HL CHAPTER 1 Other People’s Shoes

CHAPTER 1 Other People’s Shoes
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being against empathy is like being against kittens
Note:IMPARATO A MIE SPESE

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I am not against morality, compassion, kindness, love, being a good neighbor, being a mensch, and doing the right thing.
Note:COSA NN SIGNIFICA ESSERE CONTRO L EMPATIA

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Anger can drive a father to beat his infant son to death, but anger at injustice can transform the world.
Note:LA DOPPIEZZA DEGLI ALTRI SENTIMENTI SI XCEPISCE PIÙ FACILMENTE

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Robert Jay Lifton, in The Nazi Doctors, talks about the struggles of those who performed experiments on prisoners in concentration camps.
Note:L INTELLIGENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI NAZI

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the pros and cons.
Note:SONO OVUNQUE

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One book on the topic lists nine different meanings
Note:DEF EMPATIA

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the act of coming to experience the world as you think someone else does.
Note:LA PRIVILEGIATA

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“sympathy.”
Note:IL NME DATOLE DA SMITH

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If your suffering makes me suffer, if I feel what you feel, that’s empathy
Note:CONTAGIO

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social cognition, social intelligence, mind reading, theory of mind, or mentalizing.
Note:SE SO CHE SOFFRI SENZA SOFFRIRE A MIA VOLTA

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involuntarily.
Note:SPESSO

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But empathy is more than a reflex. It can be nurtured,
Note:MA ANCHE

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empathy can be a choice.
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to see the world through the eyes of those who are different from us
Note:OBAMA NE STRESSA L IMPORTANZA

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Right now, there are over fifteen hundred books on amazon.com with empathy in their title or subtitle.
Note:L ARGOMENTO TIRA

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the lack of empathy that Americans—and particularly police officers—have with racial minorities.
Note:RECLAMATA PIÙ EMPATIA X LA PRESUNTA VITTIMA

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lack of empathy that many Americans have with the police, or with the victims of crimes.
Note:RECLAMATA PIÚ EMPATIA X IL PRESUNTO COLPEVOLE

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George Lakoff writes, “Behind every progressive policy lies a single moral value: empathy.
Note:A SINISTRA VA FORTISSIMO

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Jeremy Rifkin calls for us to make the “leap to global empathic consciousness,
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Emily Bazelon writes “The scariest aspect of bullying is the total lack of empathy”
Note:OVUNQUE L EMPATIA È LA CIRA

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diagnoses “a crisis of empathy
Note:LA DIAGNOSI DEL SOCIOLOGO

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Simon Baron-Cohen. For him, evil individuals are nothing more than people who lack empathy.
Note:IL CASO PIÙ ESTREMO

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the magic bullet of morality.
Note:L E PER MOLTI

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Empathy can make us care about a slave, or a homeless person, or someone in solitary confinement.
Note:LE VIRTÙ CURATIVE X LA SOCIETÁ

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I do not ask the wounded person how he feels. I myself become the wounded person.”
Note:IL MISTICISMO DI WALT WHITMAN

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“How would you feel if someone did that to you?”
Note:RIMPROVERO AL RAGAZZINO

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Every charity, every political movement, every social cause will use empathy to motivate
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the laboratory research, the cognitive neuroscience studies, the philosophical analyses, the research with babies and chimps and rats
Note:UNA FESTA INFINITA

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there are other possible motivations for good action.
Note:SPERO CHE CHIUNQUE LO AMMETTA

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you are walking by a lake and see a young child struggling in shallow water.
Note:DEVI SALVARLO! COME MOTIVARSI?

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imagine what it feels like to be drowning,
Note:PUÒ DARSI SIA UNA MOLLA

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But that is hardly necessary.
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we are capable of all sorts of moral judgments that aren’t grounded in empathy.
Note:JEE PRINTZ...FILOSOFO

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We disapprove of people who shoplift or cheat on their taxes, throw garbage out of their car windows, or jump ahead in line
Note:ANCHE SE NESSUNO DI SPECIFICO VIENE DANNEGGIATO

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One’s morality can be rooted in a religious worldview or a philosophical
Note:DUE FONTI ALTERNATIVE DI MORALITÀ

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worry that we are making the planet hotter
Note:UN PROBLEMA DOVE L EMPATIA È IMPOTENTE

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These worries have nothing to do with an empathic connection with anyone in particular
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there is no particular person to feel empathic toward
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“trigger warnings”
Note:ARGOMENTI A FAVORED FONDATI SULL EMPATIA. PROB UNA CATTIVA GUIDA

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trigger warnings as “‘empathetic correctness.’
Note:UNA DEFINIZIONE CHE CIRCOLAVA

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students are … refusing to read texts that challenge their own personal comfort.”
Note:IL GRAN RIFIUTO DELL OCCIDENTE BAMBOCCIONE.....IL PRIMATO DELL EMPATIA SULLA CONOSCENZA

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they rest on considerations that are long term, procedural, and abstract.
Note:GLI ARGOMENTI CONTRO IL TRIGGER WARNINGS

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students benefit from being challenged by new experiences.
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colleges and universities will divert attention from more important issues, such as better mental health care for students.
Note:ANCORA

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so this debate illustrates that there is more than one way to motivate moral concern.
Note:AD OGNI MODO IL DIBATTITO ILLUSTRA CHE NN ESISTE SOLO L EMPATIA

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empathy was more powerful than fairness, leading to a decision that most of us would see as immoral.
Note:ESPERIMENTI IN LABORATORIO DI DANIEL BATSON PSICOLOGO.E COME TRUCCO

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Leslie Jamison, author of The Empathy Exams,
Note:RACCONTA UNA STORIA INTERESSANTE

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Jason Baldwin, a man who was falsely imprisoned for many years
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webs of empathy, forays of imagination,
Note:QUEL CHE CI SI IMMAGINAVA

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faith in Christ.”
Note:LA RISPOSTA SPIAZZANTE DATA DALL INTERESSATO

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Zell Kravinsky,
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he then arranged to donate one of his kidneys
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[H]e puts his altruism in mathematical terms. Quoting scientific studies that show the risk of dying as a result of making a kidney donation to be only 1 in 4,000,
Note:UNO SI ASPETTEREBBE UN EMPATICO...INVECE UNA MENTALITÀ ANALITICA...

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motivated by their cold logic and reasoning, actually do more
Note:PETER SINGER PARLA DEI PIÙ GENEROSI

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To think otherwise is either to define empathy so broadly
Note:CONCLUSIONE...IN MORALE C È DELL ALTRO OLTRE E

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empathy versus religion
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empathy versus reason
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empathy versus more distanced compassion,
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if there is a conflict, then empathy should win.
Note:LA REPLICA DEI DIFENSORI ESTREDMI

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religious
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utilitarian,
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So how can we put empathy to the test? One way is to look at its consequences.
Note:COME GIUDICARE? E RENDE IL MONDO MIGLIORE?

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A young man has serious problems with drugs and gets arrested; his wealthy parents bail him out. Or they don’t;
Note:IL CALCOLO DELLE CONSEGUENZE È INCERTO

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A woman decides to have an abortion; a student cheats on an exam
Note:CASI DUBBI ONFINITI

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Similarly, if you save the drowning girl and she grows up to be a genocidal dictator and destroys the world,
Note:L INCERTEZZA È OVUNQUE

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how in Passau, Germany, in the winter of 1894, a four-year-old child playing tag fell through the ice of a frozen river and was rescued by a local priest named Johann Kuehberger—“a brave comrade” as a local paper described him. According to some sources, the child was Adolf Hitler.
Note:IL CASO DI H

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“consequentialism,”
Note:LA DOTTRINA CHE ENFATIZZA LA CONSEGUENZE

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Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick,
Note:I SUOI PROFETI

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Peter Singer and Shelly Kagan.
Note:I NUOVI PROFETI

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principles,
Note:IL CAPOSALDO DELLA DOTTRINA ALTERNATIVA

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Kant
Note:IL SUO PROFETA

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There is an obvious moral difference between killing someone on purpose and killing someone through an unavoidable accident
Note:CHE LE CONSEG NN SIANO TUTTO SEMBRA OVVIO

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the gap between consequentialism and principle-based moral views might not be as large as it first seems.
Note:PRIMA OSSERVAZIONE SULLA DICOTOMIA

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Think about a rule like “Always stop at a red light.” In a sense this isn’t very consequentialist; when the road is clear
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Maybe we should think about “do not torture” in the same way:
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nobody denies that consequences also matter.
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So what are the consequences of empathy? Does it make the world a better place?
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It certainly looks like it.
Note:A PRIMA VISTA

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I feel his pain, I feel what it’s like to be bullied
Note:L ESEMPIO DEL BULLIZZATO

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Empathy is like a spotlight directing attention
Note:L EMPATIA SUONA L ALLARME

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It does poorly in a world where there are many people in need
Note:IL DIFETTO...NN ORDINA LE PRIORITÀ

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Further, spotlights only illuminate what they are pointed at, so empathy reflects our biases.
Note:I BIAS VANNO A NOZZE

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empathy distorts our moral judgments in pretty much the same way that prejudice does.
Note:EMPATIA E PREGIUDIZI....LA COPPIA ONATTESA

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focuses on specific individuals.
Note:L ERRORE DELL EMPATIA...IL PREGIUDIZIO FA L ERRORE OPPOSTO

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the murders of twenty children and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.
Note:LE STRAGI...UN NN EVENTO STATISTICO CHE ASSUME UN PESO SPROP...MA BASTEREBBE VERMICINO

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The town was inundated with so much charity that it added to their burden.
Note:ESEMPIO DI DISTORSIONE

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this sort of irrational and disproportionate response.
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we should empathize with billions of other people around the world, in Bangladesh and Pyongyang and the Sudan.
Note:ASSURDO...NN SI VA DA NESSUNA PARTE...RICATTO EMOTIVO

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If God exists, maybe He can simultaneously feel the pain and pleasure of every sentient being.
Note:NN SIAMO DIO....LA MISERICORDIA NN È IL NS STRUMENTO

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empathy really is a spotlight. It’s a spotlight that has a narrow focus,
Note:IL DIFETTO DELL EMPATIA

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empathy were simply silent when faced with problems involving large numbers,
Note:GRANDI NUMERI

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Empathy is particularly insensitive to consequences that apply statistically rather than to specific individuals.
Note:INSENSIBILE ALLA STATISTICA

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consider Willie Horton. In 1987 Horton, a convicted murderer, was released on furlough from the Northeastern Correctional Center in Massachusetts and raped a woman after attacking and tying up her fiancé. The furlough program came to be seen as a humiliating mistake on the part of Governor Michael Dukakis and was used against him by his opponents during his subsequent run for president. Yet the program may have reduced the likelihood of such incidents.
Note:UN TIPICO ERRORE ILLUSTRATO

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what really matters for kindness in our everyday interactions is not empathy but capacities such as self-control and intelligence and a more diffuse compassion.
Note:LODE AI SOSTITUTI DELL EMPATIA...PAZIENZA E COMPASSIONE

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who are high in empathy can be too caught up in the suffering of other people.
Note:ALTRO DIFETTO...TROPPO COINVOLTI

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Making children suffer temporarily for their own good is made possible by love, intelligence, and compassion, but yet again, it can be impeded by empathy.
Note:GENITORI TROPPO EMPATICI

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the capacity to understand what’s going on in other people’s heads,

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ALTRO TIPO DI EMPATIA

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Am I against this sort of “cognitive empathy” as well? I couldn’t be.
Note:EMPATIA OK

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a good moral agent requires an understanding of how people work.
Note:INFATTI

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If a student is doing poorly and I meet with him to tell him he’s failing, it’s just basic kindness to try to speak with him in a way that doesn’t cause excessive worry or embarrassment.
Note:ESEMPIO

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There has been a lot of debate, for instance, over whether judges should be chosen based in part on their capacity to empathize. Perhaps surprisingly, I think the answer is yes
Note:RILEVANTE ANCHE IN POLITICA

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But this understanding of the minds of others is an amoral tool, useful for effecting whatever goals you choose.
Note:EMPATIA AMORALE

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cognitive empathy,
Note:TIPICO DEL TERAPISTA

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morally neutral.
Note:E COGNITIVA

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empathy is related to compassion and concern, and sometimes the terms are used synonymously.
Note:OBIEZIONE

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compassion and concern are more diffuse than empathy.
Note:LA DIFFERENZA.... COMPASSIONE...AMORE X L UOMO....EMPATIA...AMORE X QUELL UOMO

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empathy for the millions of victims of malaria,
Note:UN ASSURDO

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perfectly normal to say that you are concerned about them or feel compassion for them.
Note:NORMALE

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More empathic people are kinder and more caring and more moral. This proves that empathy is a force for good.
Note:OBIEZIONE 2

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this claim about the relationship between empathy and certain good traits is an empirical
Note:EMPIRIA

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it turns out that the relationship between empathy and goodness is weak.
Note:RISULTATI

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high empathy for the suffering of others can paralyze people,
Note:PARALISI DA EMPATIA

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People who lack empathy are psychopaths, and those are the worst people in the world. So you need empathy.
Note:TERZA OB

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this is also the sort of thing that you can test in the lab, and it turns out to be unsupported. As we’ll see, the problems with psychopaths may have more to do with lack of self-control
Note:TEST E RISULTATI

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There might be aspects of morality that don’t ultimately involve empathy, but empathy is at the core of morality. Without it, there is no justice, fairness, or compassion.
Note:TERZA OB

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Think about your judgments about throwing garbage out of your car window, cheating on your taxes, spraying racist graffiti on a building, and similar acts with diffuse consequences. You can appreciate that these are wrong without having to engage in empathic engagement with any specific individuals,
Note:NN È SEMPLICEMENTE VERO

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We can’t feel compassion without first feeling emotional empathy,
Note:QUELLO CHE SOSTENGONO MOLTI

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I see a child crying because she’s afraid of a barking dog. I might rush over to pick her up and calm her, and I might really care for her, but there’s no empathy there. I don’t feel her fear, not in the slightest.
Note:SBAGLIATO CONTROESEMPI

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feeling empathy for another person is very different from feeling compassion
Note:L UOMO E QUELL UOMO

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But don’t you need some sort of emotional push to motivate you to be a good person? Cold reason isn’t enough.
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Reason,” David Hume famously said, is the “slave of the passions.”
Note:IL RIFERIMENTO

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The “passions” that Hume talks about can be many things. They can be anger, shame, guilt, or, more positively, a more diffuse compassion, kindness, and love.

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PRIMA CONSIDERAZ

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Empathy can be used for good. There are cases where our expansion of empathy has led to positive changes. Every moral revolution, from antislavery to gay rights, has used empathy as a spark, and it’s used as well in everyday acts of kindness.
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Empathy can be used to support judgments and actions
Note:NESSUNO LO NEGA

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Empathy is used as a tool by charitable organizations, religious groups, political parties, and governments, and to the extent that those who spark this empathy have the right moral goals, it can be a valuable force.
Note:ESEMPI

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While I think empathy is a terrible guide to moral judgment,
Note:MA...TESI DEL LIBRO

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I sent out a postcard (this was before the Web) to an international aid agency, asking for information as to how I could support their cause. I remember opening the package they sent me and expecting to see information about what they were up to—statistics and graphs and the like. But they were smarter than that. They sent me a child. A small photograph,
Note:ESPERIENZA XSONALE

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this is the life you will save.”
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And it worked: Many years later we were still sending money to that child’s family.
Note:CcccccccccSENTENTI CHE MOTIVANO

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consider a recent study by Abigail Marsh and her colleagues, of people who choose to donate their kidneys to strangers. Consistent with my argument, these exceptionally altruistic individuals do not score higher on standard empathy tests than normal people.
Note:NN SOLO EMPATIA...REPETITA JUVANT

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The researchers were interested in the amygdala
Note:GLI PSICOPATH CE L HANNO PICCOLA

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these neural differences are causes, not consequences, and your early sensitivity
Note:FISIOLOGIA...CAUSA O EFFETTO?

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One could write a book recounting the good things that arise from empathy. But this is a limited argument in its defense. There are positive effects of just about any strong feeling. Not just empathy but also anger, fear, desire for revenge, and religious fervor
Note:COSA EVITARE

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Consider racism.
Note:ANCHE IL RAZZISMO PUÒ MOTIVARE X IL BENE. È FORSE SUFFICIENTE

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One has to show that the good that racism does outweighs the bad
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novels like Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Bleak House prompted significant social change by guiding readers to feel the suffering of fictional characters. But we tend to forget that other novels push us in different ways.
Note:UN PARALLELO

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For every Uncle Tom’s Cabin there is a Birth of a Nation. For every Bleak House there is an Atlas Shrugged.
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Every single one of these fictions plays on its readers’ empathy:
Note:BENE E MALE

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one might agree that empathy is on the whole unreliable yet still argue that we should exploit people’s empathy for good causes. I have some sympathy with this position, but I worry about the racism analogy.
Note:UNA TESI

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there are other ways to change people’s minds. We can, for example, use the truth.
Note:VIA ALTERNATIVA

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You’ve mentioned all sorts of alternatives to empathy. But don’t these also suffer from limitations and bias?
Note:7 OBIEZIONE

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Compassion is biased; concern is biased; and even cost-benefit reasoning is biased.
Note:TUTTO È BIASED

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But there is a continuum here. On the one extreme is empathy. This is the worst.
Note:E È IL PEGGIO

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We do best when we rely on reason. Michael Lynch defines reason as the act of justification and explanation
Note:RAGIONE

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But you just admitted that we’re sometimes bad at reasoning. And many psychologists and philosophers would go further and say that we are terrible at it, so much so that we are better off relying on our gut feelings, including empathy.
Note:8 OBOEZIONE

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the problem here is with reasoning badly, not with reason itself.
Note:PRECISIAMO

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Even the fans of moral emotions implicitly grant priority to reason. If you ask them why they think so highly of empathy (or compassion or pity or anything else), they won’t just insist, they won’t scream or weep or try to bite you. Rather they’ll make arguments.
Note:PRIMATO DELLA RAGIONE

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one way my psychologist and philosopher friends might deal with this tension is to claim that most people are incapable of rational deliberation. But they themselves—and those they are writing for, you and me—are the exceptions.
Note:ÊLITE

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it’s worth, it doesn’t match my own experience.
Note:REAZIONE

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To put it differently, I’ve met people who are stubborn, biased, purposely obtuse, slow on the uptake, suspicious of disagreement, and absurdly defensive—actually, I am very often exactly this kind of a person—but I’ve never met anyone who was insensitive to data and argument in the moral realm and
Note:IL FATTO SENSIBILIZZA TUTTI

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We reason best when we have help, and certain communities help reason to flourish. Scientific inquiry is the finest example
Note:INCORAGGIARE SERVE

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To say that psychological research shows that empathy is a poor moral guide entails some judgments about what’s actually right and wrong.
Note:CI BASEREMO SU QUESTIONI NN CONTROVERSE

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if you were instead to say, “So what? Who cares about the death of children?” or “There is no difference between one child dying and twenty children dying,” then we don’t share enough common ground to proceed.
ESEMPIO...DI COMMON GROUND

COSE IMPARATE OGGI: LA DIFFERENZA TRA EMPATIA E COMPASSIONE

COSE IMPARATE OGGI: LA DIFFERENZA TRA EMPATIA E COMPASSIONE

Se sei empatico puoi metterti nei panni di qualcuno.
Se sei compassionevole puoi metterti nei panni di tutti contemporaneamente.
L’empatia si prova verso un uomo specifico.
La compassione verso l’uomo.
Di fronte a una vittima e a un carnefice devi scegliere con chi vuoi essere empatico ma puoi essere compassionevole con tutti.
La giustizia è compatibile con la compassione ma non con l’empatia.

Domanda: la Misericordia di papa Francesco assomiglia di più all’empatia o alla compassione?

COSE IMPARATE OGGI: PERCHE' LE COPPIE SI LASCIANO

Riccardo Mariani

11 min · 

YouTube

 · 

COSE IMPARATE OGGI: PERCHE' LE COPPIE SI LASCIANO

Prima pensavo perché litigassero. Errato (casomai litigano perché si lasciano).

In realtà si lasciano perché si mettono insieme per essere felici. E' questo equivoco che le fa esplodere.

YOUTUBE.COM

Roberto Marchesini - "E vissero felici e contenti". Manuale di sopravvivenza per fidanzati e giovani

"Il matrimonio non è una partita doppia dove devo…

DIRITTI ACQUISITI

DIRITTI ACQUISITI

Giovanni paga i contributi poiché spera di ricevere una rendita pensionistica.

Giuseppe investe su un immobile poiché trova che la tassazione sia conveniente.

Passa qualche anno.

Il governo taglia la rendita pensionistica su cui Giovanni contava.

Il governo aumenta la pressione fiscale sugli immobili mandando all’aria i piani di Giuseppe.

Domanda: è un’analogia che funziona?

HL CHAPTER 5 Strategy

CHAPTER 5 Strategy
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unfortunate name Golden Balls,
Note:TRASMISSIONE TV

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secret choice to split or steal.
Note:DUE CONCORRDENTI HANNO DAVANTO 10000 DOLLARI...DILEMMA DEL PRIGIONIERO

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you should certainly steal.
Note:COMPORTAMENTO RAZIONALE

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stealing can’t hurt you but might help you.
Note:IN ALTRE PAROLE...SPLIT È COME STEAL MA TI FA VINCERE MENO

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everyone steals, and everyone goes home empty-handed.
Note:IN UN MONDO DI RAZIONALISTO

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the manifestly false assumption that rational behavior must lead to good outcomes.
Note:UN FALSO ASSUNTO CHE CONFONDE LE IDEE

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everyone (perfectly rationally) stands up to see better, and as a result nobody sees any better.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPII

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contestants have a few minutes to negotiate and make promises,
Note:IN GOLDEN BALL

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the negotiation should make no difference.
Note:IN TEORIA

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they care what’s being said about them the next day over water coolers throughout the United Kingdom.
Note:MA IN PRATICA C È UNA PREOCCUPAZIONE

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passionate paeans to their own honesty.
Note:CONTENUTI DELLA DISCUSSIINE

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IBRAHIM: If I give you my word . . . now let me tell you what my word means. My father once said to me, “A man who doesn’t keep his word is not a man.
Note:IL TRADITORE

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NICK: I’m going to choose the steal ball. I want you to do split, and I promise you that I will split the money with you.
Note:UNA STRANA STRATEGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,511

If Nick keeps his promise to steal, then split becomes a no-lose strategy for Ibrahim. He has no chance of winning any money directly but at least some chance that Nick will keep his subsidiary promise and split after the show.
Note:LA COSA COESA NTERESSANTE

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1 The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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Confessing is a no-lose strategy.
Note:DILEMMA DEL PRIGIONIERO...LA STRATEGIA DOMINANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,527

If Jeter confesses,
Note:5 ANNI SE CONFESSI ANCHE TU 10 SE NN CONFESSI

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If Jeter doesn’t confess,
Note:1 ANNO SE CONFESSI ANCHE TU 5 SE NN CONFESSI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,534

many of those have in fact missed the point entirely.
Note:È FAMSO MA....PO CHI CONSIDERANO L ASPETTO NO BRAINER

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as long as everyone is self-interested and rational, everyone plays tough,
Note:IN TUTTI WS GIOCHI LA CONCLUSIONE È LA STESSA

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key idea in economics:   In general, rational behavior need not lead to good outcomes.
Note:GLI ECONOMISTI AMANO IL DILEMMA

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Arms races are rational (I’m always better off armed, whether you’re armed or not, so of course I should arm), but they can impoverish everyone.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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The war against cancer is unlikely to be won by voluntary contributions,
Note:ESEMPIO

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Shared pastureland tends to be overgrazed;
Note:ESEMPIO

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communal fishing grounds
Note:ESEMPIO

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tragedy of the commons,
Note:BATTESIMO ...ALTRO NOME DEL DILEMMA

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2 Dirty Beaches
Note:Tttttttttttt

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Diamond Beach is gorgeous,
Note:NEL TUO PAESE CI SONO DUE SPIAGGE

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Zircon Beach is quite ordinary.
Note:SECONDA...PERIFERICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,572

A substantial oil deposit runs under both beaches. If you’re determined to get at the oil, is it better to allow drilling
Note:DILEMMA

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Because everyone agrees that Diamond Beach is gorgeous, it’s probably overrun and ruined by the crowds. That’s where I’d start drilling.
Note:SOLUZIONE

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a freely available public resource has social value only insofar as people differ about its value.
Note:MORALE PARADOSSALE....IL BENE PUBBLICO FUNZIONA SE POCO APPREZZATO

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if the beach were more appealing than home, more people would head to the beach, adding to the congestion and subtracting from the appeal.
Note:IL LIMITE...FRONTIERA

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It’s avoidable if Diamond Beach is so large that crowds are not an issue.
Note:SOLUZIONI ALLA TRAGEDIA...PRIMA

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an admission charge
Note:SECONDA SOLUZIONE

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if some people like Diamond Beach substantially more than others do,
Note:TERZA SOLUZIONE

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3 The Two-Sided Card Game
Note:TttttttttttttCREDENZE BALLERINE...SURPRISE QUIZ....EAAN

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There’s a card with 0 and 1 on the sides, another with 1 and 2, another with 2 and 3, and so on,
Note:CARTE NUMERATE

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referee chooses a card at random and holds it up so that you can see one side and I can see the other.
Note:I GIOCATORI SCELGONO...PASS OR PLAY?

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If we both play, the person facing the higher number wins $200, the person facing the lower number loses $100,
Note:PLAY/PLAY

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A card has been chosen. On your side is the number 65. Do you pass or play?
Note:DILEMMA

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On your side is the number 0.
Note:PRIMO CASO....DI CERTO CHIUNQUE PASSEREBBE

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What should you do if you see a 1?
Note:NESSUNA POSSIBILITÁ DI VINCERE...SE L ALTRO NN PASSA HO PERSO...QUINDI

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we both always pass when we see a 1.
Note:ESITO

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What if you see a 2? Then either I see a 1, in which case I pass and it doesn’t matter what you do, or I see a 3, in which case you can only lose. So you should pass on seeing 2.
Note:ANCORA

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Even if you see 100, there’s no particular reason to play. It’s true that you can’t lose, but you can’t win either, because I always pass on 99.
Note:CASO LIMITE

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Each of them wins $200 about half the time, loses $100 about half the time, and goes home rich.
Note:IL CUGINO SCEMO CHE GIOCA SEMPRE

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Sometimes it’s better for neither of you to be rational than for both to be.
Note:MORALE

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4 Deep Pockets
Note:ttttttttttttt

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He and my math teacher would empty all the cash out of their pockets onto the desk. Whoever had brought the most claimed the entire pile. (In case of a tie, they both kept what they’d brought.)
Note:IL GIOCO DEI PORTAFOGLI....IL GIOCO CHE CONVIENE A TUTTI

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Should you carry lots of money to increase your chance of winning? Should you carry less to minimize your losses?
Note:QUAL È LA STRATEGIA MIGLIORE

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If you bring $0, you’re sure not to lose anything,
Note:LA SICUREZZA

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If you bring exactly $1,
Note:VINCI SOLO CON CHI GIRA CON ZERO...GIOCARE MN HA SENSO

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If you bring exactly $2, you still can’t win any money, because we know your opponent never brings exactly $1. On the other hand, you might lose. So there’s nothing to be gained and $2 to be lost.
Note:NESSUNO CHE VUOLE GIOCARE GIRA CON UN DOLLARO

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If you’re both rational, the only amount you can possibly bring every day is $0.
Note:CONCLUSIONE SE TUTTI SONO RAZIONALI E CON COMMOM KNOWLADGE

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6 Art at Auction
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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You’re participating in a sealed-bid auction for a one-of-a-kind painting, for which you’d be happy to pay $100 but not a penny more.
Note:IL CASO

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What number should you put in your envelope?
Note:DILEMMA

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don’t bid more than $100.
Note:L UNICO CONSIGLIO SE MM CONOSCO LA TUA PREFERENZA X IL RISCHIO

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7 Art at Auction, Take Two
Note:Ttttttttttt

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the high bidder buys the painting for the amount of the second-highest bid.
Note:CAMBIO DI REGOLE.....ORA CHE FAI?

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You should bid exactly $100, because there is no conceivable circumstance in which you might regret that bid.
Note:CONSIGLIO

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Any other choice could turn out badly.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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8 The Hundred-Dollar Auction
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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A hundred-dollar bill has been put up for auction.
Note:UN ASTA SINGOLARE

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high bidder gets the hundred-dollar bill, but both bidders pay the amount
Note:REGOLA

Note | Location: 1,688

Ccccccccc

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Your mistake was showing up in the first place.
Note:ASTA ASURDA

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If you bid, say, $5, then your opponent has a choice: drop out (and owe $5), or raise the bid to $6 and win the hundred-dollar bill. So the bidding is sure to go a lot higher than that. What happens if you’ve just bid, say, $99? Then your opponent has a choice: drop out and owe $99, or raise the bid to $100, hoping to win the hundred-dollar bill and break even. Of course, the latter is the better choice, so he bids $100.

Note | Location: 1,695

CONVIENE OFFRIRE SEMPRE DI PIÙ...ANCHE IN PERDITA...GIUSTO X MIN PERDITA...IL MECCANISMO XVERSO

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The point is that once you’re in, there’s never a right time to drop out.
Note:USCIRE È ASSURDO

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Imagine a congressional race where the biggest campaign spender is sure to win.
Note:È UNA METAFORA X LE CAMPAGNE ELETTORALI

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Once you’re in that race, there’s no right time to quit spending
Note:INFATTI

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9 The Chicken and the Eggs
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

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10 Card Golf
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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Each of ten people holds a stack of cards.
Note:MAZZI NUMERATI A CASACCIO

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Your task is to collect fifty cards. Your score is the total of all the numbers on the cards
Note:LO SCOPO È MINIMIZZARE IL PROPRIO PUNTEGGIO

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You could ask all ten people to hand over their five lowest cards.
Note:NON FUNZIONA...LE PIÙ BASSE POSSONO ESSERE DETENUTE DALLA STESSA XSONA

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First ask everyone to hand over all of their 1 cards. Then ask everyone to hand over all of their 2 cards. Then ask everyone to hand over all of their 3 cards. Stop when you’ve got fifty cards. (If you go over fifty, you can always discard a few of the most recently collected.)
Note:STRATEGIA ALTERNATIVA

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11 The Czar’s Dilemma
Note:TttttttttttttLA LOGICA DEI PREZZI DE IDEOLOGIZZATA

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Perhaps Farmer Nichols can produce one bushel for $3, a second bushel for an additional $5, a third for an additional $7, and a fourth for an additional $9, while Farmer Littlefield can produce one bushel for $1, a second for an additional $4, a third for an additional $8, and a fourth for an additional $12. All the farmers know their own costs, but you don’t know any of them. Your task is to arrange for the production of 50 bushels of wheat. Your goal is to conserve resources by minimizing production costs.
Note:SEI LO ZAR DELL AGRICOLTURA...IL TUO PROB È QS

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First direct each farmer to produce as many bushels as possible at a cost of $1 per bushel or less. Then direct them to produce as many as possible at $2 or less. Then $3,
Note:LA STRATEGIA OTTIMA...VEDI PRIMA

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12 The Czar’s Problem Gets a Little Harder
Note:Tttttttttttt

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the farmers see no reason to take directions from you. And you have no way of punishing disobedience, because you have no idea what the production costs are on any given farm, so you don’t know who’s disobeying.
Note:IL PROBLEMA SI COMPLICA....COME FARSI CONSEGNARE LE 50 TONNELLATE MENO COSTOSE?

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announce that you’ll pay $1 a bushel for wheat. You’ll discover that every farmer who can produce a bushel for less than $1 will choose to do so.
Note:SOLUZIONE

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That works! It also renders you, as czar, obsolete—because
Note:NEMMENO SERVI PIÙ

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The price system does the best possible job of producing any given quantity of wheat (or anything else) at the lowest possible cost. No czar, no planning board, and no other mechanism can do better.
Note:LA MORALE DELL ECONOMIA

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A system of prices and individual choices
Note:LA SAGGIA AMMINISTRAZIONE

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If you want to know why Americans prosper while North Koreans starve,
Note:RICCHEZZA DELLE NAZIONI

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the problem of cost minimization can’t in practice be solved—even approximately—by any mechanism other than the price system.
Note:IL MONDO È MOLTO PIÙ COMPLICAT C È UN PROB INFORMATIVO...QUINDI

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The moral of the Czar’s Dilemma is that rational behavior—in this case the rational behavior of farmers seeking to maximize their profits—can lead to the very best possible outcome,
Note:MORALE ROVESCIATA RISPETTO AL PRIGIONIERO

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13 The Czar’s Other Dilemma
Note:Tttttttttttt

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allocating the limited supply of natural gas to the various businesses
Note:IL TUO NUOVO COMPITO

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natural gas supply is 20 cubic feet a day
Note:Cccccc

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chicken farms have traditionally used about 10, and steel mills have traditionally used about 10.
Note:Cccccccc

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because of an earthquake, the natural gas supply is about to be cut in half,
Note:EMERGENZA

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how much should you allocate to the steel mills and how much to the chicken farms?
Note:DOMANDA

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5 cubic feet to chicken farms and 5 to steel mills.
Note:SOLUZIONE INTUITIVA...DATI I PRECEDENTI

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Bad idea. As it happens, the steel mills can’t operate without natural gas. But the chicken farms can quite easily dispense with it.
Note:BAD IDEA

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So you should let the steel mills have all the natural gas.
Note:Cccccccv

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The only way to get the solution was to have a rather obscure bit of knowledge about chickens—which
Note:PURTROPPO

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Almost nobody has that obscure bit of knowledge, except for chicken farmers,
Note:Ccccccccc

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So the key point here is that no czar is likely to be able to solve problem 13,
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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let the price system do its work.
Note:ARMA SEGRETA

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the chicken farmers (along with everyone else who has good substitutes available) decide all on their own to switch from natural gas to chicken feed.
Note:QUANDO IL PREZZO CRESCE...

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The chief merit of the price system is that it makes effective use of information that is not available to any single decision maker.
IL MERITO DEL MERCATO

NON MONTARTI LA TESTA, COPIA DAI MIGLIORI

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

NON MONTARTI LA TESTA, COPIA DAI MIGLIORI

Un buon principio di vita potrebbe essere questo: copia dai migliori.

Nel caso delle ferrovie i migliori sono i giapponesi (3 minuti di ritardo negli ultimi 3 mesi e mezzo).

Il loro segreto? Nessuno lo possiede, tuttavia quanto segue puo’ interessare.

In Giappone, essere nel settore ferroviario significa essere nel settore immobiliare. Lo sviluppo dei lotti contigui alle aree di transito delle ferrovie giapponesi è lasciato ai gestori che sono così in grado di catturare appieno il valore delle stazioni ferroviarie che costruiscono e gestiscono. Un terzo delle loro entrate, per esempio, proviene da negozi, hotel e servizi vari. Ciò ha trasformato le principali società ferroviarie giapponesi - Hokkaido Railway Company, East Japan Railway Company, Central Japan Railway Company, West Japan Railway Company, Shikoku Railway Company e Kyushu Railway Company - in società estremamente redditizie. Si tratta di società quotate in borsa; fanno soldi a palate. Inoltre, trasportano quasi un terzo dei passeggeri ferroviari del mondo!!

SF.STREETSBLOG.ORG

SPUR Talk: The Japanese Model for Station Development

Japanese railway companies are profitable because of real estate, not just ticket sales. Can that model be emulated in the Bay Area?

I miei intellettuali di riferimento? intellettuali preferiti lista

Robin Hanson

Vitalik Buterin

Steven Landsburg

Razib Kahan
Tyler Cowen
Bryan Caplan
Alex Tabarrok
Jason Brennan
Scott Alexander
Richard Swinburne
Mike Huemer
Peter Leeson
Deirdre Mccloskey
Martin Gurri
Arnold Kling

Agnes Callard

Chris Freiman

Emily Oster

Robert Wright

Luca Ricolfi

Zvi Mowshowitz

Philip Tetlock

Eric Falkenstein

John Cochrane

Charles Murray

Greg Mankiw

David Friedman

Matt Ridley

Paul Graham

Peter Thiel

Peter Turchin

Ross Douthat

Richard Hanania

Scott Sumner

Tim Harford

Chris Blattman

Zeynep Tufekci

Andrew Sullivan

Sabine Hossenfelder

Peter Singer

Robert Wiblin

continua

LE RETTE DELLA SCUOLA "GRATUITA"

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

LE RETTE DELLA SCUOLA "GRATUITA"

Cinque anni di liceo Leonardo costano 50 mila euro per studente :-)

MILANO.CORRIERE.IT

Milano, i conti della scuola: un liceo costa 10 milioni l’anno

Liceo scientifico Leonardo, studio pilota di un team di analisti: dagli stipendi dei prof all’affitto di fotocopiatrici

Mi piaceVedi altre reazioni

VOTI E SOLDI

VOTI E SOLDI

Immagina una competizione elettorale in cui vince chi spende di più propaganda. Se ci sei riuscito c’è qualcosa che non va perché si tratta di “elezioni impossibili”: nessuna persona assennata vi parteciperebbe!

Una simile elezione assomiglierebbe ad un’asta in cui bisogna aggiudicarsi un biglietto da 500 euro, col piccolo particolare che, mentre il biglietto andrà al miglior offerente, tutti saranno chiamati a pagare la loro ultima offerta.

E’ ovvio che nessuno parteciperebbe ad una simile asta. Perché?

Vediamo alcuni scenari per intuire la logica sottostante. Se offri, ad esempio, 5 euro, il tuo avversario è posto di fronte a questa scelta: o abbandona (perdendo la sua ultima offerta) o la porta a 6 euro aggiudicandosi la banconota da 500. E’ chiaro che punterà su quest’ultima opzione. A quel punto sarai tu a dover rilanciare. Cosa succede se hai appena fatto un'offerta da 499 euro? Il tuo avversario è di fronte a questa situazione: o rinuncia e perde la sua ultima offerta (esempio 490 euro) o rilancia a 500. E’ ovvio che opterà per il rilancio. Il bello è che uscire dalla gara è assurdo anche una volta superato il limite fatidico dei 500 euro: il primo he esce, infatti, ha comunque la perdita maggiore. Se prima si rilanciava per non perdere, ora si rilancia per minimizzare la perdita.

Conoscendo questa logica, ripeto, nessuno parteciperebbe ad aste del genere, così come nessuno parteciperebbe alle “elezioni impossibili”.