ch 3 La dittatura della purezza

3   Purity, pollution and untouchability - Where India Goes: Abandoned Toilets, Stunted Development and the Costs of Caste

Diane Coffey and Dean Spears

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Ritesh goes to defecate twice a day, first around five in the morning and then again at seven at night. Each time he walks for about half an hour and goes to a different field or open space depending on his whim that day.
Note:DUE VOLTE AL GIRNO MEZZ ORA

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‘The pradhan wanted to give me a latrine, but I didn’t take it … I didn’t take it because [I’d have to pass by it on my way in and out, that would be awful].
Note:IL GRAN RIFIUTO... INSOPPORTABILE VIVERCI ACCANTO

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[a latrine] in the house, it is quite disgusting.
Note:ORRORE

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a world view in which open defecation is clean and latrines are dirty.
Note:LO SPORCO E IL PULITO

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Clean and dirty, pure and polluting, physical and ritual
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difficult for him to separate his concepts of cleanliness and dirtiness from his ideas about what is good and bad in a ritual, or a religious, sense.
Note:SPORCO CATTIVO... PULITO BUONO

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R.S. Khare,
Note:L ANTROPOLOGO PIÙ ATTENTO

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Physical cleanliness is not always the same as ritual cleanliness,
Note:PULIZIA FISICA E RITUALE

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Some objects are physically clean, but nevertheless ritually polluting, like a drain which has just been cleaned
Note:ESEMPIO DELLA FOGNA

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Vegetable peels strewn on the floor or rat excreta in flour are both seen as physically dirty but not ritually polluting.
Note:TOPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 700

Hindus, believe that cow dung and cow urine are purifying.
Note:STERCO E URINA DI MUCCA

Yellow highlight | Location: 700

houses are often made out of cow dung
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newborn babies (even if clean) and mothers who have recently delivered babies are considered temporarily polluting
Note:NEONATO

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hair that a child had in the womb is impure.
Note:PELATI A DUE ANNI

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M.N. Srinivas,
Note:SOCIOLOGO

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The Remembered Village,
Note:LIBRO

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avoid touching lower-caste people.
Note:INTOCCABILI

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left hand, which is considered polluting because it is used to clean oneself after defecation.
Note:MANO SINISTRA

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villagers are often far more concerned with maintaining ritual purity than with maintaining those aspects of physical cleanliness
Note:COSA CONTA

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Pure people, less pure people and polluting people
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core concepts of the caste system.
Note:SPORCO PULITO E IL SISTEMA

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caste has many consequences for everyday life. It is inherited from one’s parents at birth and cannot be changed.
Note:CASTA

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such as race in the US, South Africa or Latin America.
Note:SIMIL RAZZA

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People from higher castes are thought to be inherently more pure than people from lower castes,
Note:CASTA E PUREZZA

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many higher-caste people also believe that people from the lower castes are polluting.
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higher-caste villagers often refuse food cooked by a lower-caste person,
Note:CIBO

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Fatima
Note:ALTA CASTA

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have to hire someone from the Dhobi caste to wash the clothing that her daughter-in-law used at the hospital.
Note:CHIAMARE QUALCUNO PER LAVARE I VESTITI INQUINATI ALL OSPEDALA

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We have heard some urbanites claim that discrimination against Dalits was part of India’s past, but is no longer practised today.
Note:ANCORA OGGI I DALIT SONO DISCRIMINATI

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Economists Amit Thorat and Omkar Joshi
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20 per cent of urban respondents report having at least one family member who practises untouchability.
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Dirty people, dirty work and dirty spaces
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Rules about purity and pollution are often used to reinforce caste hierarchies.
Note:GERARCHIE

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removing animal carcasses from the village, cleaning faeces and trash from public places, preparing dead bodies for cremation
Note:LAVORI DEGLI INTOCCABILI SPORCHI FISICAMENTE

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drumming or crafting shoes out of leather,
Note:LAVORI SPORCHI SOLO RITUALMENTE

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Anthropologist Sarah Pinto
Note:giu

Yellow highlight | Location: 773

Dalits are dirty because they perform dirty jobs, and the jobs are dirty because Dalits perform them.
Note:CIRCOLARITÀ

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Sociologist Damaris Lüthi
Note:GIÙ

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the cleanliness and purity of the home are very important.
Note:CASA E PUREZZA

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cleanliness stops ‘at the doorsteps of private homes,
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Anand Teltumbde,
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the litter problem plaguing Indian cities is not only about people not caring what happens to public spaces but also about caste politics. Indians throw their trash on the ground not merely out of laziness but also to assert their superiority over Dalits. It is, after all, Dalits who are expected to clean public places.
Note:CASTE E SPORCIZIA

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Getting ahead where some people are pure and some people are polluting
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one caste may try to assert their superiority over another is by adopting more stringent purity
Note:PIÙ RIGOROSI PIÙ SUPERIORI... ES DEL VEGETARIANESIMO

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The adoption of higher-caste values and practices by members of the middle and lower castes
Note:CONTAGIO

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Om Prakash Valmiki,
Note:SCRITTORE

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the upwardly mobile Dalits in his village slowly stopped raising pigs:
Note:MOBILITÀ SOCIALE E RITUALI

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What do purity, pollution and untouchability have to do with open defecation?
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the idea that public filth may be connected to ritual pollution.
Note:RELIGIONE E SALUTE PUBBLICA

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sociologist André Béteille,
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‘In our obsession for ritual purity, we make compromises with physical cleanliness.’
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Yellow highlight | Location: 824

If a latrine is in the house, there will be bad smells, germs will grow. Latrines in the house are like ... hell. The environment becomes completely polluted. There is no benefit of lighting [religious candles and lamps], no benefit at all.
Note:IL DEMONIO IN CASA

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Many higher-caste respondents were particularly concerned about having a latrine close to the kitchen. Aside from places of prayer,
CUCINA E TEMPIO