ch 2 Defecando all'aria aperta

2   The puzzle: Why rural India? - Where India Goes: Abandoned Toilets, Stunted Development and the Costs of Caste

Diane Coffey and Dean Spears

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Open defecation kills infants and stunts the physical and cognitive growth of those who survive.
Note:BAMBINI IN PERICOLO

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suggest building latrines for families
Note:LA PRIMA REAZIONE DI CHI APPRENDE DEL FENOMENO

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India’s high rates of open defecation cannot be explained by the fact that India is a developing country,
Note:LA POVERTÀ NON SPIEGA

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Other countries achieve better sanitation with far worse inputs.
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In neighbouring Bangladesh, for instance, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) find that latrine use in rural parts of the country has become almost universal
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In many cases, people in rural India do not use the latrines that they own.
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Open defecation in Bangladesh, India’s poorer neighbour
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birthplace of the first cholera pandemic 
Note:TIPICA CONSEGUENZA

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This man already knew what the Indian government appears to ignore: Using a simple latrine does not have to be expensive. Like this labourer, many of the poor people in Africa and other parts of Asia who use latrines are not using expensive pour-flush latrines, made out of brick and concrete like the ones the Indian government promotes.
Note:UNA LATRINA COSTA POCO... IL PROBLEMA NON È LA DISPONIBILITÀ

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The poverty fallacy
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of the fifty-five countries in the world with less GDP per capita than India – Bangladesh included – forty-six have a fraction of the population that defecates in the open smaller than it is in India.
Note:INDIA E ALTRI POVERI

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But GDP per capita can be a bad measure of poor families’
Note:LA MEDIA INGANNA?

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twenty-one countries have a higher fraction of the population that is poor than India does.
Note:21 PAESI CON UNA FRAZIONE DI POVERISSIMI MAGGIORE DELL INDIA

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Simple latrines are simply not expensive.
Note:IL CONCETTO

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Within India, Muslims tend to be poorer than Hindus, and rural residents of the north-eastern states are poorer than rural people in the rest of India. But in both comparisons, the poorer groups are considerably less likely to defecate in the open.
Note:MUSULMANI E INDU

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The water fallacy
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lack of water?
Note:MANCA FORSE L'ACQUA?

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Rural India has more open defecation than other countries with similar access to improved water
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it takes very little water to use an inexpensive latrine.
Note:NE OCCORRE POCA

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far fewer people in rural sub-Saharan Africa (35 per cent) defecate in the open.
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digging such latrines is a feasible option in India too.
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many, many households that have piped water nevertheless defecate in the open.
Note:ALTRA EVIDENZA CHE STRONCA L IPOTESI

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The education fallacy
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Do people in rural India defecate in the open because they are uneducated or illiterate?
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India has more open defecation than other countries with similar adult literacy rates Similar conclusions emerge from comparisons within South Asia.
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Governance has not been the solution – nor is it to blame
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India’s open defecation is so exceptionally bad, people say, because the Indian state does a poor job of delivering sanitation programmes.
Note:ALTRO ARGOMENTO FALLACE

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Governance in India is bad, but is it worse than in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Sierra Leone?
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polity database constructed by political scientists Monty G. Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr.
Note:DATABASE SULLA DEMOCRATICITÀ DEI GOVERNI

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The World Bank measures governance using its widely cited Ease of Doing Business Index.
Note:ALTRO INDICE DOVE L INDIA È BEN PIAZZATA

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The failure of the poor governance explanation is also clear in comparisons across Indian states,
Note:CFR INTRAPAESE

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The access fallacy
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People assume that rural Indians defecate in the open because they do not have ‘access’ to a latrine;
Note:L ARGOMENTO FALLACE

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‘Having access to a latrine’ typically appears to be used as an unthinking synonym for ‘owning a latrine’.
Note:ACCESSO E POSSESSO

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using a rudimentary latrine is not as pleasant as using an indoor toilet.
Note:DIFFERENZE IRRILEVANTI PER NOI

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answer was clear: Open defecation is common, even in families that own a latrine.
Note:AN CHE CGI POSSIEDE IL WC

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What would happen if the government built a latrine for every household?
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What makes latrine use in rural India so different from the rest of the developing world?
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Indian government has been subsidizing latrines in villages for more than three decades.
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Comparing the 2001 and 2011 rounds of the Census of India, he notes that the fraction of rural households that own a latrine went up by about 9 percentage points – but population growth was great enough that the total number of households without a latrine increased by more than eight million. These numbers contrast sharply with the 46-percentage-point increase in sanitation
Note:2001-2011

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if the government built a working latrine for every household in rural Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and UP, about two-thirds of the new latrine recipients would not use them. Rural open defecation in these states would still be above 50 per cent. So, latrine construction will not be enough to end open defecation.
UNA LATRINA X TUTTI... 50%