HL 1 How the Genome Explains Who We Are con riassuntino + ANTENATO UNICO

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

Share Product Button

 · 

DOMANDA: antenato unico o plurimo?
RISPOSTA: Unico (fuori dall' Africa). In Africa è un gran casino, probabilmente plurimo.

Chiarimenti al cap.1: "How the Genome Explains Who We Are".

E che sia chiaro: Eva era una popolazione, non una persona!

#Amazon

A groundbreaking book about how ancient DNA has profoundly changed our understanding of human history. Geneticists like David Reich have made astounding advances in the field of genomics, which is proving to be as important as archeology, linguistics, and written records as a means to unders...

Informazioni su questo sito web

AMAZON.COM

Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

A groundbreaking book about how ancient DNA has profoundly changed our understanding of human history. Geneticists like David Reich have made astounding advances in the field of genomics, which is proving to be as important as archeology, linguistics, and written records as a means to unders...

How the Genome Explains Who We Are
Note:1@@@@@@@@@Cos é il DNA e perché é utile a ricostruire il passato. Due ipotesi: 1 out Africa (antenato comune x il sapiens) e 2 Multiregional (sapiens emersi ovunque da incroci di altri ominidi). Vince la prima, ma x l Africa i dubbi restano. Il sapiens spazza via gli altri. Tutto molto piú complicato di come pensavamo. Le pretese di capire si ridimensionano. Il DNA é un puzzle e noi ne passiamo una parte ai figli ma una parte sempre piú piccola man mano che ascendiamo finché entriamo in un buco nero. Quando parliamo di Eva parliamo di popolazioni nn di individui. Anni 2000 la mappatura del genoma e le nuove ricerche. Il nuovo antenato comune: in sud africa. Smentita l idea di una mutazione decisiva che ci ha reso umani. Piû probabile che l ambiente abbia attivato mutazioni giá presenti e innescato un processo auto rinforzante.Lo stato dell arte500-700m probabile separazione tra Neanderthal e Sapiens.400m N é giá in Europa300m primi fossili S100m S in medio oriente. N in sud europa.50m SS in medio oriente.40m ibridi N e S. Poi N si estingue.

Yellow highlight | Location: 484

twin chains of about three billion chemical building blocks (six billion in all)
Note:Dove é codificato il ns genoma

Yellow highlight | Location: 486

What we call a “gene” consists of tiny fragments of these chains,
Note:Un migliaio di blocchi

Yellow highlight | Location: 487

In between the genes is noncoding DNA, sometimes referred to as “junk”

Yellow highlight | Location: 488

order of the letters can be read by machines
Note:Emissione luminosa di diversi colori a seconda della lettera

Yellow highlight | Location: 492

These differences are due to random errors in copying of genomes (known as mutations)
Note:Differenze occasionali nella copia del dna. Decisive nello studio del passato

Yellow highlight | Location: 494

The higher the density of differences separating two genomes on any segment, the longer it has been since the segments shared a common ancestor
Note:Distanza dall antenato. Assunto: le mutazioni si susseguono a ritmo costante.

Yellow highlight | Location: 508

the ancestors of modern humans lived in Africa.
Note:Una conclusione a cui si é arrivati arrivate ndagando l antenato comune.

Yellow highlight | Location: 510

This finding became an important part of the triumphant synthesis of archaeological and genetic and skeletal evidence
Note:Anni 80 90

Yellow highlight | Location: 513

“Mitochondrial Eve,” lived sometime after 200,000 years ago.
Note:L antenato. Tempo calcoplato dal ritmo delle mutazini

Yellow highlight | Location: 514

The best current estimate is around 160,000

Yellow highlight | Location: 517

humans living in many parts of Africa and Eurasia descend substantially from an early dispersal (at least 1.8 million years ago) of Homo erectus,
Note:L ipotesi confutata con l antenato comune. Ipotesi multiregionale MR. MR: nn esiste un antenato comune x il sapiens (é uscito qua e lá dall incontro di vari ominidi). Out of Africa: esiste un antenato comune migrato dallAfrica. Oggi AOA nel mondo ma MR in Africa

Yellow highlight | Location: 523

humans today largely descend from a much later expansion from Africa.
Note:L ipotesi MR ipotizza una dispersio dell erectus di 2000000 di anni.

Yellow highlight | Location: 524

Anthropological evidence pointed to a likely scenario for what occurred.
Note:A supporto do out of Africa.

Yellow highlight | Location: 528

very limited evidence older than around fifty thousand years.
Note:Strumenti e ossa fuori dall Africa

Yellow highlight | Location: 538

Neanderthals, who had evolved in Europe by around four hundred thousand years ago
Note:Sparito 40000 anni fa. Dopo pochi millenni dall arrivo del sapiens

Yellow highlight | Location: 544

the spread of an anatomically modern human population whose ancestors included “Mitochondrial Eve,”
Note:Ha spazzato via gli altri ominidi

Yellow highlight | Location: 547

The Siren Call of the Genetic Switch
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 548

exuberance about the power of the discipline to provide simple explanations.
Note:80 e 90… gli anni della vanitá

Yellow highlight | Location: 550

genes could also be the cause of that spread,
Note:Un uomo diverso che sapeva muoversi e adattarsi

Yellow highlight | Location: 552

a genetic change might explain how we came to be behaviorally distinct from our predecessors

Yellow highlight | Location: 554

the rise in frequency of a single mutation of a gene affecting the biology of the brain,
Note:La svolta x Richard Klein. L uomo moderno é frutto di una mutazione.

Yellow highlight | Location: 555

innovative tools

Yellow highlight | Location: 555

complex behavior.

Yellow highlight | Location: 567

simple explanations for great mysteries
Note:Il marchio dell esuberanza

Yellow highlight | Location: 567

Svante Pääbo,
Note:Un protagonista

Yellow highlight | Location: 569

discovered two mutations in the gene FOXP2 that seemed to be candidates for propelling the great changes that occurred after around fifty thousand years ago.
Note:Una mutazione candidata

Yellow highlight | Location: 578

these changes affect the formation of sounds.
Note:I gatti fatti con quella mutazione miagolano diversamente. Il gene del lingiaggio?

Yellow highlight | Location: 581

This change is absent in Neanderthals,

Yellow highlight | Location: 592

The sad truth is that it is possible to count on the fingers of two hands the examples like FOXP2 of mutations that increased in frequency
Note:C é molto di piú. Noi nn sappiamo ancora leggere il genoma e giâ le mutazioni singolari abbondano.

Yellow highlight | Location: 597

I expect that the findings will be so complicated—with so many individual genetic changes contributing to what makes humans distinctive—that few people will find the answer comprehensible.
Note:Pessimismo

Yellow highlight | Location: 599

no intellectually elegant and emotionally satisfying
Note:Il presumibile risultato finale.

Yellow highlight | Location: 604

explanation based on migrations and population mixture is the subject of this book.
Note:Ad ogni modo

Yellow highlight | Location: 606

One Hundred Thousand Adams and Eves

Note | Location: 606

Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 607

“Mitochondrial Eve,”

Yellow highlight | Location: 610

It has fostered the mistaken impression that all of our DNA comes from precisely two ancestors
Note:Espressione ingannevole

Yellow highlight | Location: 616

The truth is that the genome contains the stories of many diverse ancestors—tens of thousands of independent genealogical lineages,
Note:La veritá

Yellow highlight | Location: 618

genome is not one continuous sequence from a single ancestor but is instead a mosaic.
Note:Mosaico

Yellow highlight | Location: 620

A genome consists of twenty-three chromosomes,
Note:Cromosomi. Le tessere del puzzle... 23x2=46

Yellow highlight | Location: 633

Twenty generations in the past, the number of ancestors is almost a thousand times greater than the number of ancestral stretches of DNA in a person’s genome, so it is a certainty that each person has not inherited any DNA from the great majority of his or her actual ancestors. These calculations mean that a person’s genealogy, as reconstructed from historical records, is not the same as his or her genetic inheritance.
Note:Troppo casino x risalire

Yellow highlight | Location: 637

Queen Elizabeth II of England almost certainly inherited no DNA from William of Normandy, who conquered England in 1066

Yellow highlight | Location: 649

Going back deeper in time, a person’s genome gets scattered into more and more ancestral stretches of DNA
Note:Antenati da cui nn ereditiamo nulla

Yellow highlight | Location: 651

so we inherit DNA from nearly everyone in our ancestral population who had a substantial number of offspring
Note:Non abbiamo un antenato ma una popolazione.

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

we reach a point where everyone descends from the same ancestor, beyond which it becomes impossible to obtain any information
Note:Il buco nero della genetica

Yellow highlight | Location: 656

For mitochondrial DNA this black hole occurs around 160,000 years ago, the date of “Mitochondrial Eve.”

Yellow highlight | Location: 657

For the great majority of the rest of the genome the black hole occurs between five million and one million years ago,

Yellow highlight | Location: 669

The Story Told by the Multitudes in Our Genomes
Note:Tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 669

In 2001, the human genome was sequenced for the first time—which

Yellow highlight | Location: 672

By 2006, companies began selling robots that reduced the cost of reading DNA letters by more than ten thousandfold

Yellow highlight | Location: 676

test whether the history of our species suggested by the whole genome was the same as that told by mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome.
Note:Cosa diventava possobile. Avevamo tutto il DNA e nn solo un pezzo.

Yellow highlight | Location: 690

evidence that after the separation of non-African and African populations, there was an extended period in the shared history of non-Africans when populations were small,
Note:Il collo di bottiglia

Yellow highlight | Location: 695

for example, a small band of people crossing the Sahara into North Africa, or from Africa into Asia.
Note:Esempio di collo di botiglia

Yellow highlight | Location: 697

Our history may not be as simple as the story of a dominant group that was immediately successful wherever it went.
Note:Tuttavia

Yellow highlight | Location: 701

How the Whole-Genome Perspective Put an End to Simple Explanations
Note:Tttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 709

the San hunter-gatherers of southern Africa.
Note:La parte del leone tra tratta candidati ad antenato comune. Analisi a tutto genoma.

Yellow highlight | Location: 711

the separation had begun by around two hundred thousand years ago
Note:Il primo moderno

Yellow highlight | Location: 712

the density of mutations separating San genomes from non-San genomes is uniformly high,
Note:Niente distacchi netti

Yellow highlight | Location: 733

natural selection was not likely to take the simple form of changes in a small number of genes, as Klein had imagined.
Note:Non basta un gene. Ora lo sappiamo.

Yellow highlight | Location: 739

we have been successful in identifying selection on mutations like these because they have risen rapidly from low to high frequency, resulting in a large number of people today sharing a recent ancestor
Note:Esempio della mutazione che ha reso il latte digeribile in etá adulta. Altri cambiamenti sono duri da identificare

Yellow highlight | Location: 748

detectable episodes of natural selection such as those that have facilitated the digestion of cow’s milk into adulthood are an exception.
Note:Altri nn possono essere rivelati statisticamente

Yellow highlight | Location: 764

found natural selection for increased height, blonder hair, bluer eyes, larger infant head size, larger female hip size, later growth spurt in males, and later age of puberty in females.
Note:Nonostante i limiti molte selezioni sono state individuate. Aggiungici la statura

Yellow highlight | Location: 779

they are beginning to investigate human variation in cognitive and behavioral traits,

Note | Location: 779

Alla fine si arriva lÌ

Yellow highlight | Location: 782

the great change in human behavior suggested by the archaeological records
Note:Spiegare il puzzle di Klein

Yellow highlight | Location: 788

The mutations necessary to facilitate modern human behavior were already in place,
Note:L ipotesi piú probabile. L ambiente come attivatore.

Yellow highlight | Location: 791

a self-reinforcing cycle.

Yellow highlight | Location: 797

How the Genome Can Explain Who We Are
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 805

massive mixtures of differentiated populations; sweeping population replacements and expansions;
La storia dlle migrazioni ricostruita dal genoma é zeppa di sorprese