE
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Did Jesus predict the Resurrection?
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Mark’s Gospel tells us that he predicted both his Passion and Resurrection
Note:MARCO DICE SÌ
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putting explicit predictions of the subsequent fate of heroes into their mouths
Note:RETORICA COMUNE PER L ANTICHITÀ...DA QUI I DUBBI
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three important predictions which Jesus did make were fulfilled (in whole or part) by his Resurrection.
Note:PREDIZIONE IMPLICITA
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he would provide the sacrifice of his own life to make atonement for our sins;
Note:PRIMA
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Jesus’s exaltation was necessary for completion of the sacrifice.
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LA RESURREZIONE COME COMPONENTE DI COMPENSAZIONE
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the Resurrection provided a partial fulfilment of Jesus’s prediction that all humans would be raised from the dead by showing that one human (Jesus) was raised.
Note:SECONDA
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the Resurrection of Jesus was a resurrection in which Jesus had supernatural powers
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Jesus had supernatural powers
Note:TERZO
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Jesus did claim a divine status.
Note:VEDI PROMESSO
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Jesus would at least be showing that
Note:CON LA RESURREZIONE
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Jesus himself explained to his disciples how both his suffering and his ‘entering into glory’ were predicted by ‘the prophets’, that is, in the Old Testament.
Note:NELKE APOARIZIONI
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The most obvious ones are the ‘Suffering Servant’ passages in Isaiah (especially chapter 53) and some of the Psalms (especially Psalm 22).
Note:PREDIZIONE NEL VECCHIO TEST
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adequate atonement for sins,
Note:CIÒ CHYE CHIEDEVA IL VECCHI TESTAMENTO
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The Prior Probability of the Resurrection
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there is a prior probability (before it occurred) that the Resurrection would occur
Note:MOLTIPLICATORE
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the amount of witness testimony we need in order to believe what witnesses tell us depends on the prior probability
Note:QUANTI TESTIMONI?
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We know that almost all men are less than 7 feet tall;
Note:ANALOGIA
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having seen a man more than 12 feet
Note:NESSUNO
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my testimony by itself would not be enough
Note:SE TI DICO DI AVER VISTO UN UOMO DI TRE METRI
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But if I told you that I had seen a man who was 10 feet tall,
Note:BASTO IO
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the prior probability that I would see a man who is 10 feet tall is fairly small, it is not very small.
Note:MOLTIPLICATORE
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Hence, in virtue of the Principle of Testimony, my having told you that I had seen a man 10 feet tall would give you enough evidence
Note:GRAZIE AL PRINCIP DEL TESTIMONE
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if there is a modest prior probability that there is a God
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we don’t need too much witness testimony to make it probable that Jesus rose from the dead.
Note:CON L APRIORI DEI PRECEDENTI PASSI
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conclude that there is significant historical evidence of a kind which it is quite probable we would have if Jesus rose from the dead
PER QS PARLIAMO DI SIGNIFICATIVA EVIDENZA STORICA
