Broncobilly: agosto 2016

mercoledì 31 agosto 2016

Do Emotions Help or Hinder Moral Actions?

Do Emotions Help or Hinder Moral Actions? | BQO:

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There has been an explosion of scholarly work on how emotions affect the way people reason, and much of that research is relevant to our question. The conclusions researchers draw generally fall into one of two camps: 1) emotions overwhelm and hinder reasoning and, by extension, intentional action; or, 2) emotions facilitate and help reasoning and intentional action.
Those who argue that emotions overwhelm reasoning and intentional action can appeal to decades of work suggesting that people who give in to their emotion-based impulses and desires suffer a host of negative outcomes. The classic work in this area was conducted by Walter Mischel in the 1960s and 1970s. He brought children into the laboratory and faced them with a difficult challenge (the particulars varied among experiments): They could eat one marshmallow ...
On the other side of the debate, those who maintain that emotions facilitate reasoning and intentional action can appeal to an equally compelling body of scholarship. Research from this camp suggests that emotions are foundational for all of our cognitive and behavioral processes and can result in outcomes consistent with people’s needs and goals. Emotional responses often guide people toward the most beneficial choice even in the absence of any conscious reasoning.
What if moral action is the result of deliberative choices made over time? On this view, people can, through deliberative reasoning, change their interpretations of situations and hence also their emotional responses to those situations... Consider someone who values the virtue of temperance — that things should be enjoyed in moderation — and strives to be temperate in daily life. If that person loves chocolate, emotional responses may overwhelm the intention to be temperate, resulting in overindulgence in chocolate at the first available opportunity. But since the person is striving to be temperate, such overindulgence may prompt negative emotional reactions, such as guilt, shame, and regret. ... hese negative reactions provide the perfect occasions for us to develop our emotional responses, to make them better align with our moral attitudes and goals....

Rawls and Desert

Rawls and Desert - Bleeding Heart Libertarians:

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The problem is that on this view no one can possibly deserve anything. According to Rawls, no one deserves anything obtained through the use of inborn assets. Now the view that some things are morally arbitrary because they are undeserved implies that there are things that would be deserved and thus not morally arbitrary.
Consider two cases. Kasey is born into a wealthy family and as a result of that and her slightly above-average intelligence she attends a good college and secures a good job. For Rawls, Kasey doesn’t deserve her earnings because they result from undeserved assets. Society should allow her to keep just those earnings that maximize the position of the worst-off (through incentives, etc.) Now consider Akbar. Akbar is born in a slum of Mumbai, India. His family is very poor, but Akbar, blessed with high intelligence and a remarkable business sense, slowly and through many sacrifices succeeds in improving himself, getting a high school education, and even supporting his family with earnings in the informal economy of the slum. Courageously, he boards a ship bound for New York. Once in the United States, he takes computer science classes at a community college, where he displays an unusual talent for things digital. A couple of years later, Akbar and two friends found an instantly-successful digital company. Akbar is now a rich man. Rawls is committed to saying that Akbar does not deserve any of this. His case is indistinguishable from Kasey’s, because Akbar’s present holdings, like Kasey’s, result from the exercise of undeserved inborn traits, namely intelligence, business sense, and entrepreneurship.
conclusione: Any theory of desert that prevents us from distinguishing between Kasey and Akbar has to be wrong.

martedì 30 agosto 2016

7 HOW THE EXISTENCE OF GOD EXPLAINS MIRACLES AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE

7 HOW THE EXISTENCE OF GOD EXPLAINS MIRACLES AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCERead more at location 1581

Note: cosa attendersi: 1. un dio sensibile alle ns preghiere 2 un dio che nn turbi l ordine naturale differenza tra sospensione e confutazione: l esempio dell uomo che levita (contro popper) condizioni x il m.: 1 evidenza empirica 2 ragioni x volerlo 3 occasionalità storico tipico: sono oggettivo nn ho pregiudizi. sbagliato x la razionalità scientifica conta tutto si parte dalle intuizioni di base circolo e prob.: l apriori di dio rafforza il miracolo l evidenza del miracolo rafforza l ipotesi di dio... rivelazione: intervento divino x informarci e aiutare la ns. inteligenza come giudicare le rivelazioni? 1 tradizione 2 plausibilità 3 fonte (firma divina) decisivo il secondo elemento riv. crist: fondata su un miracolo con diversi testimoni e con un buon resoconto storica riepilogo del miracolo cristiano 1 yradizone: bimillenaria 1bis conoscenza a priri: dimostrazioni 2 validi motivi: ad una ragione debole s insegna con l esempio => incarnazione 3 evidenza del miracolo: la più solida 4 comparazione con le alternative altro miracolo: la vita oltre la morte. motivato! un dio buono e giusto ci premia con ciò che abbiamo di più caro altro intervento divino: l esperienza religiosa Dio appare si ns cuori o pubblicamente motivo: può edificare l apparizione fonte: stabilità psicologica principio di credulità: le cose sono come appaiono... se mi appare dio... l onere è sullo scettico fai fatica a credere alle app. estriori? pensale come interiori xchè succede ai credenti? x dire di aver visto un telefono bisogna conoscerlo xchè succede a chi è in crisi? nn è normale che un dio buono appaia a chi è più debole?! esercizio: prendi qs elementi e cfr con le apparizioni degli ufo: l ufo nn ha motivi x apparire sporadicamente ma soprattutto nn può apparirci interiormente o a sensi che nn siano i cinque sensi Edit

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MiraclesRead more at location 1582

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if there is a God, who, being perfectly good, will love his creatures, one would expect him to interact with us occasionally more directly on a personal basis, rather than merely through the natural orderRead more at location 1588

Note: INTERAZIONE XSONALE Edit

answer our prayers and to meet our needs. He will not, however, intervene in the natural order at all often, for, if he did, we would not be able to predict the consequences of our actionsRead more at location 1589

Note: RISCHIO: MINARE CONOSCENZA E DERESPONSSBILIZZARR Edit

A miracle is a violation or suspension of natural laws, brought about by God.Read more at location 1605

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we have reason to believe that God intervenes in history in some such casesRead more at location 1618

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background knowledge (our other reasons for general belief about how the world works—e.g. reasons for believing that there is a God, or that there is no God) is rightly a very important factor in assessing what happened on particular occasionsRead more at location 1626

Note: BACKGROUND KNOWLADGE Edit