Kahan and the Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm
Citation (APA): Caplan, B. (2016). Kahan and the Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
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the Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm
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Dan Kahan.
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....
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Citizens
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are less sharply divided today over the justice of progressive taxation (Moore 2015) than over the evidence that human CO2 emissions are driving up global temperatures (Frankovic 2015).
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CASO DI DIVIDE ANOMALO
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Democrats and Republicans argue less strenuously about whether states should permit "voluntary school prayer" (General Social Survey 2014) than about whether allowing citizens to carry concealed handguns in public increases homicide rates or instead decreases them...
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x SECONO DIVIDE SUI FATTI
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These are admittedly complex questions. But they are empirical ones.
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x LA STRANEZZA
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Values
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evidence
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There is no logical reason, in sum, for positions on these
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safety of deep geologic isolation of nuclear wastes, the health effects of the HPV vaccine for teenage girls; the deterrent impact of the death penalty, the efficacy of invasive forms of surveillance to combat terrorism--to
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x ALTRE QUESTONI FATTUALI DI DISSCVORDO
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explanation is politically motivated reasoning
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policy relevant fact has come to assume a widely recognized social meaning as a marker of membership
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x IPOTESI PMR
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groups can be expected to conform
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politically motivated reasoning can affect perceptions of scientific consensus.
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CONSENSO SCIENTIFICO
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In the study, the subjects
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x IL CURRICULUM NN CONTA SULLE QUEST POLITICHE ESP
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were shown pictures and CVs of scientists, all of whom had been trained at and now held positions at prestigious universities and had been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
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c
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The subjects were then asked to indicate how strongly they disagreed or agreed that each one of them was indeed a scientific expert on a disputed societal risk--either
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c
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The positions of the scientists on these issues were manipulated, so that half the subjects believed that scientist held the "high risk" position and half the "low risk"
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c
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The direction and strength of the subjects' assessment of the expertise of each scientist turned on out to be highly correlated with whether the position attributed to the scientist matched the one that was predominant among individuals sharing the subjects' cultural out-looks
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c
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High numeracy--a
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IRRILEVANTE
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subjects highest in Numeracy more accurately construed complex empirical data on the effectiveness of gun control laws but only when the data, properly interpreted, supported the position congruent with their political outlooks.
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x ESP CON LA ARMI
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politically motivated reasoning, far from reflecting too little rationality, reflects too much.
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x CONCLUSIONE. L ISTRUZIONE NN CONTA
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Why wouldn't "being rational if and only if it helps your cause" still count as "too little rationality"?
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x INTERPRET. ALTERNATIVA. CONTA LA RAZ MA ANCOR DI PIÙ IL VALORE DELLA VERITÀ
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treatment of monetary incentives
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T
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"incentive compatible designs"--ones that offer monetary "incentives" for "correct" answers"--are externally invalid because they create a reason to form "correct" beliefs
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x IL DENARO CI SALVERÀ
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On this account, expressive beliefs are what are "real" in the psychology of democratic citizens
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x MA AHIMÈ LA REALTÀ È DIVERSA
