ch 2 Defecando all'aria aperta

2   The puzzle: Why rural India? - Where India Goes: Abandoned Toilets, Stunted Development and the Costs of Caste

Diane Coffey and Dean Spears

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Open defecation kills infants and stunts the physical and cognitive growth of those who survive.
Note:BAMBINI IN PERICOLO

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suggest building latrines for families
Note:LA PRIMA REAZIONE DI CHI APPRENDE DEL FENOMENO

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India’s high rates of open defecation cannot be explained by the fact that India is a developing country,
Note:LA POVERTÀ NON SPIEGA

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Other countries achieve better sanitation with far worse inputs.
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In neighbouring Bangladesh, for instance, the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) find that latrine use in rural parts of the country has become almost universal
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In many cases, people in rural India do not use the latrines that they own.
Note:SCONCERTANTE

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Open defecation in Bangladesh, India’s poorer neighbour
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birthplace of the first cholera pandemic 
Note:TIPICA CONSEGUENZA

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This man already knew what the Indian government appears to ignore: Using a simple latrine does not have to be expensive. Like this labourer, many of the poor people in Africa and other parts of Asia who use latrines are not using expensive pour-flush latrines, made out of brick and concrete like the ones the Indian government promotes.
Note:UNA LATRINA COSTA POCO... IL PROBLEMA NON È LA DISPONIBILITÀ

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The poverty fallacy
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of the fifty-five countries in the world with less GDP per capita than India – Bangladesh included – forty-six have a fraction of the population that defecates in the open smaller than it is in India.
Note:INDIA E ALTRI POVERI

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But GDP per capita can be a bad measure of poor families’
Note:LA MEDIA INGANNA?

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twenty-one countries have a higher fraction of the population that is poor than India does.
Note:21 PAESI CON UNA FRAZIONE DI POVERISSIMI MAGGIORE DELL INDIA

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Simple latrines are simply not expensive.
Note:IL CONCETTO

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Within India, Muslims tend to be poorer than Hindus, and rural residents of the north-eastern states are poorer than rural people in the rest of India. But in both comparisons, the poorer groups are considerably less likely to defecate in the open.
Note:MUSULMANI E INDU

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The water fallacy
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lack of water?
Note:MANCA FORSE L'ACQUA?

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Rural India has more open defecation than other countries with similar access to improved water
Note:COMPARAZIONI CHE NEGANO

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it takes very little water to use an inexpensive latrine.
Note:NE OCCORRE POCA

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far fewer people in rural sub-Saharan Africa (35 per cent) defecate in the open.
Note:SUB SAHARIAN

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digging such latrines is a feasible option in India too.
Note:PER SCAVARE NN OCCORRE ACQUA

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many, many households that have piped water nevertheless defecate in the open.
Note:ALTRA EVIDENZA CHE STRONCA L IPOTESI

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The education fallacy
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Do people in rural India defecate in the open because they are uneducated or illiterate?
Note:IGNORANZA?

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India has more open defecation than other countries with similar adult literacy rates Similar conclusions emerge from comparisons within South Asia.
Note:SOLITA SOLFA

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Governance has not been the solution – nor is it to blame
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India’s open defecation is so exceptionally bad, people say, because the Indian state does a poor job of delivering sanitation programmes.
Note:ALTRO ARGOMENTO FALLACE

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Governance in India is bad, but is it worse than in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Sierra Leone?
Note:ANCORA I CONFRONTI

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polity database constructed by political scientists Monty G. Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr.
Note:DATABASE SULLA DEMOCRATICITÀ DEI GOVERNI

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The World Bank measures governance using its widely cited Ease of Doing Business Index.
Note:ALTRO INDICE DOVE L INDIA È BEN PIAZZATA

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The failure of the poor governance explanation is also clear in comparisons across Indian states,
Note:CFR INTRAPAESE

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The access fallacy
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People assume that rural Indians defecate in the open because they do not have ‘access’ to a latrine;
Note:L ARGOMENTO FALLACE

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‘Having access to a latrine’ typically appears to be used as an unthinking synonym for ‘owning a latrine’.
Note:ACCESSO E POSSESSO

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using a rudimentary latrine is not as pleasant as using an indoor toilet.
Note:DIFFERENZE IRRILEVANTI PER NOI

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answer was clear: Open defecation is common, even in families that own a latrine.
Note:AN CHE CGI POSSIEDE IL WC

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What would happen if the government built a latrine for every household?
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What makes latrine use in rural India so different from the rest of the developing world?
Note:ENIGMA

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Indian government has been subsidizing latrines in villages for more than three decades.
Note:30 ANNI

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Comparing the 2001 and 2011 rounds of the Census of India, he notes that the fraction of rural households that own a latrine went up by about 9 percentage points – but population growth was great enough that the total number of households without a latrine increased by more than eight million. These numbers contrast sharply with the 46-percentage-point increase in sanitation
Note:2001-2011

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if the government built a working latrine for every household in rural Bihar, MP, Rajasthan and UP, about two-thirds of the new latrine recipients would not use them. Rural open defecation in these states would still be above 50 per cent. So, latrine construction will not be enough to end open defecation.
UNA LATRINA X TUTTI... 50%

1. La logica delle regole

La regolamentazione e la ricchezza delle nazioni. Il rapporto tra la regolamentazione e il progresso economico (FREEdom Vol. 8) (Italian Edition)

Sam Peltzman

1. Regolamentazione in materia di sicurezza stradale
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3,5%. Voglio che vi ricordiate questo numero perché ci ritornerò più avanti. Come potete vedere dal grafico, è la percentuale annua di diminuzione dei decessi per miglio stradale negli Stati Uniti dal 1925 al 1960, ossia dalle origini del mercato automobilistico
Note:3,5

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la sicurezza stradale ha visto un significativo progresso

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una serie di piccoli miglioramenti su innumerevoli fronti, dalla progettazione automobilistica e stradale all’abilità dei conducenti, alle tecniche di pronto intervento medico e così via.
Note:MIGLIORAMENTI

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il Congresso ha varato il Motor Vehicle Safety Act nel 1966;

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Oltre 30 anni fa, decisi di studiare da vicino l’esperienza relativa ai primi standard di sicurezza stradale, pochi anni dopo la loro introduzione. Era stata resa obbligatoria l’installazione di cinture di sicurezza e i piantoni dello sterzo e il parabrezza dovevano essere ad assorbimento d’urto, per proteggere i passeggeri nel caso in cui vi fossero stati sbattuti contro.
Note:LE PRIME MISURE IMPOSTE

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quando si ha fretta si è tentati di guidare in modo più veloce o più aggressivo; questa tentazione ha un prezzo, cioè un rischio più elevato di fare un incidente e rimanere feriti, se non addirittura di perdere la vita. I dispositivi di sicurezza obbligatori riducono questo prezzo riducendo la gravità delle conseguenze a cui si potrebbe andare incontro in caso di incidente. Se prima dell’entrata in vigore della legge le conseguenze di un incidente erano sufficientemente gravi da scoraggiare una guida veloce o rischiosa, in seguito l’effetto deterrente era meno probabile.
Note:COS È IL COMPORTAMENTO COMPENSATIVO?

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in che misura
Note:LA DOMANDA

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A mio avviso alcuni dati sembravano indicare una compensazione totale dei benefici. In particolare, la mortalità dei passeggeri per incidente stradale era effettivamente calata in modo significativo rispetto a quanto sarebbe stato ipotizzabile altrimenti. Tuttavia, questo dato è stato interamente compensato dall’aumento di incidenti e fatalità a carico di “non passeggeri”, ossia pedoni, ciclisti o motociclisti che non erano protetti dai dispositivi di sicurezza obbligatori sulle auto.
Note:COMPENSAZ TOTALE

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una prolifica e continua letteratura empirica nel campo della sicurezza automobilistica

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Nel complesso, ritengo che questa letteratura supporti l’ipotesi del comportamento compensativo. Gli studi divergono a seconda che la compensazione sia totale, come nel mio caso, o riguardi reazioni specifiche; per esempio, se derivi dall’aumento della mortalità tra non passeggeri o da un cambiamento comportamentale più generale. In ogni caso, l’evidenza ricorrente è che l’incidenza della legge sulla sicurezza stradale sul tasso di mortalità è notevolmente inferiore rispetto a quella che sarebbe se le persone in auto si comportassero come i manichini del crash test.
Note:L EVIDENZA CONFERMA**

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Un esempio recente è rappresentato dal saggio di Alma Cohen e Liran Einav (2003), che tira le fila di questa ricerca trentennale. I due hanno studiato gli effetti delle leggi che impongono l’utilizzo delle cinture di sicurezza e ai loro occhi l’aumento della mortalità tra i non passeggeri non è significativo. Però, in linea con la maggior parte di questi studi, hanno constatato che l’incidenza reale di queste leggi sulla mortalità stradale è sostanzialmente inferiore a quella ipotizzabile in assenza di comportamenti compensativi. Le leggi hanno certamente incrementato l’utilizzo delle cinture di sicurezza, ma Einav e Cohen hanno calcolato che in assenza di comportamenti compensativi un simile incremento di utilizzo avrebbe dovuto salvare più del triplo delle vite di quanto in realtà è accaduto. È importante chiarire che questo risultato deludente non ha nulla a che fare con eventuali difetti tecnici dei dispositivi di sicurezza, i quali sembrano funzionare proprio come dovrebbero:
Note:UN ESEMPIO SULLE CINTURE DI SICUREZZA

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2. L’American with Disabilities Act
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una legge in materia di diritto al lavoro delle persone con disabilità.
Note:LA LEGGE DI CUI PARLIAMO

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Il graduale spostamento dell’attività economica dal lavoro manuale al lavoro intellettuale, ossia dalla produzione di beni alla fornitura di servizi, stava già di per sé generando un aumento delle opportunità di lavoro per i disabili.
Note:APROGRESSO NATURALE

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uno di Thomas DeLeire (2000) e l’altro di Daron Acemoglu e Joshua Angrist (2001),
Note:DIE STUDI... IL COLLOCAMENTO DEI DISABILI NON È MIGLIORATO

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Con l’ADA, i costi relativi dell’assunzione e del licenziamento sono cambiati: se Mario non assume Maria, ora è punibile ai sensi di legge per discriminazione. D’altro canto, nel nostro sistema giuridico, Maria deve dimostrare che la decisione di Mario è un atto discriminatorio. E se Mario è sufficientemente attento
Note:COME UNA LEGGE CHE AVVANTAGGIA PUÒ SVANTAGGIARE

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Poiché l’ADA ha ridotto le opportunità di occupazione per i disabili, in questo caso la reazione compensativa è più che proporzionale.
Note:ENTITÀ DELLA REAZIONE COMPENSATIVA

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3. L’Endangered Species Act
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dall’Endangered Species Act (ESA) del 1973,
Note:PROVVEDIMENTO MOLTO STUDIATO

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Nel momento in cui una specie viene inserita nell’elenco, i proprietari dei terreni dove è presente non possono fare cambiamenti che potrebbero metterne a repentaglio la sopravvivenza.
Note:COSA PREVEDE

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A giudicare dall’obiettivo dichiarato, questo progetto normativo si è dimostrato un totale fallimento, visto che il tasso di recupero non raggiunge lo 0,5% (6 su oltre 1300) delle specie in elenco.
Note:PO HISSIME SPECIE RECUPERATE

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Il primo, effettuato da Lueck e Michael (2003), si riferisce al picchio boreale, il secondo, di Margolis, Osgood e List (2007), alla civettina del Nord America.
Note:DUE STUDI CHE ILLUMINANO

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questi volatili tendono a spostarsi frequentemente e quindi chi possiede un’area boschiva nei pressi di un’altra dove è insediato il picchio boreale ha un’unica soluzione: tagliare al più presto gli alberi!
Note:PICCHIO BOREALE... TEORIA DELLO SVILUPPO URBANISTICO PREVENTIVO

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quanto si è sistematicamente verificato nei boschi del Nord Carolina.
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sviluppo edilizio immediato nel momento in cui le civette si sono insediate nelle vicinanze.
Note:A TUCSON IN ARIZONA... LA CIVETTINA STUDIATA DA MARGOLIS

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4. L’ironia dell’opulenza di Smith

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La logica di progresso graduale che precede l’introduzione di un’importante innovazione legislativa è comune a diversi ambiti
Note:LA LOGICA DEL PROGRESSO GRADUALE

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nella maggior parte dei casi il progresso graduale avrebbe probabilmente seguito la sua naturale evoluzione
Note:cccccc

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dopo l’entrata in vigore della norma si verifica comunque un progresso e questo consente al regolatore di sottolinearlo con orgoglio
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un economista che valuta il quadro completo potrebbe dire «la regolamentazione non ha nulla a che vedere con il progresso, che si sarebbe verificato comunque»,
Note:ccccc

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L’analisi economica parte dal controfattuale. In altre parole, l’economista inizia la sua analisi chiedendosi «come starebbero le cose in assenza di regolamentazione?», poi confronta la situazione reale col controfattuale.
Note:LA VERA ANALISI È SEMPRE CONTROFATTUALE

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5. La politica delle riforme
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il requisito della prova di efficacia era un disastro per la salute pubblica e in verità favoriva le malattie e addirittura la morte più di quanto non dovesse prevenirle.
Note:LE REGOLE PER INTRODURRE UN NUOVO FARMACO... QUANTE VITE SALVANO?… E QUANTE NE UCCIDONO?

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i decessi dovuti a questa lentezza procedurale sono migliaia all’anno. Per contro, i benefici sono irrisori.
Note:cccccc

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il mercato si liberava molto rapidamente dei farmaci inefficaci: le vendite crollavano entro pochi mesi dal lancio,
Note:PRIMA

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questa pessima normativa sopravviva nello scenario politico perché è protetta dal naturale progresso dell’opulenza. La medicina evolve continuamente su tutti i fronti e sul mercato giungono continuamente farmaci nuovi ed efficaci, sebbene con ritardo. Il tasso di mortalità diminuisce al ritmo dell’1% all’anno, in linea con la tendenza degli ultimi cento anni. Allargando la prospettiva, qualche migliaio di decessi in più ogni anno non fa la differenza. Ma c’è un altro aspetto, forse più importante: i decessi di cui parlo sono il risultato di un’ipotesi controfattuale, ossia non sono direttamente attribuibili a un fallimento regolatorio. Immaginate che cosa succederebbe se un pericoloso veleno venisse lanciato sul mercato come nuovo farmaco e causasse la morte di migliaia di persone: sarebbe un grande scandalo. Questi decessi sarebbero collegati direttamente al processo regolatorio, che non riuscirebbe a sopravvivere sul piano politico. Ma le vere vittime di questa normativa non hanno ingoiato una pillola velenosa approvata per sbaglio da un’agenzia governativa, semplicemente non hanno fatto in tempo a ingoiarne una efficace
PERCHÈ LA REGOLAMENTAZIONE MEDICA CHE UCCIDE NON FA SCANDALO?.… PROGRESSO DELL'OPULENZA E DILEMMA DEL CONTROLLORE... VISIBILE E INVISIBILE

sh 2 Cambiare si puo'

2 The Personal Qualities That Bring Influence - Power: Why Some People Have It—and Others Don't

Jeffrey Pfeffer

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He developed qualities that permitted him to obtain and hold on to influence.
Note:QUALITÀ

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RON MEYER.... UNO CHE SI TRASFORMÒ

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you must come to believe that personal change is possible;
Note:CREDERE CHE SI PUÒ CAMBIARE

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avoid negative information and overemphasize any positive feedback we receive.
Note:FATE LEVA SUI BIAS

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you need to understand the most important qualities for building a power
Note:SAPERE DOVE CONCENYRARSI

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CHANGE IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE
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Just as people learn to play musical instruments, speak foreign languages, and play sports like golf or soccer, they can learn what personal attributes provide influence
Note:LINGUA E MUSICA

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DO AN OBJECTIVE SELF-ASSESSMENT
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we like to think well of ourselves, we overestimate our own abilities and performance.
Note:SOVRASTIMA... UN PROBLEMA

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Goldsmith, in his work with high-level executives, who mostly have huge egos, has tried to develop coaching techniques that mitigate the natural human tendency to first avoid and then reject any information about our deficiencies. For instance, instead of giving people feedback about what they have done right and wrong in the past, he focuses on “feedforward,”
Note:FEEDFORWORD

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Grade yourself on a scale of 1 (“I don’t have this quality at all”) to 5 (“I have a lot of this quality and can readily use it”) on each of the attributes.
Note:VOTI

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you may not have the requisite expertise to know how or what to improve. Simply put, knowing what you’re doing wrong requires already having some level of knowledge
Note:SECONDO PROBLEMA... AVETE LA COMPETENZA PER VALUTARE E CORREGGERE?

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Cornell social psychologists Justin Kruger and David Dunning did pathbreaking research about a decade ago showing that people without the requisite knowledge to perform a task successfully also lacked the information and understanding required to know they were deficient, and in what ways.
Note:STUDIO NEL MERITO

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Fortunately, there is a simple solution to this problem: get advice from others who are more skilled
Note:CONSULENZE

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As Confucius said, “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s own ignorance.”
Note:CONFUCIO

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SEVEN IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUALITIES THE BUILD POWER
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Ambition
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Success requires effort and hard work as well as persistence. To expend that effort, to make necessary sacrifices, requires some driving ambition.
Note:AMBIZIONE COME MOTORE E MOTIVAZIONE

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the relentless focus on a goal
Note:FISSI SULL OBBIETTIVO

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desire for career success
Note:DESIDERIO

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Energy
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“You don’t change the world by first taking a nap.”
Note:ALTRO CHE PISOLINI

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worked prodigious hours including on the weekend and typically got five hours of sleep a night.
Note:5 ORE DI SONNO

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insomniac,

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energy, like many emotional states such as anger or happiness, is contagious.
Note:CONTAGIO

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Your hard work signals that the job is important;
Note:SEGNALE

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Social psychologist Dean Keith Simonton has spent more than a quarter century studying the determinants of genius. He writes, “individual differences in performance in a wide diversity of talent domains can be largely attributed to the number of hours devoted to the direct acquisition of the necessary knowledge and skill….
Note:FARE LA DIFFERENZA

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great energy signals a high degree of organizational commitment and, presumably, loyalty.
Note:LEALTÀ

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Focus
Note:tttttttt

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one advantage of staying in one place is that you get to know more people in a single organization, and this deeper knowledge permits you to better exercise power because of the stronger personal relationships you form and your more detailed knowledge of the people you are seeking to influence. Although there is a lot of talk recently about increased career mobility, it remains the case that it is often easier to acquire positions of influence as an insider.
Note:STARE IN UN POSTO SOLO

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A second dimension of focus is concentration on a limited set of activities or functional skills.
Note:L INTELLIGENZA È SPECIFICA

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Focus turns out to be surprisingly rare. People are often unwilling or unable to commit themselves to a specific company, industry, or job function.
Note:RARO RESTRINGERE LA PROPRIA DEDIZIONE

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Self-Knowledge
Note:ttttttt

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practice of structured self-reflection.
Note:ESAME DI COSCIENZA

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making notes about decisions, meetings, and other interactions and reflecting on what he had done well or poorly so that he could improve his skills.
Note:PRENDER VNOTA E FARE CONSIDERAZIONI

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reflection.

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many people who think they have 20 years of experience really don’t—they just have one year of experience repeated 20 times.
Note:ESPERIENZA

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Confidence
Note:ttttttt

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spoke confidently about what she recommended as a course of treatment.
Note:APPARIRE SICURI E ISPIRARE FIDUCIA

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Showing confidence seems often to be a particular issue for women, who are socialized to be deferential and less assertive.
Note:PROBLEMI PER LE DONNE

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Empathy with Others
Note:ttttttt

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you need to understand where the other is coming from.
Note:LA STORIA DEGLI ALTRI

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University of Texas psychologist William Ickes
Note:gggg

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Empathetically accurate perceivers are those who are consistently good at “reading” other people’s thoughts and feelings.
Note:LEGERE

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Capacity to Tolerate Conflict
Note:ttttttt

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There are lots of books and quite a bit of empirical research on the detrimental effects of workplace bullying—the screaming, ranting, profanity, and carrying on that sometimes occur in workplaces—on both the people who are the targets and the organizations in which they work.20 So why does such behavior persist? Because it is often extremely effective for the perpetrator. Because most people are conflict-averse, they avoid difficult situations and difficult people, frequently acceding to requests
Note:IL BULLO VINCE

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INTELLIGENCE
Note:ttttttt

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intelligence is the single best predictor of job performance.25 However, intelligence is often overrated as an attribute that will help people obtain power.
Note:PERFORMANCE E POTERE

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only about 4 percent of the variation in income was explained by variation in intelligence.
Note:REDDITO E INTELLIGENZA

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academic performance is a weak predictor of career success measures such as income.
Note:VOTI E REDDITO

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People who are exceptionally smart think they can do everything on their own and do it better than everyone else.
Note:INTELLIGENZA E AUTONOMIA ECCESSIVA

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Many books about fiascoes—smart people making poor decisions—make this very point in their titles: The Best and the Brightest, Halberstam’s study of Vietnam, for instance, or The Smartest Guys in the Room, McLean and Elkind’s book about Enron.
LIBRI SUL TEMA

HL ch 1 Il rifiuto di crescere

Chapter 1 In No Hurry: Growing Up Slowly - iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us

Jean M. Twenge

Note:1@@@@@@@@@

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with porn on the Internet, sexy Halloween costumes for young girls, 7th-grade boys requesting nude pictures of their classmates, and other adults-too-soon trends gaining attention, many people believe that children and teens are instead growing up more quickly than in the past.
Note:L'ILLUSIONE

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(Not) Going Out and (Not) Getting It On
Note:tttttttt

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iGen teens are less likely to go out without their parents. The trend began with Millennials and then accelerated at a rapid clip with iGen’ers (see Figure 1.1).
Note:IO MAMMATE E TU

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12th graders in 2015 are going out less often than 8th graders did as recently as 2009.
Note:POCHE USCITE

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the same for students from working-class and middle-class homes.
Note:IL REDDITO NON INCIDE

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Nor is the trend caused by the recession:
Note:LA CRISI NON C ENTRA

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The more likely candidate is smartphones, used by the majority of teens since around 2011–12.
Note:IL MAGGIOR INDIZIATO

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iGen teens are less likely to experience the freedom of being out of the house without their parents—
Note:LIBERTÀ

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iGen teens are less likely to date
Note:PRECIPITATE LE USCITE ROMANTICHE

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In the early 1990s, nearly three out of four 10th graders sometimes dated, but by the 2010s only about half did.
Note:ccccccc

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Normally it’s the girl that’s shopping and the boy is, like, following.”
Note:PRIMO APPUNTAMENTO.. NON SERA MA POMERIGGIO

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The lack of dating leads to the next surprising fact about iGen: they are less likely to have sex than teens in previous decades
Note:SESSO

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Fewer teens having sex is one of the reasons behind what many see as one of the most positive youth trends in recent years: the teen birthrate hit an all-time low in 2015, cut by more than half since its modern peak in the early 1990s
Note:TEEN INCINTE

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An Interlude About Why Teens Act Less like Adults—and Why It’s Not All Good or All Bad
Note:tttttt

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developmental speed is an adaptation to a cultural context.
Note:CRESCITA E CULTURA

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families have fewer children and cultivate each child longer and more intensely.
Note:POCHI BIMBI MOLTO CURATI

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Compare that to a fast life strategy, where families are larger and parents focus on subsistence rather than quality.
Note:cccccccc

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in some cultures, dating in early high school is considered good—
Note:CULTURA E FILARINO

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the “bad”-vs.-“good” question depends a lot on one’s cultural perspective.
Note:cccccc

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License to Drive
Note:TTTTTT

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though nearly all Boomer high school students had their driver’s license by spring of their senior year, by 2015 only 72% did.
Note:72%

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Mom is such a good chauffeur that there’s no urgent need to drive.
Note:MAMMA AUTISTA

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“because my parents didn’t ‘push’ me to get my license.”
Note:UNA FRASE CHE TRAMORTISCE UN GENX

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Are fewer teens driving because of ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft? Not likely. First, these services usually require that riders be 18 years old or older, so most high school students can’t use them alone. In addition, Uber debuted in 2009 and Lyft in 2012, and the decline in getting a driver’s license began long before that.
Note:UBER NON C ENTRA

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The Retreat of the Latchkey Kids
Note:ttttt

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In 2015, a Maryland couple allowed their 10- and 6-year-old children to walk by themselves about a mile from a local park to their home. Someone saw the children walking alone and called the police, and the couple was investigated
Note:A10 ANNI GIRA DA SOLO... SOTTO PROCESSO I GENITORI

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latchkey kid: walking home from school and using your key to enter an empty house, since your parents were still at work.
Note:FIGURA SCOMPARSA... LA RAGAZZA DALLA CHIAVE

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more mothers in the 2010s worked full-time than in the 1990s.
Note:ccccccccc

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The Decline of the Teen Job
Note:tttttttt

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Many Boomers and GenX’ers can remember the first time they bought something with their own money—
Note:I PROPRI SOLDI

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in the late 1970s, only 22% of high school seniors didn’t work for pay at all during the school year, but by the early 2010s, twice as many (44%) didn’t
Note:DIMEZZAMENTO

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The number of 8th graders who work for pay has been cut in half.
Note:cccccccc

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Fewer teens work during the summer as well: in 1980, 70% had a summer job, which sank to 43% in the 2010s
Note:ESTATE

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Maybe teens don’t have jobs anymore—and don’t go out as much anymore—because they are devoting more time to homework and extracurricular activities.
Note:FALSA CAUSA: PI ATTIVITÀ E PIÙ COMPITI

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Time spent on student clubs and on sports/exercise as 12th graders changed little over time (see Appendix B).
Note:EXTRATTIVITÀ COSTANTI

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the rise in volunteering took place between the 1980s and the 1990s, well before the large drop in working for pay.
Note:ANNI NOVANTA

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As it turns out, iGen 8th, 10th, and 12th graders actually spent less time on homework
Note:SEMPRE MENO COMPITI

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The trends in this total are clear: iGen teens are spending less time on homework, paid work, volunteering, and extracurriculars combined, not more
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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even if teens don’t learn high-level skills from their jobs, they often learn the value of responsibility and money.
Note:LAVORARE È UN BENE?

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disadvantaged teens randomly assigned to a summer jobs program were 43% less likely to be involved in violence.
Note:UN BENE X I PIÙ BISIGNOSI

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Taking Out Loans from the Bank of Mom and Dad
Note:tttttttttt

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With fewer teens working, you might think that more would get an allowance to buy the things they want. However, fewer iGen’ers get an allowance.
Note:MENO LAVORO PIÙ PAGHETTE?.... NO

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When they need money, they must, like Ellie, ask for it from their parents.
Note:A RICHIESTA

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the result is more young people graduating from high school without even the introductory money-managing experience
Note:MONEY MANAGEMENT

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You Booze, You Lose
Note:ttttttttt

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fewer and fewer drink alcohol. Nearly 40% of iGen high school seniors in 2016 had never tried alcohol at all, and the number of 8th graders who have tried alcohol has been cut nearly in half
Note:POCO ALCOL

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The decline in trying alcohol is the largest in the youngest groups and by far the smallest among young adults.
Note:cccccccc

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is especially encouraging; most people would agree that 13- and 14-year-olds drinking is not a good idea.
Note:MOLTO POSITIVO

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There is one downside to these trends: more young people arrive on college campuses or enter adult life without much experience drinking.
Note:UNA VERGINITÀ CHE SPESSO SI PAGA

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The rapid increase in binge drinking from age 18 to age 21 can be risky.
Note:SI BEVE MENO E AUMENTANO LE SBORNIE

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“I’m 21 and in my prime drinking years, and I intend to take full advantage of it!”
Note:TIPICO PENSIERO

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What about drug use? The heyday of illicit drug use among teens—the vast majority of which is marijuana—was in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Use then plummeted in the early 1990s before going back up again through the 2000s and 2010s (see Figure 1.12
Note:DROGHE... LA DINAMICA

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Why the different patterns for alcohol and drug use? Drug use, at least in most states, is illegal at any age. Any rule breaking is roughly equal for drug use whether you are over or under 21. Buying alcohol, however, becomes legal at 21—perhaps why this cautious generation is more likely to avoid it as teens yet still indulges after they turn 21. As more states legalize recreational marijuana for adults, this pattern may change.
Note:PATTERN DIVERSI PER ALCOL E DROGA... PERCHÈ

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Growing Up Slowly
Note:ttttttt

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iGen teens are less likely to go out without their parents, date, have sex, drive, work, or drink alcohol.
Note:RIEPILOGO

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GenX’ers in the 1990s, who began to postpone the traditional milestones of adulthood such as settling into a career, getting married, and having children.
Note:I PRIMI SEGNALI DEL POSTPORRE

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Yet GenX’er teens didn’t slow down—they were just as likely to drive, drink alcohol, and date as their Boomer peers
Note:DIFFERENaw

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Adolescence is now an extension of childhood rather than the beginning of adulthood.
Note:ADOLESCENZA

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Is This Because Teens Are More Responsible?
Note:ttttttttttt

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the sociologist David Finkelhor argued that iGen teens, with their lowered alcohol use, reduced crime rates, and more limited sexuality, are “showing virtues their elders lacked.”
Note:TEEN PIÙ RESPONSABILI?

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year-old writer Jess Williams,

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Williams describes iGen as “boring.”
Note:NOIOSI

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Generation Yawn: 20 Is the New 40.”
Note:ccccc

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Neither “better behaved” nor “boring” captures what’s really going on with iGen: they are simply taking longer to grow up.
Note:SOLO LA CRESCITA LENTA SPIEGA...

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teens have adopted a slow life strategy, perhaps due to smaller families and the demands wrought by increasing income inequality.
Note:CAUSA 1: STRATEGIA LUNGO PARCHEGGIO

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The cultural shift toward individualism may also play a role: childhood and adolescence are uniquely self-focused stages, so staying in them longer allows more cultivation of the individual self.
Note:CAUSA 2 INDIVIDUALISMO

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Partners, Not Prisoners
Note:tttttttt

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Are teens willing participants in growing up more slowly, or are parents strong-arming them into it?
Note:COLPA/MERITO DEL FENOMENO

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Parents do keep a closer watch over teens these days.
Note:OVERPARENTING

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This surveillance is probably facilitated by phone-tracking
Note:cccccc

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Given the teen tendency to resist restrictions, you’d think teens and their parents would get into more fights.
Note:PIÙ CONTROLLO PIÚ CONFLITTI? NOOOOOOO

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However, iGen teens fight less with their parents;
Note:cccccc

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In the most extreme cases of resistance to parents, teens might consider running away.
Note:FUGHE

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As it turns out, running away is less common among iGen:
Note:cccccc

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they are willingly staying children for longer.
Note:PETER PAN

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Many people now seem to associate being a child (as opposed to being an adult) with less stress and more fun;
Note:MENO STRESS PIÙ DIVERTIMENTO

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“HOW ARE PEOPLE EXCITED TO TURN 18???? IM VERY SCARED OF ADULTING!!!!”
Note:18

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Tangled and Frozen—both children’s movies by Disney.
Note:FILM PREFERITI DELLA 17ENNE

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Even once they get to college, students’ parents continue to treat them like children. Parents register their adult children for classes, remind them of deadlines, and wake them up in time for class,
Note:ALL UNIVERSITÀ COME BAMBINI

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Some suggest that this cocoon mentality is behind recent campus trends such as “trigger warnings”
Note:TRIGGER WARNINGS

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One safe space, for example, featured coloring books and videos of frolicking puppies, neatly connecting the idea of safe spaces with that of childhood.
Note:SAFE PLACE

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If teens are working less, spending less time on homework, going out less, and drinking less, what are they doing?
DOVE SI RIVOLGONO?… AL TELEFONINO

HL La religione del futuro - ch 5

Chapter 5 Irreligious: Losing My Religion (and Spirituality) - iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us

Jean M. Twenge

Note:5@@@@@@@@@@

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Their skateboard park is the former Church of St. Joseph in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Like many other churches across Europe, the Church of St. Joseph closed as more Europeans disassociated from religion.
Note:SIMBOLO... SKATEPARK AL POSTO DELLA CHIESA

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For decades, the United States has been a much more religious country than most of Europe.
Note:USA VS UE

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Then came the Millennials. As studies by the Pew Research Center showed in the mid-2010s, one in three Millennials (then 20 to 34 years old) claimed no religious affiliation, much higher than the one in ten Americans over age 70 who did not affiliate. However, younger people have always been less religious and older people
Note:CONVERGENZA MILLENNIALS

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Part of the Flock: Public Religious Participation
Note:tttttt

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Beginning in the 1990s and accelerating in the 2000s, fewer and fewer young people affiliated with a religion. The shift was largest for young adults,
Note:AFFILIAZIONE

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iGen’ers are more likely than any generation before them to be raised by religiously unaffiliated parents.
Note:UNA GENERAZIONE CRWSCIUTA DA GENITORI TIEPIDI

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two forces are working simultaneously to pull iGen’ers away from religion: more iGen’ers are being raised in nonreligious households, and more iGen teens have decided not to belong to a religion anymore.
Note:FAMIGLIA E SCELTA

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Attendance at services declined slowly until around 1997 and then began to plummet.
Note:ANCHE LA FREQUENZA PATISCE

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“They tend to come back to the Church because they want their children to have some sort of religious education,”
Note:DUBBIO... NON È CHE SI TORNA IN CHIESA QUANDO SI METTE SU FAMIGLIA?

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iGen’ers and the Millennials are less religious than Boomers and GenX’ers were at the same age.
Note:CONFRONTO TRA GENERAZIONE

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Faithful but Different
Note:tttttttt

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Losing My Religion: Private Religious Beliefs
Note:tttttt

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For twenty years, headlines and academic articles declared that yes, fewer Americans affiliated with a religion, but just as many were praying and just as many believed in God.
Note:PREGARE E CREDERE

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Then it fell off a cliff. By 2016, one out of three 18- to 24-year-olds said they did not believe in God. Prayer followed a similar steep, downward trajectory.
Note:NO PREGHIERE NO CREDENZE

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it is no longer true that Americans are just as religious privately. More and more Americans, especially Millennials and iGen’ers, are less religious both publicly and privately. This is not due to shifts in ethnic or racial composition in the population: the trends are the same,
Note:FINE ANCHE DELLA SPIRITUALITÁ

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spends all of his free time playing video games.
Note:VIDEOGAMES ANZICHÈ IN CHIESA

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he thinks religion is for, he says, “It’s great for supporting people, like, if they’re in a bad time.
Note:RELIGIONE COME CONSOLAZIONE

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“I’ve stopped praying just to thank God; I only pray when I need something or when someone else needs something,”
Note:CHI PREGA PREGA PER CHIEDERE

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But even belief in an afterlife started to fade after 2006.
Note:ANCHE L'AL DI LÀ PERDE COLPI

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iGen is, with near certainty, the least religious generation in US history.
Note:I MENO RELIGIOSI IN ASSOLUTO

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they never attend religious services, don’t pray, and don’t believe in God.
Note:ccccccc

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Religion vs. the Twenty-First Century
Note:ttttttt

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a recent study found that 80% of unmarried young adult evangelical Christians have had sex.)
Note:PRECETTI NON RISPETTATI ANCHE DAI CREDENTI

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the future of Christianity:
Note:IL FUTIRO DELLA CRISTIANITÀ

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they will usher in a new, more tolerant era of Christian belief that steps away from what people should not do to focus on what they should do.
Note:ccccccv

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“Spiritual but Not Religious” Has Become “Not Spiritual and Not Religious”
Note:ttttttttt

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Robert Fuller penned a book called Spiritual but Not Religious
Note:FULLER

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That might have been true at one time, but no longer. iGen’ers are actually less spiritual as well as being less religious.
Note:ORA NON VALE PIÙ

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it’s not age, because Boomers and GenX’ers were perfectly happy to be religious when they were young; iGen is less religious even in beliefs that don’t require religious institutions;
Note:NON È L'ETÀ

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iGen’ers are less religious and less spiritual, publicly and privately, and strikingly different from previous generations when they were young.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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in recent years teens from higher-SES families were more likely to go to religious services (see Figure 5.9
Note:LA PERDITA DI RELIGIOSITÀ RIGUARDA DI PIÙ I POVERI E VI MENO ISTRUITI

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Too Many Rules: Why Religion Has Declined
Note:tttttttttt

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Why are young Americans now less religious?
Note:PERCHÈ

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more individualistic times were less religious times.
Note:INDIVIDUALISMO

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following certain rules and joining groups, two other factors that don’t fit particularly well with an individualistic mind-set.
Note:REGOLE E COMUNITÀ

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Even religious teens often adhere to a more individualistic version of faith. When Christian Smith interviewed young people for his book Soul Searching, he found that many adhered to a belief system he labeled “moralistic therapeutic deism,”
Note:INDIVIDUALISMO RELIGIOSO

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In You Lost Me: Why Young Christians Are Leaving Church . . . and Rethinking Faith, his book about young former Christians, David Kinnaman reports that many young people feel a disconnect between their church and what they experience outside of it, including science, pop culture, and sexuality.
Note:DISCONNESSIONE

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many Millennials and iGen’ers distrust religion because they believe it promotes antigay attitudes. More young people now associate religion with rigidity and intolerance—
Note:RELGIONE VISTA COME INTOLLERANTE

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Seventy-nine percent of the nonreligious believed that Christianity was antigay.
Note:cccccccc

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How can you love everyone, except gays, transgenders, and people who don’t believe in our God?
Note:cccccccc

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David Kinnaman’s book unChristian
Note:UN LIBRO SULL'ULTIMO TEMA

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“We have become famous for what we oppose, rather than who we are for.”
Note:cccccc

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religious organizations should focus on active discussions with iGen’ers that address the “big questions” they have about life,
Note:AFFRONTARE LE QUESTIONI DIRETTAMENTE

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Europe with Bigger Cars: The Future Religious Landscape
Note:ttttttt

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(56%) believe that the decline in religion is a bad thing, while only 12% believe it’s a good thing.
Note:DECLINO RELIGIOSO... BENE O MALE?

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Evangelical churches have not lost as many members over the last few decades as other Christian denominations have. That might be because they’ve recognized that iGen’ers and Millennials want religion to complete them—to strengthen their relationships and give them a sense of purpose.
Note:EVANGELICI... IL SERVIZIO COMPLETO

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Religion will survive, but it will be a flexible, open, equal religion that gives people a sense of belonging and meaning
Note:LA RELIGIONE DEL FUTURO

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It is unclear where iGen’ers will find community interaction to replace religion. Perhaps they won’t find it at all, content to rely on their social media network,
E LA COMUNITÁ?

ch 4 Lo smartphone e la salute mentale dei giovani

Chapter 4 Insecure: The New Mental Health Crisis - iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us

Jean M. Twenge

Note:4@@@@@@

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unexplainable, occasional sadness
Note:TRISTEZZA

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Ilaf isn’t always sure why she feels depressed, and she struggles to explain her feelings to her parents.
Note:CAUSE MISTERIOSE

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iGen’ers look so happy online, making goofy faces on Snapchat and smiling in their pictures on Instagram. But dig deeper, and reality is not so comforting.
Note:ALLEGRI SOLO ONLINE

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The Internet—and society in general—promotes a relentless positivity
Note:PENSA POSITIVO

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Individualism also encourages people to feel good about themselves—
Note:LA CULTURA INDIVIDUALISTA

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iGen’ers score lower in narcissism and have lower expectations,
Note:MENO NARCISISTI E MENO AMBIZIOSI

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Just as iGen entered the samples, teen happiness started to wane
Note:GLI INFELICI

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The first serious rumbles of the oncoming crash in iGen’ers’ outlook appear in their answers to questions asking whether they are satisfied with themselves
Note:SEI SODDISFATTO DI TE?

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Percentage of 12th graders who are satisfied with their lives as a whole and with themselves. Monitoring the Future, 1976–2015.
Note:GRAFICO

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Left Out and Lonely
Note:tttttt

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she hadn’t been invited to. “I felt like I was the only one not there,”
Note:IL DRAMMA DI NN ESSERE INVITATI AL COMPLEANNO

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“. . . I was thinking, they’re having a good time without me.
Note:ccccccc

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iGen has a specific term for this: FOMO (Fear of Missing Out).
Note:FOMO

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they are lonelier than they were just five years ago.
Note:SENSO DI SOLITUDINE

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feeling left out has reached all-time highs.
Note:ESCLUSI

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Such large changes over a short period of time are unusual, suggesting a specific cause with a big impact. Given the timing, smartphones are the most likely culprits,
Note:UNA CAUSA.... L IPOTESI SMARTPHONE

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replacing in-person social interaction.
Note:TEMPO SPESO DA SOLI

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teens who spend more time on social media also spend more time with their friends in person—
Note:PIÙ SOCIAL PIÙ COMPAGNIA

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When teens as a group spend more time on screens and less time on in-person social interaction, loneliness will increase on average.

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It’s possible that loneliness causes smartphone use instead of smartphone use causing loneliness, but the abrupt increase in loneliness makes this alternative much less likely.
Note:NESSO INVERSO POCO PROBABILE

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Although the trend toward feeling left out appears among both boys and girls, the increase was especially steep among girls
Note:RAGAZZE PIÙ VULNERABILI

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Afraid You’re Gonna Live: Depression
Note:ttttttt

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“They all looked so damn happy to me. Why couldn’t I look like that?”
Note:IL PENSIERO RETROSTANTE

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the constant thrum of social media and texting, has created an emotionally fragile generation prone to depression.
Note:FRAGILI

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The data from these surveys are stark: teens’ depressive symptoms have skyrocketed in a very short period of time.
Note:IMPENNATA DEPRESSIONE

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many people post only their successes online, so many teens don’t realize that their friends fail at things, too.
Note:IL RUOLO DEI SOCIAL

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If they spent more time with their friends in person, they might realize that they are not the only ones making mistakes.
Note:cccccccccccccc

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the patina of positivity on social media covering the ugly underbelly of reality.
Note:PATINA DI OTTIMISMO

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Instagram posts, like ‘My life is so great.’
Note:GOOD LIFE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,468

More teens in recent years agree with the depressing statement “My life is not useful,”
Note:ASSENZA DI SENSO

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Just as with the rise in loneliness, girls have borne the brunt of the rise in depressive symptoms.
Note:RAGAZZE PIÙ VULNERABILI

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spending more time on social media and less time on in-person social interaction is correlated with depression.
Note:IL RAPPORTO TEMPO SUI SOCIAL/TEMPO INSIEME È PREDITTIVO DELLA DEPRESSIONE

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Could the Great Recession of 2007–2009 be the outside factor? It did come on suddenly, but the timing is wrong. Unemployment, one of the best indicators of how the economy is affecting real people, peaked in 2010 and then declined, exactly the opposite pattern from depression, which was stable until 2012 and then increased.
Note:IL TIMING DELLA CRISI

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Why might smartphones cause depression? For one thing, not getting a reply to your text or social media message has a high potential for causing anxiety—
Note:INTERVENTI SENZA RISPOSTA

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The emphasis on perfect selfies has amplified body image issues for girls, who often chase likes by taking hundreds of pictures to get just the right one but still end up feeling as though they’ve fallen short.
Note:FOTO E FISICO... RAGAZZE MINACCIATE

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“Every day it’s like you have to wake up and put on a mask and try to be somebody else instead of being yourself,
Note:VIVERE IN PUBBLICO E VIVERE IPOCRITAMENTE

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sexy photo will get lots of likes, but it also invites slut shaming.

Note | Location: 1,524

SEXY

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An Epidemic of Anguish: Major Depressive Disorder, Self-Harm, and Suicide
Note:ttttttt

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scared to grow up, terrified that she didn’t know exactly what would happen next.
Note:PAURA DEL FUTURO

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The screening test shows a shocking rise in depression in a short period of time: 56% more teens experienced a major depressive episode in 2015 than in 2010
Note:DALLE INTERVISTE AI DATI CLINICI

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clinically diagnosable major depression.
Note:cccccccc

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the increase in major depressive episodes is far steeper among girls,
Note:GORLS

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Depressed teens are more likely to self-injure, such as through cutting.
Note:TAGLI

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Major depression, especially if it’s severe, is also the primary risk factor for suicide.
Note:SUICIDI

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Suicide, a carefully tracked behavior unaffected by the possible irregularities of self-report surveys, is the most extreme and sadly objective outcome of depression.
Note:AFFIDABILITÁ DEI SUICIDI

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The rise in suicide is more pronounced for girls.
Note:GIRL

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It’s also surprising, because more Americans now take antidepressants
Note:NONOSTANTE GLI ANTIDEPRESSIVI

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Why the Rise in Mental Health Issues?
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An article in The Atlantic blamed teen mental health issues almost exclusively on academic pressure.
Note:CAUSE... PRESSIONI ACCADEMICHE?

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But one good indicator of academic pressure is the amount of time students spend on homework, and as we saw in chapter 1, time spent doing homework is less or about the same as in previous decades, with little change between 2012 and 2016, the years when depression skyrocketed.
Note:NO... TEMPO SPESO X I COMPITI

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Time spent on exercise and sports is linked to less depression, but it didn’t change much since 2012, so they fail test number two, too.
Note:ATTIVITÀ FISICA... IRRILEVANTE

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new-media screen time (such as electronic devices and social media) is linked to mental health issues and/or unhappiness, and it rose at the same time.
Note:ELEMENTI CORRELATI: SCREENING NOTOZIE A VODEO... RELAZIONI PERSONALI

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in-person social interaction and print media are linked to less unhappiness and less depression,
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Another possibility is that iGen’ers are unprepared for adolescence and early adulthood due to their lack of independence.
Note:INDIPENDENZA

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Students whose parents displayed those characteristics (often known as “helicopter parents”) had lower psychological well-being and were more likely to have been prescribed medication for anxiety and depression.
Note:DEPRESSIONE DA ELICOTTERO

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Stealing Sleep
Note:ttttttt

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Just before you go to bed, you check on your teen. It looks as though her light is off, but you’re not sure. Then you see it: the faint blue light of her phone as she looks at it in bed.
Note:CAMERETTE ILLUMINATE DAI VIDEO

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Smartphone use may have decreased teens’ sleep time: more teens now sleep less than seven hours most nights (see Figure 4.12). Sleep experts say that teens should get about nine hours
Note:7 ORE ADI SONNO

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Electronic devices and social media seem to be unique in their effect on sleep compared to older forms of media. Teens who read books and magazines more often are actually less likely to be sleep deprived—either reading puts them to sleep, or they can put the book down at bedtime. TV time is barely related to sleep time.
Note:NEW MEDIA E SONNO

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Other activities that take up a lot of time, such as homework and working for pay, also increase the risk of missing out on sleep.
Note:PENALIZZAZIONE

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Sleep deprivation is linked to myriad issues, including compromised thinking and reasoning, susceptibility to illness, increased weight gain, and high blood pressure. Sleep deprivation also has a significant effect on mood: people who don’t sleep enough are prone to depression and anxiety.
Note:ALTRE CONSEGUENZE

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Intriguing new research shows that the blue light emitted by electronic devices tells our brains it’s still daytime, which makes the brain take longer to fall asleep.
Note:SEMPRE ATTIVI SEMPRE IN PISTA

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What Can We Do?
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the case highlights a nationwide problem: the often inadequate resources for mental health assistance on college campuses.
Note:DEFICIT

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High school students and their parents are already seeking help for psychological issues at an unprecedented rate.
Note:TUTTI DALLO BPSICOLOGO

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The bigger problem will occur if young people don’t seek help.
Note:I PIÙ IN PERICOLO

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Seeing a therapist is still taboo. . . . Nobody likes the idea of putting a label on what can so easily be written off as some form of insecurity—nobody wants to be diagnosed.”
Note:TABÙ

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the abrupt rise in mental health issues strongly suggests that genetics is not the whole story.
Note:GENETICA

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Among those predisposed to depression, only those who experience certain environments will actually become depressed.
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