domenica 5 marzo 2017

Why Online Education Works alex tabarrok

Why Online Education Works alex tabarrok
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). Why Online Education Works alex tabarrok [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 1
Why Online Education Works By Alex Tabarrok
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 6
Oxford University was founded in 1096, Cambridge in 1209. Harvard, a relative newcomer, was founded in 1636.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
Oxford in 2012 teaches students in ways remarkably similar to Oxford in 1096, seated students listening to professors in a classroom.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
facts are related; stasis in methods has led to stasis in status.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
Online education will change how universities teach;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
Advantages of Online Education
Nota - Posizione 12
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
1) leverage, especially of the best teachers; 2) time savings; 3) individualized teaching
Nota - Posizione 13
TRE VANYAGGI
Nota - Posizione 14
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
Leverage
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
my 15 minute talk has been watched nearly 700,000 times.
Nota - Posizione 17
x ANEDDOTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 20
teaching I did at TED dominates my entire teaching career: 700,000 views at 15 minutes each is equivalent to 175,000 student-hours of teaching, more than I have taught in my entire offline career.[ 1]
Nota - Posizione 21
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
Teaching is becoming relatively more expensive for the same reason that butlers have become relatively more expensive– butler productivity increased more slowly than productivity in other fields, so wages for butlers rose even as their output stagnated; as a result, the opportunity cost of butlers increased. The productivity of teaching, measured in, say, kilobytes transmitted from teacher to student per unit of time, hasn’t increased much.
Nota - Posizione 26
x COST DESEASE. INSEGNARE SARÀ SEMPRE PIÙ COSTOSO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
Teaching has remained economic only because the value of each kilobyte transmitted has increased due to discoveries in (some) other fields.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 28
Online education, however, dramatically increases the productivity of teaching.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
The counter-argument is that there is an ineffable quality of the classroom
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 32
what exactly this quality might be remains ineffable to me.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
Fields with greater physicality, not just sports and dance, but also experimental biology, physics, and chemistry will also require more in-classroom teaching with greater attention from a human being.
Nota - Posizione 35
X ECCEZIONI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
Until late college, physics is mostly teaching knowledge known since Newton.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 38
much education at the college level is already mass education
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
let us accept that classroom teaching has some special value. We must still weigh this value against the productivity increases
Nota - Posizione 40
TRADE OFF
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 46
The best way to increase the quality of teaching is to increase the number of students taught by the best teachers.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 48
TED talk was among the best 15 minutes of my career. Knowing the potential size of the TED audience, I honed my talk and visuals with months of practice.
Nota - Posizione 49
I MIGLIORI AL LORO MEGLIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 51
Teaching today is like a stage play.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 52
it takes as much labor to produce the 100th viewing as it does to produce the first.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 53
Online education makes teaching more like a movie.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 53
Now consider quality. The average movie actor is a better actor than the average stage actor.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 54
If you were making a movie with a potential audience in the millions wouldn’t you hire the best actors?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 56
Is there something ineffably great about a live performance? Occasionally, but the greatest stage performances are seen by only a handful of people.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
the market for teachers will become more like the market for actors, a winner-take-all market
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 59
greater inequality and very big payments at the top.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 59
A principal player on Broadway might earn $ 62,500 a year, perhaps twice what a minor player might earn.[ 3] One of the biggest stars in the world, Julia Roberts, made $ 35,000 a week, or $ 1.62 million in a 50-week year performing in Three Days of Rain. Nevertheless, her stage salary pales in comparison to her typical payment of $ 10– $ 20 million per movie for much less work.
Nota - Posizione 62
x STIPENDI ATTORI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 63
movies are better in many respects than plays, but no one doubts that a taped play is worse in all respects than a live play.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 64
Many of the early online forays into education were simply taped lectures, boring, flat, and worse
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 67
Time Savings
Nota - Posizione 67
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 70
surprised to discover that we could teach a full course in less than half the lecture time of an offline course.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 71
online lectures need not be repetitive.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
Dale Carnegie’s advice
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
“tell the audience what you’re going to say, say it; then tell them what you’ve said”
Nota - Posizione 72
X CARNEGIE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
if you repeat whenever 20% of the audience doesn’t understand something, that means that 80% of the audience hear something twice
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 75
Highly inefficient.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
Carnegie’s advice is dead wrong for an online audience.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
Different medium, different messaging.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
In an online lecture it pays to be concise.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 76
Online, the student is in control and can choose when and what to repeat.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 77
students proceed as fast as their capabilities can
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 79
even more savings by eliminating the fixed time-costs of attending
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 79
many of my students will have driven half an hour
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 80
online lectures there is no looking for parking!
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 81
Time Shifting
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 83
In the online world, consumers need not each consume at the same time,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 84
suppliers need not produce at the moment of consumption.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 84
It’s costly to coordinate consumers and suppliers,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
Despite caffeination, by 9: 30 pm fatigue sets in,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 90
it makes little sense for me to try to teach complex ideas after 9: 30 pm.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 95
Flexible time scheduling reduces the costs of coordination
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 96
Online education can also break the artificial lecture length of 50– 90 minutes.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
experts say that adult attention span is 10– 15 minutes
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
span has declined in the Internet era.[ 4]
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 98
it is clear that the standard lecture length has not been determined by optimal learning time but by the high fixed costs of traveling to school.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 100
the natural length of a lecture is probably not that different from the length of a typical popular music track or television segment.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 102
Individualized Teaching and New Technologies
Nota - Posizione 102
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
classroom experience provides greater opportunity for personalized learning.
Nota - Posizione 103
COMMON OBJECTION
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
offline experience is often not a classroom of 4-9 students, but a classroom of over 100.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 109
conventional wisdom is that the classroom allows for more questions.
Nota - Posizione 110
OB 2
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 110
online space is a better place both for asking questions and for interacting with professors
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
students from all over the world can ask questions online.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
constrained by the costs of coordination to begin and end at a time fixed in advance.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 115
peer-learning, for students to answer their own questions.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 117
Questions are also more powerful in the online world.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
the teacher is held to a higher standard.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
If I make an error in my offline class, chances are no one will catch it.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 120
future is lectures plus intelligent,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
The future of online education is adaptive assessment,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
Incorrect answers are not random but betray specific assumptions and patterns of thought. Analysis of answers, therefore, can be used to guide students to exactly that lecture that needs to be reviewed and understood to achieve mastery of the material.
Nota - Posizione 125
x VALUTAZIONE ADATTIVA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 126
Computer-adaptive learning will be as if every student has their own professor on demand— much
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 131
Surprisingly, the computer will make learning less standardized and robotic.
Nota - Posizione 131
PERSONALIZZAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 138
we know that improving teacher productivity is very difficult, which is why teaching methods haven’t changed in millennia.
Nota - Posizione 139
IL MALE CHE XSUPERA L ONLINE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 140
Bigger markets increase the incentive to research
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 146
Randomized controlled trials, which are very expensive in the offline world, become very cheap in the online world.
Nota - Posizione 147
SPERIMENTAZIONE PIÙ FACILE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 147
Consider two methods of teaching a concept. Which works best?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 150
shorten the time from learning what works to implementing what works.
Nota - Posizione 151
ALTRO PREGI. ADOZIONE RAPIDA XDI QUEL CHE FUNZIONA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 152
better teaching methods can diffuse through fewer teachers
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 154
The College Experience
Nota - Posizione 154
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 154
The college experience is about much more than learning. Online education will not replace the two Olympic-sized swimming pools at my university, the modern exercise facilities, the coffee shop, or the restaurants.
Nota - Posizione 156
x OBIEZIONE DELL ESPERIENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 157
viewing online lectures at home and doing “homework” in-class— is
Nota - Posizione 157
AUNA SOLUZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 160
The university will continue to be a place for young people to socialize
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 161
socialization and education functions will become more distinct.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 162
parents and taxpayers may decide that they would rather not pay for four five years of socialization
Nota - Posizione 163
TARIFFE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 168
Online Education Has Already Met the Market Test
Nota - Posizione 168
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 169
unexpected success of Stanford’s free online course on artificial intelligence. Taught by Peter Norvig and Sebastian Thrun in 2011, this course enrolled more students than the entire Stanford student body.
Nota - Posizione 170
X ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 171
Educational startups like Coursera, Udacity and, of course, MRUniversity promoted the idea of MOOCs, massive online open courses.
Nota - Posizione 171
x ALTRI ES
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 172
elites, however, have been behind the curve.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 173
Private, for-profit universities such as the University of Phoenix and Ashford University were the pioneers of online education.
Nota - Posizione 174
x APIONIERI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 174
The for-profits offered courses that appealed to women, particularly those with children, to ethnic minorities and to adults 25– 44 years old who valued all of the flexibility and time-savings that online education offered.
Nota - Posizione 175
x PLATEA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 176
especially successful in the graduate market,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 176
shorter and pursued by adults less interested in the socializing
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 178
audience that traditional universities had mostly ignored,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 181
Online Education and the Developing World
Nota - Posizione 181
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
developing world is increasing education at a dramatic rate.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 182
Over the next 15 years or so India plans to increase the number of students attending university from 12 million to over 30 million; a goal that will require at least 1,000 new universities. China has already increased the number of entering university students from 1 million in 1998 to over 6 million today.
Nota - Posizione 186
x INDIA E CINA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 186
will the developing world adopt the Oxford model of 1096
Nota - Posizione 186
?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 187
The Great Unbundling
Nota - Posizione 187
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 188
development, delivery, assessment, and credentialing.
Nota - Posizione 188
FUNZIONI SCOMPONIBILI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 192
Already many universities now offer credit for courses taken at other universities,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 194
We already have some experience with unbundling credentialing in the market for lawyers
Segnalibro - Posizione 222
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 223
A Response to Participants By Alex Tabarrok
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 235
advantages: Leverage of the best professors teaching more students. Large time savings from less repetition in lectures (students in control of what to repeat) and from lower fixed costs (no need to drive to university). Greater flexibility in when lectures are consumed (universities open 24 hours a day) and in the lecture format (no need to limit to 50 minutes). Greater scope for productivity improvements as capital substitutes for labor and greater incentive to invest in productivity when the size of the market increases. Greater scope for randomized controlled trials of educational strategies thus more learning about what works in education.
Nota - Posizione 242
x RIASSUNTO VANTAGGI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 243
Siva Vaidhyanathan
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 244
classroom is special,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 247
“I would find this more persuasive if I had not taken many traditional college courses myself.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 251
large majority of college teachers in the United States today are adjuncts,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
try ideas on for size, gently criticize others, challenge authority, and drive conversations in new directions?
Nota - Posizione 267
X ATTIVITA TIPICHE DELL OFF LUNE. O NO?"
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 267
Carole Cadwalladr, a reporter from the Observer writing about an online course in genetics:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 270
And that’s when I have my being-blown-away moment. The traffic is astonishing. There are thousands of people asking— and answering— questions about dominant mutations and recombination. And study groups had spontaneously grown up: a Colombian one, a Brazilian one, a Russian one. There’s one on Skype, and some even in real life too. And they’re so diligent! If you are a vaguely disillusioned teacher, or know one, send them to Coursera: these are people who just want to learn.
Nota - Posizione 274
x TESTIMONIANZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 274
Rather than contrasting offline with online, I am more interested in how online can complement
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 276
I’d also like to see more comparisons and more empirical evidence.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 277
How large does the typical classroom have to be before an online classroom is superior?
Nota - Posizione 278
ESEMPIO DI DOMANDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 278
My answers are that a philosophy seminar with five students is going to be better face-to-face. In a class of thirty, I’d take a good online class
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 280
Where is the dividing line and why?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 280
Some 30% of students today are already enrolled in an online course.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 281
What should students with full or part-time jobs do?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 282
Which students and which classes should go online?
Nota - Posizione 282
ALTRA DOMANDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 282
Blanket statements don’t seem useful here.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 282
Econ 101 would work well online. Plenty of math and stats classes will work well online
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 286
The Department of Education conducted a meta-analysis
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 288
found: Students in online conditions performed modestly better, on average, than those learning the same material through traditional face-to-face instruction. Instruction combining online and face-to-face elements had a larger advantage relative to purely face-to-face instruction than did purely online instruction. Effect sizes were larger for studies in which the online instruction was collaborative or instructor-directed than in those studies where online learners worked independently. The effectiveness of online learning approaches appears quite broad across different content and learner types. Online learning appeared to be an effective option for both undergraduates (mean effect of + 0.30, p
Nota - Posizione 296
x METANALISI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 312
Shallow compared to what? Compared to the best offline course at MIT?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 313
Again, the issue is on what margin.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 313
Or is Vaidhyanathan claiming a link between the medium and message?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 315
list some MOOCs and their teachers;
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 316
Sebastian Thrun, father of the Google chauffeured vehicle, on artificial intelligence; Sergey Brin, founder of Google, on search algorithms; Anant Agarwal, winner of MIT’s Smullin and Jamieson prizes for teaching, on computer science.
Nota - Posizione 317
x AINSEGNANTI ONLINE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 331
(FYI, the general principle— the best wants to work with the best— is call