SIX Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind
                    
                            
                                Note:6@@@@@@@@@@@
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            I tried a restaurant called The True Taste.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ESPERIENZA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            it was a tasting bar for sweeteners.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:SOLO DOLCIFICANTI
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            the five kinds of taste receptor found in each taste bud on the tongue—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory
                
                    
                            
                                Note:I RICETTORI DELLA PAPILLA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            sweet receptor produced the strongest surge of dopamine
                
                    
                            
                                Note:DOPAMINA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            humans are hard-wired to seek sweetness above the other four tastes.
                
        
                Note | Page: 131
        
            DOLCE
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 131
        
            it was most efficient, in terms of units of pleasure per calorie, to consume sweeteners,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:UNITÀ DI PIACERE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            I asked him how business was going. “Terrible,”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:MA NN FUNZIONA...È TUTTO PIÙ COMPLICATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            it’s a metaphor for how I feel sometimes when I read books about moral philosophy and psychology.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:UNA METAFORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            many authors reduce morality to a single principle, usually some variant of welfare maximization
                
                    
                            
                                Note:MAX...E POI MUORI...ES JEREMY BENTHAM
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            Or sometimes it’s justice or related notions of fairness, rights, or respect for individuals and their autonomy.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:KANT RAWLS...
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            Utilitarian Grill,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:RISTORANRTE 1
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            The Deontological Diner,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:2
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            leads to societies that are unsatisfying to most
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL MONISMO MORALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 132
        
            We humans all have the same five taste receptors, but we don’t all like the same foods.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:METAFORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 133
        
            To understand why people are so divided by moral issues, we can start with an exploration of our common evolutionary heritage,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:EVOLUZIONISMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 133
        
            It will take a lot of additional work for us to connect the universal moral taste receptors to the specific moral judgments that a particular person makes.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:UN LAVORO DA PAZZI
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 133
        
            the righteous mind is like a tongue with six taste receptors.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:LA METAFORA CENTRALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 133
        
            morality is like cuisine: it’s a cultural construction, influenced by accidents of environment and history, but it’s not so flexible that anything goes.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:UN COSTRUTTO MA NN COSÌ FLESSIBILE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            THE BIRTH OF MORAL SCIENCE
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Tttttttttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            Reason defeated superstition, light replaced darkness.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L ILLUMINISMO NELLA VULGATA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            Enlightenment thinkers were united in rejecting divine revelation as the source of moral knowledge, but they were divided as to whether morality transcended human nature—that
                
                    
                            
                                Note:DIVISIONE ILLUMINISTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            deduced by reasoning,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:OVVERO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            Hume’s
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ANTI TRASCENDALISTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            Hume believed that “moral science” had to begin with careful inquiry into what humans are really like.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:PROGRAMMA HUME
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 134
        
            “sentiment” (intuition) is the driving force of our moral lives,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L ASSUNTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 135
        
            sentiments, which give us pleasure when we encounter virtue
                
                    
                            
                                Note:PIACERE E GIUSTIZIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 135
        
            There’s nothing transcendental about them. You’ve got to examine tongues.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:PLA LINGUA MORALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            ATTACK OF THE SYSTEMIZERS
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Tttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            They are missing the social-cognitive software that the rest of us use to guess the intentions and desires of other people.
                
        
                Note | Page: 136
        
            L AUTISTICO
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            empathizing and systemizing.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:LO SPETTRO DI BARON COHEN
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            identify another person’s emotions
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L ABILITÀ DELL EMPATICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            analyse the variables in a system, to derive the underlying rules
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L ABILITÀ DELL AUTISTICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            exceptionally low on empathizing and exceptionally high on systemizing.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L AUTISMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 136
        
            a region of personality-space—the lower right corner of the lower right quadrant—than as a discrete disease.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:COME PENSARE L AUTISMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 137
        
            Jeremy Bentham was born in England in 1748. He went to Oxford at the age of twelve,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:FONDATORE DELL UTILITARISMO...TENDE ALL AUTISMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 137
        
            he proposed that a single principle should govern all reforms, all laws, and even all human actions:
                
                    
                            
                                Note:SINGOLO PRINCIPIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 138
        
            “Asperger’s Syndrome and the Eccentricity and Genius of Jeremy Bentham,”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ARTICOLO DI PHILIP LUCAS
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 138
        
            low empathy and poor social relationships.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:BENTHAM...ZERO AMICI...ANCHE DA PICCOLO...MAI SPOSATO...SI CONSIDERAVA UN EREMITA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 138
        
            impaired imaginative capacity, particularly with respect to the inner lives of other people.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL SUO DIFETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 138
        
            John Stuart Mill—a decidedly non-autistic utilitarian—came to despise Bentham.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:PARADOSSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 139
        
            KANT AND THE DEONTOLOGICAL DINER
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Nttttttttt 
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 139
        
            Immanuel Kant was born in Prussia in 1724.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ALTRA  ETICA...ALTRO AUTISTICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 139
        
            he was disturbed by the subjectivity that such an account
                
                    
                            
                                Note:CONTRO HUME
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 139
        
            Kant, like Plato, wanted to discover the timeless, changeless form of the Good.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:OSSESSIONATO DALL ASSOLUTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 139
        
            moral law could only be established by the process of a priori (prior to experience) philosophizing.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:A PRIORI
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            Rather than offering a concrete rule with some specific content, such as “help the poor” or “honor your parents,” Kant provided an abstract rule
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL PRINCIPIO CARDINE DI OGNI MKORALE...LA NN CONTRADDIZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:TEST KANTIANO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            Kant told us to use logic.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ccccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            boiling all of morality down to a single sentence, a single formula.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:SIA B CHE K
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            Kant was a loner who never married
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ALTRO FREDDO MONACO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            love of routine
                
                    
                            
                                Note:FAMOSO PER
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            Kant was widely liked, and he did seem to enjoy company,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:MA CI SONO DUBBI
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 140
        
            GETTING BACK ON TRACK
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 141
        
            We want to discover how the moral mind actually works, not how it ought to work,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL NS OBIETTIVO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 141
        
            However, philosophy began retreating from observation
                
                    
                            
                                Note:PURTROPPO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 141
        
            They became more analytic and less holistic.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:QUANDO GLI OCCIDENTALU HANNO COMINCIATO A STACCARE IL RESTO DEL MONDO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 141
        
            Hume’s messy, pluralist, sentimentalist approach.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:CADE IN DISCREDITO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 141
        
            BROADENING THE PALATE
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ttttttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 142
        
            Culture is so powerful that it can cause humans to behave in ways that override whatever ancient instincts we share with other primates.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:LA VIA ALTERNATIVA DEGLI ANTROPOLOGI...SEMPRE SCETTICI DELL EVOLUZIONISMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 142
        
            it would never be possible to understand morality without evolution.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:CONVINZIONE XSONALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 142
        
            when you see that some version of kindness, fairness, and loyalty is valued in most cultures, you start wondering if there might be some low-level pan-human social receptors
                
                    
                            
                                Note:DUBBI DI UNIVERSALITÀ...E MATURA UMANA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 143
        
            It would be silly to posit the existence of separate receptors for mango juice, apple juice, Coca-Cola, and Fanta.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ANALOGIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 143
        
            each culture has invented various ways to trigger it.29
                
                    
                            
                                Note:CASO MAI...
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 143
        
            I didn’t want to make the classic mistake of amateur evolutionary theorists, which is to pick a trait and then ask: “Can I think of a story about how this trait might once have been adaptive?”
                
                    
                            
                                Note:L ERRORE COMUNE....RAZIONALIZZAZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 144
        
            MORAL FOUNDATIONS THEORY
                
                    
                            
                                Note:TtttttttttttttCOME INTERAGISCONO CULTURA E NATURA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 144
        
            For example, many animals react with fear the very first time they see a snake because their brains include neural circuits that function as snake detectors.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:MODULARITÀ...IL MODULO SI È SVILUPPATO NELL ANTENATO X ADATTARSI AL SUO AMBIENTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 144
        
            Sperber and Hirschfeld distinguished between the original triggers of a module and its current triggers.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:TRIGGER
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 145
        
            Modules make mistakes, and many animals have evolved tricks to exploit the mistakes of other animals.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:BIAS
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 145
        
            The current triggers can change in a single generation,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:TEMPI DEL TRIGGER
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 145
        
            many moral controversies turn out to involve competing ways to link a behavior to a moral module.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:ES...POSSIAMO PICCHIARE I FIGLI?
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 145
        
            spanking typically triggers judgments of cruelty and oppression.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:A SINSTRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 145
        
            judgments about proper enforcement of rules, particularly rules about respect
                
                    
                            
                                Note:A DESTRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 146
        
            Moral Foundations Theory.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL NOME DATO AL PROGETTO HAIDT
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 146
        
            caring for vulnerable children, forming partnerships with non-kin to reap the benefits of reciprocity, forming coalitions to compete with other coalitions, negotiating status hierarchies, and keeping oneself and one’s kin free from parasites and pathogens,
                
                    
                            
                                Note:I 5 FONDAMENTI..E L ADATTAMENTO DA CUI ORIGINA
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 147
        
            the original triggers—that
                
                    
                            
                                Note:IL PUNTO D AVVIO DELLA BASE MORALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 147
        
            The third row lists examples of the current triggers—the
                
                    
                            
                                Note:OGGI
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 147
        
            If your “dolors” (pains) outweigh your “hedons” (pleasures), then your reaction is irrational, from a utilitarian point of view, but it makes perfect sense as the output of a module.
                
        
                Note | Page: 147
        
            VOSTRO FIGLIO HA LA PERITONITE VIENE OPERATO IN TEMPO E VOI POTETE ASSISTERE. IL CHIRURGO AFFONDA IL BISTURI. LA VS REAZIONE IN QUEL MOMENTO
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 148
        
            you notice two nurses assisting in the operation—one older, one younger. Both are fully attentive to the procedure, but the older nurse occasionally strokes your son’s head, as though trying to comfort him. The younger nurse is all business.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:DAVANTI AL BIMBO ANESTETIZZATO CHE NN SENTE NULLA...COME GIUDICATE LE OSTETRICHE?
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 148
        
            If you are a utilitarian, you should have no preference.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Cccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 148
        
            If you are a Kantian, you’d also give the older nurse no extra credit.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Ccccccccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 148
        
            But if you are a Humean, then it is perfectly proper for you to like and praise the older nurse.
                
                    
                            
                                Note:Cccccccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
                Yellow highlight | Page: 148
        
            There’s more to morality than harm and fairness.
                
                    
                            
                                BOTTOM LINE