ch 4 Lo smartphone e la salute mentale dei giovani

Chapter 4 Insecure: The New Mental Health Crisis - iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us

Jean M. Twenge

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unexplainable, occasional sadness
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Ilaf isn’t always sure why she feels depressed, and she struggles to explain her feelings to her parents.
Note:CAUSE MISTERIOSE

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iGen’ers look so happy online, making goofy faces on Snapchat and smiling in their pictures on Instagram. But dig deeper, and reality is not so comforting.
Note:ALLEGRI SOLO ONLINE

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The Internet—and society in general—promotes a relentless positivity
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Individualism also encourages people to feel good about themselves—
Note:LA CULTURA INDIVIDUALISTA

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iGen’ers score lower in narcissism and have lower expectations,
Note:MENO NARCISISTI E MENO AMBIZIOSI

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Just as iGen entered the samples, teen happiness started to wane
Note:GLI INFELICI

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The first serious rumbles of the oncoming crash in iGen’ers’ outlook appear in their answers to questions asking whether they are satisfied with themselves
Note:SEI SODDISFATTO DI TE?

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Percentage of 12th graders who are satisfied with their lives as a whole and with themselves. Monitoring the Future, 1976–2015.
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Left Out and Lonely
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she hadn’t been invited to. “I felt like I was the only one not there,”
Note:IL DRAMMA DI NN ESSERE INVITATI AL COMPLEANNO

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“. . . I was thinking, they’re having a good time without me.
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iGen has a specific term for this: FOMO (Fear of Missing Out).
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they are lonelier than they were just five years ago.
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feeling left out has reached all-time highs.
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Such large changes over a short period of time are unusual, suggesting a specific cause with a big impact. Given the timing, smartphones are the most likely culprits,
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replacing in-person social interaction.
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teens who spend more time on social media also spend more time with their friends in person—
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When teens as a group spend more time on screens and less time on in-person social interaction, loneliness will increase on average.

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It’s possible that loneliness causes smartphone use instead of smartphone use causing loneliness, but the abrupt increase in loneliness makes this alternative much less likely.
Note:NESSO INVERSO POCO PROBABILE

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Although the trend toward feeling left out appears among both boys and girls, the increase was especially steep among girls
Note:RAGAZZE PIÙ VULNERABILI

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Afraid You’re Gonna Live: Depression
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“They all looked so damn happy to me. Why couldn’t I look like that?”
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the constant thrum of social media and texting, has created an emotionally fragile generation prone to depression.
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The data from these surveys are stark: teens’ depressive symptoms have skyrocketed in a very short period of time.
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many people post only their successes online, so many teens don’t realize that their friends fail at things, too.
Note:IL RUOLO DEI SOCIAL

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If they spent more time with their friends in person, they might realize that they are not the only ones making mistakes.
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the patina of positivity on social media covering the ugly underbelly of reality.
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Instagram posts, like ‘My life is so great.’
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More teens in recent years agree with the depressing statement “My life is not useful,”
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Just as with the rise in loneliness, girls have borne the brunt of the rise in depressive symptoms.
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spending more time on social media and less time on in-person social interaction is correlated with depression.
Note:IL RAPPORTO TEMPO SUI SOCIAL/TEMPO INSIEME È PREDITTIVO DELLA DEPRESSIONE

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Could the Great Recession of 2007–2009 be the outside factor? It did come on suddenly, but the timing is wrong. Unemployment, one of the best indicators of how the economy is affecting real people, peaked in 2010 and then declined, exactly the opposite pattern from depression, which was stable until 2012 and then increased.
Note:IL TIMING DELLA CRISI

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Why might smartphones cause depression? For one thing, not getting a reply to your text or social media message has a high potential for causing anxiety—
Note:INTERVENTI SENZA RISPOSTA

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The emphasis on perfect selfies has amplified body image issues for girls, who often chase likes by taking hundreds of pictures to get just the right one but still end up feeling as though they’ve fallen short.
Note:FOTO E FISICO... RAGAZZE MINACCIATE

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“Every day it’s like you have to wake up and put on a mask and try to be somebody else instead of being yourself,
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sexy photo will get lots of likes, but it also invites slut shaming.

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SEXY

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An Epidemic of Anguish: Major Depressive Disorder, Self-Harm, and Suicide
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scared to grow up, terrified that she didn’t know exactly what would happen next.
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The screening test shows a shocking rise in depression in a short period of time: 56% more teens experienced a major depressive episode in 2015 than in 2010
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clinically diagnosable major depression.
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the increase in major depressive episodes is far steeper among girls,
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Depressed teens are more likely to self-injure, such as through cutting.
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Major depression, especially if it’s severe, is also the primary risk factor for suicide.
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Suicide, a carefully tracked behavior unaffected by the possible irregularities of self-report surveys, is the most extreme and sadly objective outcome of depression.
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The rise in suicide is more pronounced for girls.
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It’s also surprising, because more Americans now take antidepressants
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Why the Rise in Mental Health Issues?
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An article in The Atlantic blamed teen mental health issues almost exclusively on academic pressure.
Note:CAUSE... PRESSIONI ACCADEMICHE?

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But one good indicator of academic pressure is the amount of time students spend on homework, and as we saw in chapter 1, time spent doing homework is less or about the same as in previous decades, with little change between 2012 and 2016, the years when depression skyrocketed.
Note:NO... TEMPO SPESO X I COMPITI

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Time spent on exercise and sports is linked to less depression, but it didn’t change much since 2012, so they fail test number two, too.
Note:ATTIVITÀ FISICA... IRRILEVANTE

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new-media screen time (such as electronic devices and social media) is linked to mental health issues and/or unhappiness, and it rose at the same time.
Note:ELEMENTI CORRELATI: SCREENING NOTOZIE A VODEO... RELAZIONI PERSONALI

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in-person social interaction and print media are linked to less unhappiness and less depression,
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Another possibility is that iGen’ers are unprepared for adolescence and early adulthood due to their lack of independence.
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Students whose parents displayed those characteristics (often known as “helicopter parents”) had lower psychological well-being and were more likely to have been prescribed medication for anxiety and depression.
Note:DEPRESSIONE DA ELICOTTERO

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Stealing Sleep
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Just before you go to bed, you check on your teen. It looks as though her light is off, but you’re not sure. Then you see it: the faint blue light of her phone as she looks at it in bed.
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Smartphone use may have decreased teens’ sleep time: more teens now sleep less than seven hours most nights (see Figure 4.12). Sleep experts say that teens should get about nine hours
Note:7 ORE ADI SONNO

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Electronic devices and social media seem to be unique in their effect on sleep compared to older forms of media. Teens who read books and magazines more often are actually less likely to be sleep deprived—either reading puts them to sleep, or they can put the book down at bedtime. TV time is barely related to sleep time.
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Other activities that take up a lot of time, such as homework and working for pay, also increase the risk of missing out on sleep.
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Sleep deprivation is linked to myriad issues, including compromised thinking and reasoning, susceptibility to illness, increased weight gain, and high blood pressure. Sleep deprivation also has a significant effect on mood: people who don’t sleep enough are prone to depression and anxiety.
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Intriguing new research shows that the blue light emitted by electronic devices tells our brains it’s still daytime, which makes the brain take longer to fall asleep.
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What Can We Do?
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the case highlights a nationwide problem: the often inadequate resources for mental health assistance on college campuses.
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High school students and their parents are already seeking help for psychological issues at an unprecedented rate.
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The bigger problem will occur if young people don’t seek help.
Note:I PIÙ IN PERICOLO

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Seeing a therapist is still taboo. . . . Nobody likes the idea of putting a label on what can so easily be written off as some form of insecurity—nobody wants to be diagnosed.”
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the abrupt rise in mental health issues strongly suggests that genetics is not the whole story.
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Among those predisposed to depression, only those who experience certain environments will actually become depressed.
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