Notebook per
sacchettiReason.com
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2016). sacchettiReason.com [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Plastic Bags Are Good for You
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 3
Katherine Mangu-Ward
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 3
A strand of hair. A coat of paint. A human cornea.
Nota - Posizione 4
Cose più spesse del sacchetto di plastica
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 4
High-density polyethylene is a miracle of materials science.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 4
Despite weighing less than 5 grams, one bag can hold 17 pounds, well over 1,000 times its own weight.
Nota - Posizione 5
miracolo della tecnologia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
At about a penny apiece, the bags are cheap enough for stores to give away and sturdy enough to carry home two gallons of milk
Nota - Posizione 6
x ECONOMICO E FUNZIONALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
these modern marvels became a whipping boy for environmentalists,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
well-intentioned, ill-informed
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
banned or taxed
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
coastal areas blame the wispy totes for everything from asphyxiated sea turtles to melting glaciers, while inland banners decry the bags' role in urban landscape pollution and thoughtless consumerism.
Nota - Posizione 11
x ACCUSE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
the case for a mostly aesthetic, symbolic act
Nota - Posizione 12
OPPOSIZIONE ESTETICA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
one of the most efficient, resource-saving inventions of the 20th century
Nota - Posizione 13
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
Research
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
you were pretty much on your own to get it home.
Nota - Posizione 14
ACQ PRIMA DELL 800
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
baskets for the little stuff and wheeled carts for the bigger
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
scraps of canvas or other durable fabric
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
This was back when the germ theory of disease was yet to be broadly accepted, and there were not yet Laundromats on every street corner.
Nota - Posizione 16
xINCONVENIENTI: GERMI E LAVAGIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
In the early 19th century, paper became cheap enough
Nota - Posizione 17
CARTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
The paper bag was invented in the 1850s, but it wasn't until the 1870s that a factory girl named Margaret Knight cobbled together a machine that cut, folded, and glued flat-bottomed paper receptacles.
Nota - Posizione 19
x BORSA CARTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
dominating the stuff-schlepping market for the next 100 years.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
German chemist Hans von Pechmann was messing around with methane and ether in a lab in 1898 when he happened to notice a waxy precipitate called polymethylene.
Nota - Posizione 23
x PECHMAN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
30 years would pass before DuPont chemists stumbled upon a similar compound, polyethylene. This time, the British figured out they could use it to insulate radar cables, which is where the substance served its war duty.
Nota - Posizione 25
x DU PONT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
In 1953, Karl Ziegler of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (later re-christened the Max Planck Institute, for obvious reasons) and Erhard Holzkamp invented high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and soon after figured out how to use it to make pipes.
Nota - Posizione 27
x ZIEGLER
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
But Gustaf Thulin Sten is the real hero (or villain, depending on your point of view) of our tale. An employee of the Swedish company Celloplast, Sten was the person who had the inspiration to punch holes into the side of super-thin tubes of HDPE, thus creating the ubiquitous, filmy "T-shirt bags" we know and love (to ban) today.
Nota - Posizione 29
x THULIN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 31
1985
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 32
plastic bags were 11.5 percent cheaper than paper.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
"Paper or plastic?"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 35
After several high-profile suffocation deaths of children, manufacturers worked together to create a public safety campaign,
Nota - Posizione 36
x MORTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 38
environmental movement
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 38
Forest conservation was a big deal in the '80s, a point in favor of plastic. But fossil fuels were a no-no, so maybe paper was better?
Nota - Posizione 39
x IMBARAZZO AMBIRNTALISTA
Nota - Posizione 40
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 40
Reduce
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 40
In 2010, Guinness World Records named plastic bags the most ubiquitous consumer item in the world.
Nota - Posizione 41
X CONSUMISMO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
In 2007, San Francisco became the first U.S. city to prohibit plastic bags,
Nota - Posizione 42
x 2007 SVOLTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 45
South Africans refer to bags snagged in bushes as their "national flower." In Washington, D.C., concern about used plastic bags finding their way down storm drains, through the Anacostia River, and into the Chesapeake Bay was the primary justification for the capital city's 5-cent bag tax in 2010, under the slogan "Skip the Bag, Save the River."
Nota - Posizione 48
x FOLKLORE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 48
In 2006, the California Coastal Commission claimed that plastic bags make up 3.8 percent of beach litter, and a few years later the California Ocean Protection Council upped the ante to 8 percent of all coastal trash.
Nota - Posizione 49
x % MONNEZZA NEI FIUMI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 50
But the definitive American litter study— yep, such a thing exists— reports much lower figures. The 2009 Keep America Beautiful Survey, run by Steven Stein of Environmental Resources Planning, shows that all plastic bags, of which plastic retail bags are only a subset, are just 0.6 percent of visible litter nationwide.
Nota - Posizione 52
x 0,6
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 52
And those California data? They come from the International Coastal Commission (ICC), which the California Coastal Commission notes relies on information "collected by volunteers on one day each year, and is not a scientific assessment."
Nota - Posizione 54
x METODOLOGIS PREC STUDI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 56
only the third-largest contributor to litter in the river, after food wrappers and bottles and cans.
Nota - Posizione 56
x TERZO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
the safety of marine wildlife.
Nota - Posizione 59
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 59
The Blue Ocean Society for Marine Conservation is just one organization among many that claim that more than 1 million birds and 100,000 marine mammals and sea turtles die each year from eating or getting entangled in plastic.
Nota - Posizione 60
x ALLARMISMO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 61
source this figure back to a study funded by the Canadian government that tracked loss of marine animals in Newfoundland as a result of incidental catch and entanglement in fishing gear from 1981 to 1984. Importantly, this three-decade-old study had nothing to do with plastic bags at all.
Nota - Posizione 63
x LE GONTI RIVOSTTUITE DELLS FICERIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 65
As David Santillo, a senior biologist with Greenpeace, told The Times of London, "It's very unlikely that many animals are killed by plastic bags. The evidence shows just the opposite. We are not going to solve the problem of waste by focusing on plastic bags. With larger mammals it's fishing gear that's the big problem. On a global basis plastic bags aren't an issue."
Nota - Posizione 67
x LA RETROMARCIA DI GREENPESCE
Nota - Posizione 68
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 68
Reuse
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 68
A 2011 study from the U.K.' s Environmental Agency attempted to quantify the emissions footprint both of plastic bags and of their substitutes.
Nota - Posizione 69
x FOOTPRINT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 69
Holding the typical HDPE grocery bag up as the standard, researchers found that the common reusable non-woven polypropylene bag— the ubiquitous crinkly plastic tote, typically made with oil— had to be used at least 11 times to hold its own against an HDPE grocery bag. Cotton bags had to be used an amazing 131 times to do the same.
Nota - Posizione 71
x 11 E 131 RIUTILIZZI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 75
U.K. Environmental Agency figures assume the HDPE bag is not being reused. Nor do they account for the energy and materials needed to regularly wash the reusable bags in hot soapy water.
Nota - Posizione 76
x LACUNE DEGLI STUDI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 78
About 65 percent of Americans report that they repurpose their grocery bags for garbage. By contrast, a survey by the marketing research firm Edelman Berland found that consumers reported forgetting their reusable bags on 40 percent of grocery trips and opted for plastic or paper instead. Prior to the movement to ban plastic bags, many American homes had a nook, cranny, or drawer that functioned as a kind of grocery-sack clown car. It seemed that whatever the size of the container, an infinite number of bags could be stuffed inside.
Nota - Posizione 81
x RIUTILIZZO COMUNE
Nota - Posizione 87
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 87
Recycle
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 87
100 billion plastic bags that are thrown away in the U.S. every year."
Nota - Posizione 88
x ACCUSA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 88
the origins of the figures are murky
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 93
In 2010, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Americans threw away 690,000 tons of HDPE bags. Of those, approximately 30,000 tons were recycled. That means a total of 660,000 tons were discarded, mostly into landfills (approximately 82 percent of non-recovered municipal solid waste goes to landfill; 18 percent is incinerated).
Nota - Posizione 96
x NUMERI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 96
That same year, Americans also chucked almost exactly the same amount of "reusable" polypropylene bags (680,000 tons), of which zero were recovered.
Nota - Posizione 97
x MA... STESSI NUMERI PER LE RIUTILIZABILI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
reusable bags actually constituted a slightly higher proportion of all bags going to landfills.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 98
In April, NPR's Planet Money reported on the economics of plastic recycling, and noted that while recycled plastic from bags and sacks was once a profitable industry, times have changed. The prices of oil and gas have fallen, which means it is cheaper to just make new bags rather than undertake the laborious process of recycling the old ones. As Tom Outerbridge, who runs a Brooklyn recycling center called Sims, explained, "We can't afford to put a lot of time and money into trying to recycle it" if no one's buying the final product.
Nota - Posizione 101
x RICICLARE NN CONVIENE
Nota - Posizione 101
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 101
Reject
Nota - Posizione 121
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 121
Regurgitate
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 124
reminiscent of the sub-hygienic reality faced by my great-great-grandmother,
Nota - Posizione 125
IL RITORNO DEL VUNCIUME DELLA NONNA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
Put a leaky package of chicken in your cloth or plastic tote. Then go home, empty the bag, crumple it up, and toss it in the trunk of your car to fester. A week later, you go shopping again and throw some veggies you're planning to eat raw into the same bag. Cue diarrhea.
Nota - Posizione 127
x BECCARSI UNA DIARREA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 128
A 2011 survey published in the journal Food Protection Trends found coliform bacteria in fully half of the reusable shopping bags tested
Nota - Posizione 128
x 50%
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 129
The same 2014 Edelman Berland study that found consumers frequently forgot their bags also unearthed the fact that only 18 percent of shoppers reported cleaning their bags "once a week or more." An article in the Journal of Infectious Diseases traced a 2010 outbreak of norovirus to nine members of an Oregon soccer team who had touched or eaten food stored in a contaminated reusable bag.
Nota - Posizione 131
x ALTRE RICERCHE
Nota - Posizione 132
T
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 132
Reconsider
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
technology behind plastic grocery bags is so useful it won a Nobel Prize.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
Employing an unimaginably small amount of base material,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 139
Far from being the environmental threat activists make them out to be, plastic bags are not particularly to blame for clogged sewers, choked rivers, asphyxiated sea animals, or global warming. Instead, they are likely our best bet for carrying all of our junk in a responsible manner.
Nota - Posizione 141
x CONCLUSIONI
