4 HL Law needs philosophy: ethical principles of cooperation

Law needs philosophy: ethical principles of cooperation
Note:4@@@@@@@@@@@ IMO: LA GRAVITà DI UN ATTO DIPENDE DA 1) LA GRAVITA' DEL DANNO CHE PROCURA E 2) LA SUA INDISPENSABILITA' NEL PRODURRE QUEL DANNO. TUTTI GLI ALTRI PARAMETRI (IMMEDIATEZZA, PROSSIMITA' ECC) SONO RIDUCIBILI A QUESTI DUEREGOLA: QUANTO PIU' UN ATTO E' GRAVE TANTO PIU' OCCORRE TUTELARE L'OBIEZIONE DI COSCIENZA

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How might you act wrongly? Let me count the ways
Note:Ttttttttt

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what I call a ‘primary act’
Note:L ATTO MALVAGIO DIRETTO

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hurting an innocent person,

Note | Location: 561

ESEMPIO

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other ways of acting wrongly in relation to the primary act,
Note:ATTI ACCESSORI

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advising someone to falsify their CV;
Note:ESEMPIO

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omitted the most serious way in which one can be implicated in a wrongful primary act
Note:TRASCURATEZZA DELLA LEGGE

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cooperator in that act.
Note:DEFINIZIONE

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A conscientious objector to some act may want to avoid performing it, or they may want to avoid cooperating with it.
Note:ESIGENZA DELL OBBIETORE

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In the UK, we see that conscientious objectors have very little real protection
Note:SPECIE NELLA COOPERAZIONE... Zero

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law without philosophy is certain to be tyranny, or else chaos.
Note:NECESSITÀ DI RAGIONARE IN MODO ORDINATO

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Types of cooperation
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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within the tradition of Catholic moral theology there is a well worked-out and robust teaching on cooperation.
Note:X FORTUNA

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we would find freedom of conscience and religion receiving much greater protection, but it would also place reasonable limits on that protection
Note:CON UNA BUONA FILOSOFIA I CONFINI SARANNO PIÙ DEFINITI

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Formal cooperation involves a clear (explicit or maybe implicit) intent to share in the responsibility (or guilt)
Note:COOP FORMALE: VOGLIO FARE IL MALE INSIEME A TE

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A material cooperator is in some way co-opted into assisting the primary agent, usually through physical duress or some lesser inducement.
Note:COOP MATERIALE: IL MALE E' UN EFFETTO COLLATERALE DEL MIO REALE OBBIETTIVO (ES: VOGLIO I SOLDI X EVITARE LA POVERTA', NON RAPINARTI). VOGLIO CONSERVARE IL MIO IMPIEGO, NON PROCURARE ABORTI NELLA CLINICA DOVE LAVORO

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threat of violence
Note:ESEMPIO

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provide contraceptive health insurance or face a financial penalty,
Note:ES DI MINACCIA

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material cooperator does not intend that the act he is cooperating with be performed,
Note:DIFFERENZA CON IL FORMALE

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A second question is whether the assistance is mediate or immediate.
Note:ALTRA DISTINZIONE: RIGUARDA IL COINVOLGIMENTO. COMPIO L'ATTO MALVAGIO IN MODO DIRETTO (ESEMPIO SONO IN SALA OPERATORIA DURANTE L'ABORTO) OPPURE SONO COINVOLTO IN MODO INDIRETTO: STERILIZZO IL BISTURI CHE SERVIRA' AD ABORTIRE

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Helping someone carry away stolen goods is therefore immediate cooperation, whereas locating the target or driving the getaway car is mediate cooperation.
Note:ESEMPI... IL COOPERATORE IMMEDIATO E' COINVOLTO NELL'ATTO MALVAGIO, INDIPENDENTEMENTE DALLA SUA VOLONTA'...QUELLO MEDIATO NO. TRASPORTARE BENI RUBATI SIGNIFICA PARTECIPARE AL FURTO...INDIVIDUARE L'OBBIETTIVO NO. GUIDARE LA MACCHINA DELLA FUGA NN SIGNIFICA RAPINARE UNA BANCA

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the basic idea is that morality is about doing good and avoiding evil.
Note:EVITARE IL MALE È IMPOSSIBILE POICHÈ È IMPOSSIBILE CALCOLATE LE CONSEG DEI NS ATTI...X QS DOBBIAMO ISOLARE LA COOP COLPEVOLE DALLE ALTRE...LA QUESTIONE SI FA SOTTILE

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Dispensability
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we need to ask is whether the cooperation is dispensable or indispensable.
Note:PRIMA QUESTIONE

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If the primary agent depends on another’s cooperation it is indispensable,
Note:INDISPENSABILE

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Proximity
Note:Tttttttttttt

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how far away the cooperative act is from the primary act, primarily but not solely in space and time.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO

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how close the cooperator is, causally speaking,
Note:Cccccccc

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selling petrol to a driver on the way to a burglary, even if the seller knows what the driver is up to, is quite remote.

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ESEMPIO

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Showing the burglar where the key is hidden is very proximate.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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handing over surgical instruments is more proximate than administering anaesthetic, which is more proximate than booking in a patient for surgery.
Note:ESEMPIO MEDICO

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Balancing goods and bads
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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proximity, dispensability, immediacy,
Note:I TRE PARAMETRI

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the question of what reasons the cooperator might have for assisting the primary agent,
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO RILEVANTE

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The only sure way to do no bad is to do nothing at all – and even that might plausibly be thought to be doing bad by omitting to do good! We need, therefore, reasonable principles to allow us to go about our lives
Note:RIPETIAMO L ESIGENZA PRIMARIA

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On the other hand, there are limits: sometimes our acts are just too close to other bad acts
Note:Cccccccccc

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here are some very general principles that help us to evaluate cooperation cases,
Note:LA META

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the first consideration is whether the objector sincerely believes the primary act,
Note:PRIMO REQUISITO DELL OBBIETTORE SINCERITÀ

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They are only concerned with whether the objector is a genuine believer in a genuine ethical or religious code.
Note:LE CORTI...DI SOLITO...UN UNICO INTERESSE

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Here, I argue, the rules of cooperation are subject to the test of reasonableness,
Note:CAVEAT

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Formal cooperation, as I have already suggested, is morally off limits. The same goes for immediate material cooperation
Note:PRIMI DUE CASI...LA DISOBB. DEVE ESSERE TUTELATA

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Hence requiring a nurse23 to hand over surgical instruments for an abortion is impermissible,
Note:DEF COOP IMMEDIATA: IL MALE E' UN EFFETTO COLLATERALE DI UN ATTO CHE COMPIO PERSONALMENTE. ES. MI SEVONO SOLDI PER FARE X (OBBIETTIVO REALE) E TI RAPINO PER OTTENERLI. ALTRO ESEMPIO DI CCOPER MATERIALE IMMEDIATA

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handing over drugs for the purpose of euthanasia.
Note:ALTRO CASO

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handing over sedatives to keep a patient quiet while they were denied ‘artificial nutrition and hydration’,
Note:COOP IMMEDIATA X OMISSIONE...SPESSO IMPOSTA

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the supply of means or conditions for the primary act
Note:VENIAMO ALLA COOP MEDIATA. EFFETTO COLLATERALE INDIRETTO

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how to balance the loss to be avoided by the cooperator,
Note:IL PUNTO IN QS CASI....OCCORRE ANALISI COSTI BENEFICI: IL BENE BILANCIA IL MALE?

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balancing act or proportionality
Note:Cccccccc

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taking your car on a one-minute drive to the corner shop to buy milk generally does not justify the pollution
Note:ANALOGIA 1

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Again, the dentist justifies the moderate pain she causes by the necessity of repairing a damaged tooth.
Note:ANALOGIA 2

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the wrong with which you are potentially cooperating, the greater must be the avoidance of loss that cooperation procures.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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cosmetic surgery
Note:SI PUÓ OBBIETTARE MA IL DANNO NN È GRAVISSIMO

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Were she to be subject to loss of employment for refusing to cooperate,
Note:DANNO SUBITO DALL OBIETTORE....COOP CONSENTITA

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Suppose, by contrast, she would merely have a day’s pay docked for not cooperating:
Note:IN ALTERNATIVA

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Now consider a pharmacist who refuses to sell the ‘morning-after pill’ because she knows that sometimes it kills an embryo,
Note:ALTRO CASO DI COOP MEDIATA...O EFFETTO COLLATERALE

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the cost of refusal to cooperate
Note:PUÒ ESSERE IL LICENZIAMENTO COME PUÒ ESSERE IL MANCATO GUADAGNO

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Now, one might immediately – and quite understandably – tend to become obsessed about these delicate balancing acts.
Note:MA IL CALCOLO COSTI BENEFICI È SEMPRE DIFFICILE

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How can anyone know?
Note:Cccccccccc

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an exercise in clothing our intuitions
Note:DI FATTO

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We have to look at the situation in front of us, the competing goods and bads,
Note:MA È INEVOTABILE

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We need a good deal of ‘practical wisdom’,
Note:TORNIAMO AD ARISTOTELE E AL BUON SENSO

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the grand tradition of the common law
Note:ALTRA FONTE DA CUI ESTRARRE BUON SENSO

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Suppose the government, as in the Obamacare mandate, imposes a severe financial penalty on individuals (or groups) for non-cooperation
Note:PARADOSSO...IL GOVERNO È FORSE INCENTIVATO A PENALIZZARE X RENDERE MORALE UN ATTO MALVAGIO?

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It would be like the fraudster who thinks that if he wants to get a morally upright person to help him embezzle money, it’s better to hold a gun to their head
Note:L ANALOGIA.... LA MORALIZZAZIONE DI X AVVIENE GRAZIE ALL IMMORALIZZAZIONE DI Y

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The burden the government imposes – say, a financial penalty for failing to assist with furthering a government objective – must reasonably reflect the importance the government attaches to the objective, not merely the eagerness with which it seeks to secure compliance.
Note:LA MORALITÀ DEL GOV

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we now need to see briefly how factors such as proximity and dispensability apply
Note:CAMBIO ARGOMENTO...PS LA PROSSIMITÀ È UNA GRADUALITÀ DELLA MEDIATEZZA

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The general principle is that the more the cooperator is implicated in the primary act,
Note:PRINCIPIO GENERALE

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There is no absolute judgment to be made here as far as implication goes, only a comparative one.
Note:CAVEAT

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consider a nurse who has scruples about cooperating with some extreme cosmetic surgery that she considers wrong for the patient to undergo. She is worried about whether she should book the patient
Note:ESEMPIO

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she admits the patient, the patient will certainly be operated on, and if she refuses, then the patient will not, even though he might be operated on at another time when the nurse is away
Note:PROSSIMITÀ E DISPENSABILITÀ...CAUSALMENTE PROSSIMA MA SOSTITUIBILE

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admission of the patient would be relatively remote,
Note:SE DOPO L AMMISSIONE CI SONO ULTERIORI ESAMI E VISITE INTERMEDIE

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compared to the person who cleans the ward or serves the food, the nurse is a very proximate cooperator;
Note:GIUDIZIO COMPARATIVO...NN ASSOLUTO

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the more serious the wrong with which a person cooperates and the more implicated they are, the greater the reason they need for their cooperation to be justified.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE....PROSSIMITÀ E Ecco NDISPENSABILITÀ AUMENTANO L ESIGENZA ETICA DI NN COLLABORARE

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The more indispensable the cooperation, the greater the reason must be for assisting.
Note:SE SEI INDISPENSABILE LE TUE RAGIONI X OBBIETTARE CRESCONO

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the more proximate the cooperation, the greater the reason needed:
Note:IDEM X LA PROSSIMITÀ

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someone who provides information to another on how to commit suicide
Note:ESEMPIO

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someone who sells them the suicide drugs.
Note:Cccccccccc

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How serious is the wrong of the primary act?
Note:ALTRO FATTORE CHE PESA...MACUMBA

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highly proximate, indispensable cooperation in a very serious wrong
Note:IN GENERALE

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I am not suggesting such cooperation would necessarily be admirable or praiseworthy – only that it would be permissible.
Note:A COSA SIAMO INTERESSATI QUI

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If the cooperation is dispensable, or not highly proximate, the justification bar is lowered
Note:RIPETO REGOLA

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We have to make fine distinctions in some cases. We have to exercise what the ancient Greek philosophers called ‘practical wisdom’.
Note:SAGGEZZA

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Should you sign? It depends
Note:Ttttttttt

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In 1863, the US federal government’s Civil War Enrolment Act permitted a draftee to avoid service by either providing a substitute or paying $300.
Note:I CASI IN CUI OBBIETTARE SIGNIFICA COLLABORARE IN ALTRO.MODO

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The objector’s cooperation would have been highly proximate, since soldiers and weapons are the most proximate means of fighting a war
Note:CON LE PREMESSE FATTE POSSIAMO DIRE CHE L OBIEZIONE HA VALORE

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If the courts were to give this sort of reasoning about cooperation the attention it deserved, a rich jurisprudence on the subject would surely develop over time.
CONXLUSIONE

LINK La cultura senza il genio non va lontano

https://feedly.com/i/entry/Od/Z0OrlTBzSrJtcae1t5qtueOtvOco3UFNx6gD9Pd4=_1663ee4ff49:a00034:3df421eb


La cultura trasmette in eredità grandi saperi ma spesso blocca anche i miglioramenti. Occorre un genio per superare i blocchi.

IL PRIMATO DELLA POLITICA

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

IL PRIMATO DELLA POLITICA

Primato dell'economia => globalizzazione.

Primato della politica => colonizzazione.

Tanto per capire di cosa parliamo

PER UNA CULTURA PRO-BUSINESS

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

PER UNA CULTURA PRO-BUSINESS

Cinque motivi per rendere grazie all’imprenditore commerciale:

1) Produce e rende disponibili a prezzo contenuto una miriade di beni meravigliosi, e ben raramente lo fa sfruttando i lavoratori. E’ vero che talvolta noi restiamo inappagati anche in mezzo a tanto ben di Dio, ma questa è una debolezza che riguarda noi e solo noi. Il nostro benefattore va comunque ringraziato.

2) Paga le tasse (più o meno), il che significa che produce più valore di quanto ne intaschi. E’ questo un disincentivo che merita di essere mitigato dalla nostra gratitudine.

3) E’ spesso soggetto ad una qualche forma di concorrenza, il che, ancora una volta, fa sì che incameri meno di quel che produce. Il fatto che non rinunci alla sua impresa è dunque meritorio e da incoraggiare.

4) Senza rispetto e ammirazione intorno a lui l’imprenditore commerciale deve appoggiarsi solo alla molla dell’egoismo, dell’invidia e dell’avidità.

5) La gratitudine fa bene innanzitutto a chi la esprime.

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CommentaCondividi

Commenti

Le virtù morali del percato

https://www.econlib.org/pro-market-and-pro-business/

prima difesa
My prima facie case begins with this basic fact: Businesses produce and deliver virtually all of the wonderful, affordable products that we enjoy. Contrary to millennia of economic illiterates, businesses rarely do so by “exploiting” their workers.  

secondo https://feedly.com/i/entry/B7jw4LCucCLXhd0mcd9EmMn+sbxtNLGOdNAs60PDOTo=_16636611f3c:2d0ae53:a84931b0

almost all businesses pay taxes.*  At the margin, then, they produce more value than they earn.  So why not mitigate this disincentive with some gratitude?

terzo

almost all businesses are imperfectly competitive: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition… take your pick.  At the margin, these imperfectly competitive firms produce more value than they earn;

la cultura del rispeto e dell'ammirazione è importante

If no one respects business, business has to rely solely on the efforts of the rare humans who do not crave respect.

la gratitudine, poi, fa bene innanzitutto a chi la esprime https://www.econlib.org/archives/2013/09/the_gratitude_o.html

LOTTA ALLA POVERTA’

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

LOTTA ALLA POVERTA’

L’uomo è tenuto ad aiutare il suo prossimo in povertà: il suo aiuto è inatteso e privato, non presenta inconvenienti.

Il governante deve invece astenersi: l’aiuto statale è pubblico e prevedibile, quindi generatore di burocrazia e ulteriore povertà. Pensando allo stato "aiutare i poveri" e "incentivare la povertà" sono espressioni intercambiabili.

Il governo di una società prospera, in altri termini, non deve “aiutare” nessuno ma creare una società libera e dinamica che aumenti le opportunità per tutti.

OCCIDENTE SENZA COSCIENZA

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

OCCIDENTE SENZA COSCIENZA

L’ Obamacare che richiede obbligatoriamente al datore di lavoro di includere nell’assicurazione sanitaria dei suoi dipendenti varie forme di contraccezione (anche abortiva).

Le ostetriche inglesi che, anche se obbiettrici, sono tenute comunque a collaborare indirettamente alle pratiche abortive.

Il medico canadese che si rifiuta di praticare l’eutanasia e che deve comunque indirizzare il suo paziente verso uno specialista disposto ad ucciderlo.

Il farmacista europeo che non puo’ rifiutarsi di vendere contraccettivi legali.

La Svezia che ormai non consente nemmeno più l’obiezione all’aborto.

La UE che garantisce l’obiezione di coscienza solo se il servizio è comunque garantito a chi lo chiede senza costi aggiuntivi.

L’odissea del pasticciere USA che si è rifiutato di confezionare una torta per il matrimonio gay. Il caso si è ripetuto a Belfast.

L’ostello cattolico condannato per aver respinto una coppia gay.

Le organizzazioni cattoliche che hanno chiuso i battenti per non incorrere nelle sanzioni anti-discriminatorie in materia di adozioni gay.

L’ospedale cattolico sotto tiro per non aver effettuato un’operazione di cambio di sesso.

Le continue minacce alla libertà di espressione quando si espongono idee fondate sul proprio culto.

Eccetera, eccetera, eccetera.

Ma come è possibile che una società sedicente liberale, pluralistica, “politeista” in tema di valori, con tanti diversi punti di vista etico-religiosi, dove il disaccordo su questioni fondamentali è così diffuso poi valorizzi sempre meno la libertà di coscienza dei suoi cittadini?

AMAZON.COM

Opting Out: Conscience and Cooperation in a Pluralistic Society: Conscience and Cooperation in a Pluralistic Society

Should people with deeply held objections to certain practices be allowed to opt out of involvement with them? Should a Christian baker who objects to homosexuality be allowed to deny service to a customer seeking a cake for a gay wedding? Should a Catholic nurse be able to refuse to contribute t...

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Commenta

2 The attack on freedom of conscience

The attack on freedom of conscience
Note:2@@@@@@@@@@@

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The Obamacare mandate
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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‘Obamacare’,
Note:MINACCIA ALLA LIBERTÀ DI COSCIENZA

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the Act required employers to include in their coverage various forms of contraception (including abortifacient) unless the employer was a church.
Note:L ABUSO

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attack on religious freedom and freedom of conscience.
Note:L ACCUSA

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The Court found in favour of the corporation, holding that the religious freedom of its owners was substantially burdened
Note:VITTORIA!!!!

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various religious or semi-religious bodies have objected to the very idea of opting out
Note:GLI OPPOSITORI

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They think that opting out is itself a form of immoral cooperation
Note:L ARGOMENTO

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example of attempted government compulsion of people to act against their consciences in important moral matters.
Note:OBAMACARE COME EPITOME

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The UK midwives
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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two Scottish midwives objected to what they believed to be participation in abortions,
Note:2014 IL CASO DAVANTI ALLA CORTE SUPREMA BRITANNICA

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They already had a statutory exemption
Note:GRAZIE A UNA LEGGE DEL 1967

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they objected to ‘delegating, supervising and/or supporting staff to participate in and provide care to patients throughout the termination process’
Note:SI CHIEDE DI NN ESSERE COINVOLTE IN NESSUN MODO

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The Supreme Court held against the midwives,
Note:GIUDIZIO

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actual procedure of terminating pregnancy.
Note:SOLO DA QS SI È ESENTATI...LE ATTIVITÀ ACCESSORIE NN RIENTRANO

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Canadian euthanasia
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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if the practitioner is required to facilitate euthanasia by means of a referral, it does not seem that their freedom of conscience is respected.
Note:SE NN ESEGUI DEVI PERÒ INDIRIZZARE DA CHI ESEGUIRÀ

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The EU versus conscience
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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‘freedom of thought, conscience and religion’,
Note:ART 9 CONVENZIONE DIRITTI UMANI UE...BELLE PAROLE

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freedom ‘to manifest [one’s] religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance’.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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Nevertheless, EU jurisprudence is rather mixed on freedom of conscience
Note:PRIMA PECCA

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European Social Charter ‘does not impose on states a positive obligation to provide a right to conscientious objection for health care workers’ (FAFCE 2013: 16).

Note | Location: 340

PRONUNCIAMENTO DEL COMITATO UE SUI DIRITTI SOCIALI

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Sweden’s strong protection for abortion rights, disallowing conscientious refusal of abortion services,
Note:SVEZIA...DIFESA DAL COMITATO

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no pharmacist can refuse to sell legal contraceptives
Note:ALTRA DECISIONE

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where a state does allow conscientious refusal by a person to provide some legally available service, it should ensure that the person asking for the service can obtain it elsewhere (Poland 2011: sec. 206).
Note:PRINCIPIO FISSATO DALLA CORTE

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Weddings, adoptions, holidays, operations
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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recent cases in the US and UK have been hostile to people objecting on religious grounds to certain actions they believe support or assist in the promotion of homosexuality.
Note:OBIEZIONE ALL OMOSESSUALITÀ ISTITUZIONALIZZATA

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refusal in conscience to bake a wedding cake for a gay couple.
Note:IL FAMOSO CASO DEL PASTICCIERE IN COLORADO

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the baker refused to sell to a gay man a cake with a message on it saying ‘Support Gay Marriage’,
Note:CASO SIMILE A BELFAST...CONDANNA

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the owners of a Christian guest house were guilty of discrimination for not renting a room to a gay couple in a ‘civil partnership’
Note:L STELO CRISTIANO

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a number of Catholic charities have shut down their adoption services rather than face penalties for refusing to allow adoption by homosexual couples;
Note:ADOZIONE OMOSESSUALE

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an American woman seeking transgender surgery has sued a Catholic hospital for refusing to perform a hysterectomy as part of the process.
Note:OPERAZIONE TRANSGENDER

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the trend is clear;
Note:LE CONDANNE PREVALGONO

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how, in a liberal, pluralistic society, with many diverse ethical and religious (as well as non-religious) viewpoints, where there is so much fundamental disagreement about basic ideas of right and wrong,
Note:COME È POSSIBILE TUTTO CIÒ?

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‘liberal’ with a very small ‘l’.
Note:L OCCIDENTE OGGI

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our liberal society contains many laws and regulations governing various types of discrimination
Note:D ALTRO CANTO...OMOSESSUALI DONNE DISABILI POCO PRODUTTIVI NERI RELIGIONE

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skin
Note:1

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gender.
Note:2

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ethnic origin?
Note:3

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legal in the UK to set up a club for members of one gender or people of one ethnic origin and to exclude from membership anybody else.
Note:ESEMPIO PARADOSSALE

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religious clubs,
Note:VIETATO NN SERVIRE AL RISTORANTE UN MUSULMANO

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To be frank, the law is a bit of a mess,
SENZA UN CRITERIO