lunedì 7 marzo 2016

INTRODUCTION Voting as an Ethical Issue - The Ethics of Voting by Jason Brennan

INTRODUCTION Voting as an Ethical Issue - The Ethics of Voting by Jason Brennan.  #feticismodemocratico  #patentedivoto  #elettorereale  #egonarcisismo  #doveredinonvoto  #analogiafreespeech #nonbastaleggereilgiornale #glielettorinnsonotuttiuguali
INTRODUCTION Voting as an Ethical IssueRead more at location 66
Note: le domande a cui risponde il libro le 2 tesi del libro le colpe di chi vota voto etica e laicità un idea di democrazia come vota l elettore medio irrazionalità e etica del voto Edit
Note: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
WHY VOTING MATTERSRead more at location 67
The way we vote can help or harm people. Electoral outcomes can be harmful or beneficial, just or unjust.Read more at location 76
Note: ESTERNALITÀ DEL VOTO Edit
I argue that we have moral obligations concerning how we should vote. Not just any vote is morally acceptable.Read more at location 78
Note: TESI DEL LIBRO Edit
The purpose of this book is to determine whether a citizen should vote at allRead more at location 80
Should citizens choose to vote or abstain? If a person is indifferent to the outcome of an election, should she abstain? When citizens do vote, how should they vote? May voters use their religious beliefs in deciding how to vote? Must voters vote sincerely, for the candidate or position they believe best? What counts as voting for the best candidate? In particular, should voters vote solely for their own interest, or should they vote for the common good, whatever that is? Is it ever acceptable to buy, sell, or trade votes?Read more at location 81
Note: DOMANDE A CUI SI.RISPONDERÀ Edit
WHAT VOTING IS NOTRead more at location 89
When you order salad at a restaurant, you alone bear the consequences of your decision. No one else gets stuck with a salad.Read more at location 91
Note: MERCATO Edit
Now, in voting, nobody chooses by herself. Each vote counts, but it does not count much. We decide electoral outcomes together.Read more at location 97
Note: SCELTA COLLETTIVA Edit
Even though individual votes almost never have a significant impact on election results in any large-scale election, I argue that this does not let individuals off the hook. Individual voters have moral obligations concerning how they vote.Read more at location 99
Note: TESI: IRRILEVANZA DEL.VOTO E IRRILEVANZA MORALE Edit
AGAINST THE COMMONSENSE VIEWRead more at location 108
Note: SENSO COMUNE Edit
Some call voting a civic sacrament. Many people approach democracy, and voting especially, with a quasi-religious reverence.Read more at location 110
Note: DOVERE CIVICO Edit
The Folk Theory of Voting Ethics:Read more at location 115
Each citizen has a civic duty to vote.Read more at location 116
any good faith vote is morally acceptable.Read more at location 118
Note: BUONA FEDE Edit
3. It is inherently wrong to buy or sell one’s vote.Read more at location 119
Note: COMPRAVENDITA DEL VOTO Edit
I argue for these claims: 1. Citizens typically have no duty to vote.7 However, if citizens do vote, they must vote well,Read more at location 131
Note: TESI DEL LIBRO Edit
Vote buying, selling, and trading are morally permissibleRead more at location 135
1. When vote buying, selling, and trading are wrong, what makes them wrong is that they lead to violations of the duties described in point 1.Read more at location 136
Note: COMPRAVENDITA VS DOVERE DI VOTO Edit
I am not arguing that voters should vote for whatever they believe promotes the common good. Instead, I am arguing that voters ought to vote for what they justifiedly believe promotes the common good. So, on my view, if a voter votes for some candidate whom she believes will promote the common good, but this voter lacks good grounds for her beliefs, then the voter has acted wrongly.Read more at location 140
Note: CREDENZA FONDATA. UNICA GIUSTIFICANTE Edit
many politically active citizens—writers, activists, community organizers, pundits, celebrities, and the like—try to make the world better and vote with the best of intentions. They vote for what they believe will promote the common good. However, despite their best intentions, on my view, many of them are blameworthy for voting.Read more at location 148
Note: BUONE INTENZIONI E ASTINENZA Edit
THE RIGHT TO VOTE VERSUS THE RIGHTNESS OF VOTINGRead more at location 154
I argue that some citizens should not vote. This does not imply that they should not have the right to vote.Read more at location 159
Note: IL DOVERE DI NN VOTARE Edit
People often assume that if it is morally wrong to do X, then it is morally permissible to stop people from doing X.Read more at location 162
Note: DOVERE DI VOTARE VS DIROTTO.DI VOTARE Edit
Sometimes it is wrong for you to do something, but the law and other people should allow you to do it.Read more at location 167
Note: LAICITÀ Edit
In general, if you have the right to do something, this does not presuppose that it is morally right for you to do it.10Read more at location 169
Consider an analogy to the right of free speech. The right to free speech means, at the very least, that people should not be interfered with or punished for saying and writing certain things.12 This does not mean that saying anything one likes is morally right. Neo-Nazi rocker Michael Regener has the right to write music spreading the hatred of Jews.Read more at location 174
Note: ANALOGIA: FREE SPEECH Edit
IN PRAISE OF EQUAL VOTING RIGHTSRead more at location 181
Why not have a poll exam—a test of competence that determines whether a citizen may vote? Or why not give extra votes to educated people, as Britain did until 1949?Read more at location 199
Note: ESAMINO? Edit
answering these questions goes largely beyond the scope of this book.Read more at location 201
HOORAY, DEMOCRACYRead more at location 208
Democracy is good because liberal, constitutional democratic governments perform well compared to the feasible alternatives.Read more at location 219
Note: DEMOCRAZIA EFFICIENTE Edit
That said, we should avoid democratic fetishism.Read more at location 223
Note: FETICISMO Edit
Actual human beings are wired not to seek truth and justice but to seek consensus. They are shackled by social pressure.Read more at location 227
Note: DISTORSIONI: EGOISMO.E NARCISISMO Edit
Unfortunately, this leaves us with a deep bent toward tribalism and conformity. Too much and too frequent democracy threatens to rob us of our autonomy.Read more at location 230
Note: TRIBALISMO E DEMOCRAZIA Edit
HOW GOOD ARE REAL VOTERS?Read more at location 236
Note: VALUTAZIONE Edit
you need both A and B to get C: A. Normative Theory: Voters ought to do X. B. Empirical Account: Voters in fact do Y. C. Evaluation of Actual Voters: Voters behave well/badly.Read more at location 241
Note: COME VALUTARE Edit
in chapter 7, I discuss B, social-scientific evidence describing how voters in fact behave. In light of this, I conclude C, that many voters in fact behave badlyRead more at location 245
Note: LA COMPETENZA DELL ELETTORE MEDIO Edit
Not all voters are equal. They have equal voting power, but their contributions are not of equal quality. Some people tend to make government better; some tend to make it worse.Read more at location 248
Note: DISEGUAGLIANZA FONDAMENTALE Edit
Some voters form their policy preferences by studying social-scientific evidence—from economics, sociology, and history—about how institutions and policies work. They are self-critical and use reliable methods of reasoning in forming their policy preferences. They actively engage contrary pointsRead more at location 253
Note: L ELETTORE IDEALE Edit
another way voters vary is in their degree of rationality.Read more at location 260
For instance, a 2009 poll of likely voters in New Jersey showed that 8 percent of them (including 5 percent of Democrats and 14 percent of Republicans) believe that Barack Obama is the anti-Christ, while 19 percent of them (including 40 percent of self-identified left-liberals) believe George W. Bush had knowledge of the 9/11 attacks before 9/11.20Read more at location 261
Note: OBAMA È IL DEMONIO? BUSH ERA CONNIVENTE CON LE STRAGI? Edit
many voters in the 2008 U.S. presidential election rejected Obama on grounds that he is “a black Muslim terrorist-sympathizer.”Read more at location 265
Note: OBAMA MUSULMANO TERRORISTA Edit
One potential problem with campaigns to increase voter participation is that they might lower the average level of voter quality.Read more at location 267
Note: INCONVENIENTI DEL FETICISMO DEMOCRATICO Edit
Increased political participation could mean that most voters start asking for foolish, ineffective, or immoral policies.Read more at location 270
Most activities—such as piloting aircraft, performing surgery, playing guitar, dancing, writing philosophy, nursing patients—require skill, training, and practice to do adequately.Read more at location 274
Note: LA PATENTE Edit
DIFFERENT WAYS TO BE INFORMEDRead more at location 279
There are different kinds of information needed to vote well. It is one thing to know which policies different politicians favor and are likely to promote. However, it is another matter to have the relevant social-scientific knowledge needed to evaluate these positions.Read more at location 280
Note: NN BASTA CONOSCERE LE PROPOSTE. BISOGNA SAPERLE VALUTARE Edit
imagine you are choosing between two physicians who have proposed different treatments for your asthma.Read more at location 285
Note: ANALOGIA DEI DOTTORI Edit
EVERY VOTE COUNTSRead more at location 294
Individual votes are of little instrumental value in influencing electoral outcomes or the quality of government. In the next chapter, we look more closely at attempts to show otherwise. These attempts fail. Collectively, votes matter. Individually, they do not.Read more at location 296
Note: VOTI CHE NN CONTANO Edit
I am not going to argue that because your vote is insignificant, you should not vote.Read more at location 298
From my perspective, the insignificance of individual votes is neutral in how easy it makes it for me to argue in support of this book’s conclusions.Read more at location 301
JUSTICE AND THE COMMON GOODRead more at location 307
People who lack certain credentials (such as knowledge, rationality, and intellectual virtue) should abstain from voting.Read more at location 318
Voters should not vote for narrow self-interest.Read more at location 320
Note: EGOISMO Edit
Because this book is meant to present a theory of voting behavior that is neutral among different theories of the ends of government, for the most part I remain relatively neutral about what the common good is.Read more at location 321
Note: INDIFFERENZA DEL BENE COMUME