Today, we can identify many standard dimensions along which cultures around the world vary (Hofstede et al. 2010; Gorodnichenko and Roland 2011; Minkov 2013Read more at location 5535
we have good reasons to expect that a competitive em economy will continue to select for these cultural features. For example, we should expect more industriousness relative to indulgence, a work relative to a leisure orientation, time orientations that are long term relative to short term and that are tied to clocks instead of relationships, low instead of high context attitudes toward rules and communication, and a loose relative to tight attitude on interpreting social norms.Read more at location 5538
Today, about 70% of the variation in values across nations is captured in just two key factors (Inglehart and Welzel 2010).Read more at location 5544
One factor varies primarily between rich and poor nations: increasing wealth seems to cause more individualism, universalism, egalitarianism, autonomy, and self-expression. These subfactors seem to be more a result than a cause of wealth.Read more at location 5546
With increasing wealth, our values have moved away from conformity to traditional “conservative” farmer-like values, and toward more “liberal” forager-like valuesRead more at location 5548
Poor nations tend more to value respecting parents and authority, believing in good and evil, and wanting to protect local jobs.Read more at location 5550
The other main dimension along which values vary today can be described as “East” versus “West.”Read more at location 5552
East values tend to be more community oriented, while West values tend to be oriented more to individuals and families.Read more at location 5553
East, people are more interested in and spend more time discussing politics, which is more important to them. In the West, families and good health are more important.Read more at location 5554
Eastern nations have been growing faster over the last half-century, in part because of their emphasis on achievement, thrift, and savings.Read more at location 5559
It is possible that the first ems will come predominantly from particular nations and cultures. If so, typical em values may tend to be closer to the values of whatever nations provided most of the ordinary humans whose brains were scanned for these first ems.Read more at location 5563
As ems have near subsistence (although hardly miserable) income levels, and as wealth levels seem to cause cultural changes, we should expect em culture values to be more like those of poor nations today.Read more at location 5565
As Eastern cultures grow faster today, and as they may be more common in denser areas, em values may be more likely to be like those of Eastern nations today.Read more at location 5567
these suggest that em cultures tend to value technology, money, hard work, and state intervention.Read more at location 5568
em culture values achievement, determination, thrift, authority, good and evil, and local job protection.Read more at location 5569
That is, ems might develop stronger hard moral feelings about when and with whom it is acceptable to copy and form teams, and when it is all right to leave a team.Read more at location 5573
For example, before copying a team, that team might have a big party. Maybe the original team comes to the new team’s later “birthday” parties.Read more at location 5575
Em social relations may also be somewhat like social relations in our fantasy and children’s stories, such as The Lord of the Rings, wherein different speciesRead more at location 5581
Poorer ems seem likely to return to conservative (farmer) cultural values, relative to liberal (forager) cultural values.Read more at location 5640
farmer values helped to pressure farmers into the alien-to-forager behaviorsRead more at location 5641
In the industrial era, we have felt such pressures less as our wealth has increased our safety buffers,Read more at location 5643
Today, liberals tend to be more open-minded, creative, curious, and novelty seeking, while conservatives tend to be more orderly, conventional, and organized.Read more at location 5645
ems more value things such as self-sacrifice, self-control, religion, patriotism, marriage, politeness, material possessions, and hard work, and less value self-expression, self-direction, tolerance, pleasure, nature, novelty, travel, art, music, stories, and political participation.Read more at location 5647
If ems are more farmer-like, they tend to envy less, and to more accept authority and hierarchy, including hereditary elitesRead more at location 5651
They are more comfortable with war, discipline, bragging, and material inequalities,Read more at location 5652
As em children are rare and often pampered, violence toward children seems unlikely unless it is useful for training.Read more at location 5654
Today, people who do the folllowing jobs tend to lean liberal: professor, journalist, writer, artist, musician, psychiatrist, teacher, trainer, fundraiser, cook, bartender, lawyer, software engineer, and civil servant. In contrast, those who do these jobs tend to lean conservative: soldier, pilot, police, surgeon, priest, homemaker, farmer, exterminator, plumber, banker, insurance broker, sales, grader, sorter, electrical contractor, car dealer, trucker, miner, construction worker, entrepreneur, salesman, gas attendant, and non-academic scientist (Hanson 2014; Edmond 2015).Read more at location 5655
Liberal jobs today tend more to be about talking, persuading, and entertaining, while conservative jobs today tend to focus on a fear of bad things, and protecting against them.Read more at location 5660
Leaders lead less by the appearance of consensus, and do less to give the appearance that everyone has an equal voice and is free to speak their minds.Read more at location 5663
Farmer-like ems have a stronger sense of honor and shame, enforce more conformity and social rules,Read more at location 5664
em working-class culture often has strong emotional profanity, insults, and teasing.Read more at location 5668
For farmer-like ems, work matters more culturally than it does today; ems spend more of their time at work, invest more of their identity in work,Read more at location 5669
For example, em music is designed more to facilitate a relaxed office, and less to accompany dancing and parties.Read more at location 5674
While farmer-like ems seem inclined to support traditional values like marriage and heterosexuality, for ems sex and family lose the central roles they had in previous eras as primary units for organizing reproduction, work, and other social relations.Read more at location 5675
Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, and Gerard Roland. 2011. “Which Dimensions of Culture Matter for Long-Run Growth?”Read more at location 6920
Hofstede, Geert, Gert Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.Read more at location 6991
Minkov, Michael. 2013. Cross-Cultural Analysis: The Science and Art of Comparing the World’s Modern Societies and Their Cultures.
