HL1 THE BEATLES WERE UNDERRATED

What’s fascinating about pop is our relationship with it.
Note:IL FULCRO

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David Hepworth is interested in the human side of pop.
Note:L APPROCCIO

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what it means to us.
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it is possible to take music seriously and, at the same time, not drain the life out of it.
Note:LA SCOMMESSA

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music and life:

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As Pope John Paul II said, ‘Of all the unimportant things, football is the most important.’
Note:UN PATRONO D ECCELLENZA

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1 THE LONG SHADOW OF THE FABS
Note:1@@@@@@@@

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THE BEATLES WERE UNDERRATED
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Their craft became obscured by their artistry, their artistry disappeared into their significance and their significance was eventually folded inside their legend.
Note:COSA È ANDATO PERDUTO

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underrated for the work they did and overrated, if anything, for what it all meant.
Note:ESITO

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no show-business career can be sustained for longer than three years.
Note:LA LEGGE DI LOUIS MENAND...LA CREATIVITÀ SI ESAURISCE

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three years as cheery moptops
Note:LA TEORIA X I BEAT

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three years as psychedelic adventurers.
Note:CCCCCCCCCC

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the first period was actually when the Beatles’ collective genius was operating at full tilt.
Note:TESI CONTROVERSA

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didn’t consider it beneath them to make their records for fourteen-year-old girls.
Note:UMILTÀ

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the false opposition between rock and pop hadn’t yet been invented.
Note:IL RIFUGIO DELLE CANAGLIE

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They took the previously discrete skills of singing, songwriting, arrangement, A&R, backing instruments and production and conflated all into the one skill – creating great records. Nobody had done that before.
Note:LA LORO ABILITÀ....DISCHI ANCORA MIGLIORI DELLE CANZONI

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Many of their lyrics are banal
Note:NN ERANO GRANDI AUTORI

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songs were a vital ingredient of great records.
Note:UN INGREDIENTE

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combined the qualities of a good vocal group with the skills of a capable instrumental group.
Note:FUSIONE

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a new musical shorthand
Note:STENOGRAFIA

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Even if Ringo was not the best drummer in the Beatles, he was certainly the best drummer for the Beatles.
Note:UN VERO GRUPPO

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Lennon and McCartney: two lost boys who somehow transformed their differences into the greatest creative dividend of all.
Note:L ES DELLA FUSIONE

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it was the contributions each made to the other’s ideas that struck the sparks.
Note:LA SCINTILLA

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They were clever without suffering from education
Note:EVITATO UN OSTACOLO X MOLTE POP STAR

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They were from the English provinces in an age when that seemed to be a barrier
Note:PROVINCIA

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It is, as far as pop musicians are concerned, the spark of life at the end of God’s outstretched finger,
Note:L ELEMENTO SEGRETO DEL POP

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catchiness is a measure of how memorable a tune is,
Note:UTILIZZIAMO UN TERMINE PRECISO...ORECCHIABILE

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The coda of ‘Hello Goodbye’ is one such. The prequel to ‘Here, There And Everywhere
Note:IL DETTAGLIO

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wonderful songs they never put out as singles
Note:SPREZZO

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‘Penny Lane/Strawberry Fields Forever’, which is on many people’s lists of the best singles ever, was left off Sgt. Pepper,
Note:ROCORDIAMOLO SEMPRE

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What really hooks the listener
Note:L AGANCIO

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I knew there was enough on the glistening surface of ‘We Can Work It Out’ to be going on with but I was also aware of something in that deliberately ungainly middle section that would tug away at me for a longer time.
Note:CEETI MISTERI

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Nothing in pop music is more powerful than a thrill containing the promise of further thrills.
Note:LA CONTINUITÀ

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Even when the song was supposed to be the heartfelt plea of a broken man, as in ‘Help!’, they delivered it with bracing glee.
Note:LA GAIEZZA

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There was no foreplay. Listen to ‘All My Loving’, ‘Penny Lane’, ‘Eight Days A Week’ or ‘No Reply’.
Note:NESSUN PRELIMINARE

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‘Help!’ begins like a leap from a high cliff
Note:HELP

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they knew the secret of a good speech – start in the middle and finish soon afterwards.

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They began every number as if the shepherd’s crook of time was about to hoick them off stage
Note:LO STILE

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The whole house was energized
Note:ASCOLTO DAL MIO MONO

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This is music aimed at simply making people happy.
Note:LO SCOPO

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Sadly for rock critics, it’s not complicated.
Note:LE VITTIME

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headlong dash to delirium was signalled by the yowl of joy announcing every guitar break.
Note:L ORGASMO

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All their middle eights, such as Lennon’s ‘when I was a boy’ in ‘She Said She Said’ or Paul’s ‘me I’m just the lucky kind’ in ‘Things We Said Today’,
Note:L EQUIVALENTW URLETTO STRUMENTALE

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Nowadays happiness makes people uneasy.
Note:OGGI È CAMBIATO

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The Beatles were war babies,
Note:NATI SOTTO LE BOMBE

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to make them forget their daily troubles,
Note:LA MUSICA DEI GENITORI

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providing ecstasy in three-minute hits.

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LA LORO...PUR SAPENDO CHE LA VITA È DURA

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we’ve become more blasé.
Note:CON LA VVANTO DI ABBONDANZA E TORPORE

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Nobody uses the word ‘happy’ in connection with pop nowadays
Note:DI FATTO

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unique balance between sophistication and simplicity.
Note:STUDIO 2 DI ABBEY ROAD DAL GIUGNO 63 AL MARZO 67…DA SHE LOVES YOU A GETTING BETTER

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How could the word ‘catchiness’ possibly do justice to their achievements?
Note:LA DOMANDA DI CHI HA LETTO IL PEZZO

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a hit record’s emotional stickiness arises from the uniqueness of a particular performance.
Note:L HO SCOPERTO ASCOLTANDO I SESSION MAN PIÙ FAMOSI

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‘It’s very difficult to capture,’
Note:LA LINEA DI BASSO DI THE BOOTS

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They think greatness in pop is all about soul and inspiration and having your heart in the right place.
Note:L ERRORE DEI ROCKER

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It’s about the tiny details that, in the words of a musician interviewed in the documentary, ‘make the tune pop’.
Note:L ALTERNATIVA....QUI I B ERANO MAESTRI

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we in our ignorance summarize under the word ‘production’ –
Note:UNA PAROLA

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these musicians used the word ‘pop’ it was as a verb, not a noun.
Note:TRUCCO

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IT’S ALL ABOUT THE DRUMMER
Note:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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another drummer was already in there,
Note:QUANDO RINGO ARRIVÒ A ABBEY ROAD

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Andy White,
Note:L INTRUSO

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when a new group got into the studio for the first time it was the drummer who let them down.
Note:GEORGE MARTIN LA SAPEVA LUNGA

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‘Love Me Do’,
Note:IL PEZZO DA FARE

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got the relationship between George Martin and Ringo Starr off to a shaky start, from which they never quite recovered.
Note:LA PRESENZA DELL ONTRUSO VOLUTO DA MARTIN

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drummers know where the beat is.
Note:IL CARDINE

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decides where the beat is.
Note:ANZI

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It won’t be anything you can persuade him about.
Note:COMANDA IL SUO CORPO

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he’ll be no more capable of changing it than he is of altering the way he walks,
Note:È LA SUA CAMMINATA

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musicians perform the music. Drummers are the music.
Note:DICIAMO COSÌ

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‘What do you call somebody who hangs around with musicians? A drummer’,
Note:BARZELLETTE E CULTURA DEL NN RISPETTO

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developing a repertoire of tricks and gimmicks
Note:NEGLI ANNI 70 SONO TORNATI ARICCHENDO IL KIT

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musical digression, the drum solo.
Note:NOVITÀ

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Great drumming is, like the internal combustion engine, something we only truly value when it’s not working.
Note:COME L ARBITRO

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even within the limitations of a rudimentary rock and roll style Ringo sends the blood coursing through the band’s veins
Note:CFR IL PRIMA E IL DOPO RINGO

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walking out during the White Album sessions in the summer of 1968
Note:L ULTIMO AD ARRIVARE E IL PRIMO AD ANDARSENE...NN SI SENTIVA VALORIZZATO

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he never did anything to draw attention to himself.
Note:UN PO È ANCHE COLPA SUA...FACEVA PARTE DEL SUO STILE

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realize how empty and flashy all that jazz-rock and progressive soloing was
Note:ECCO QUANDO ABBIAMO REALIZZATO CHE UN TIPO QUADRATO COME RINGO ERA UNA BENEDIZ

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He revolutionized rock drumming by eschewing the chopsticks grip which people like the Shadows’ Tony Meehan had inherited from big band players like Gene Krupa
Note:IMPUGNATURA A MARTELLO

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He was born left-handed but his grandmother was superstitious
Note:UN DESTRO FORZATO

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This is the reason why no other drummer can imitate what he does on ‘Ticket To Ride’ from Help! or ‘Come Together’ from Abbey Road.
Note:UNICO

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rock has gone from simplicity to pointless elaboration and back to simplicity again.
Note:PARABOLA

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judging a guitar solo by how fast it’s played is like judging a novel by how quickly it was typed,
Note:IL VIRTUOSO

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best drummers are the ones who do something that you can’t replace with a machine.
Note:UN CRITERIO

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Smart opinion invariably gets pop music wrong, praising it for qualities that matter in other art forms and passing over the things that matter most in pop.
Note:GIUDICARE IL POP

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two great songwriters plus help, rather than the four-headed euphoria machine that they were.
Note:X QS TANTI GIUDIZI SBAGLIATI SUI B

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it is all essentially rhythm music.
Note:SIA IL ROCK CHE IL POP.....NO SOLO ASCOLTO

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‘beat music’,
Note:IL TERMINE GIUSTO

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it calls for a physical response,
Note:SPECIFICO

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dance fever or just tapping your fingers on the steering wheel.
Note:Ccccccccc

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the things that jazz and classical fans don’t like about beat music, the repetition and dumb simplicity, those are the very things that are best about it.
Note:PER QS CHE...

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Earl Palmer,
Note:L NVENTORE DEL DRUMMING ROCK

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imported the bass drum sound of the New Orleans parade band into the hits of Fats Domino and Little Richard.
Note:LA DINAMICA

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Hal Blaine, who provided the most dramatic three beats in popular music, the ones that introduce the Ronettes’ ‘Be My Baby’.
Note:ALTRO CAPOSTIPITE

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Richard Allen and Uriel Jones, who played that drum track on Marvin Gaye’s ‘I Heard It Through The Grapevine’,
Note:ALTRO MONUM

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play slightly behind the band so that you sound as if you’re reining them in rather than whipping them on.
Note:CHARLIE WATTS

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whose sound has been likened to a wardrobe full of bricks being tipped down a concrete staircase and has been sampled for use on a million hip hop records.
Note:BONHAM DEI LED ZEPPELIN

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the man who inspired the tune ‘Funky Drummer’.
Note:CLYDE STUBBLEFIELD

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replacing the drummer with a drum machine.
Note:GENTE COSÌ È DIFFICILE SENTIRLA ORA

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They are not relying on a mere human being to achieve that particular rhythmic state of grace
Note:OGGI TUTTO È ASSEMBLATO

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‘Come Together’ or Roxy Music’s ‘Love Is The Drug’.
Note:VECCHIA MANIERA

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Nothing speeds up or slows down,
Note:MANCA L UMANO

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It started in the mid-fifties and lasted until the early nineties.
Note:FINITA UN ERA

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I said that drummers were underrated. I never said they weren’t strange.
Note:SOTTOVALUTATI

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Who without Keith Moon are missing more than just a drummer.
Note:DIFFICILE RIMPIAZZARE UN DRUMMER

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The 2012 documentary about Status Quo provides the perfect demonstration
Note:CASE STUDY

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How else do you describe the way these four individuals just happen to lock together while thousands of other four-man groups, no more or less deserving, simply don’t? Rock is not an adjective. Like pop, it’s a verb.
Note:IL VERBO

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MANAGERS ARE THE REAL VICTIMS
Note:@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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the image of the archetypal manager.
Note:LO STEREOTIPO DI CHI PENSA AL POP

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an older, balder man with a cigar jammed in the corner of his mouth, cackling quietly to himself as he counts out the £50 notes he has swindled from the efforts of his saintly, otherworldly charges.
Note:ECCOLO

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thieves, philistines and charlatans.
Note:IL MANAGEE NEI FILM

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love of a band drew them into a Paul McGuinness–U2 relationship with the object of their affections.
Note:SPESSO

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I know people like to think of the manager as the one who sucks the blood from young necks. In my experience it’s quite often the opposite. Young bands understandably search out a manager who’s got the things they haven’t got – a job, a bank account, credit cards, transportation, clean linen, a family, a full fridge,
Note:RIBALTARE TUTTO

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the desire to spend as much time as possible playing music; the belief that this might put them in the way of lots of sex; and the urgent need to avoid having to do any of the things that the world traditionally requires of adults.
Note:LE TRE MOLLE CHE TI FANNO FORMARE VUNA BAND

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the person to whom they can devolve all the many things they find too tiresome
Note:CHI È IL MANAGER

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Brian Epstein
Note:UN CASO

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he wanted to be part of their success and he was in love with at least one of them.
Note:MOTIVAZIONI

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it was common for managers to be ditched as soon as they had negotiated the first deal
Note:LICENZIATI AL PRIMO GROSSO CONTRATTO

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the manager’s the first to blame.
Note:SE LA CARRIERA VA MALE

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If anything goes right, that’s down to their genius.
Note:MA NN È MAI VERO L OPPOSTO

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They don’t often get a second
Note:IL RR È SPIETATO CON LORO

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A HARD DAY’S NIGHT FIFTY YEARS ON
Note:@@@@@@@@@@@@

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There’s nothing in media and entertainment that can’t be ruined by more money and more time.
Note:TIRATO VIA....IL SUO BELLO

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they’re playing but also working and just enjoying being together.
Note:FELICI

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They exchange looks that say, right now we’re the luckiest people in the world.
Note:FORTUMA

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There was such outrageous vitality in their music at the time that it didn’t need overselling.
Note:VOTALITÀ SFACCIATA

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The uncanny perfection of ‘If I Fell’ and ‘I Should Have Known Better’
Note:I PEZZI PEZZO MIGLIORI

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When the cowbell came in on the middle eight of the title song I felt the screen was about to burst with joy.
Note:APICE

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LPs were usually for Christmas
Note:NN ERANO CENTRALI NEL POP

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Righteous Brothers’ ‘You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’’, the Kinks’ ‘Tired Of Waiting For You’, the Byrds’ ‘Mr Tambourine Man’, the Walker Brothers’ ‘Make It Easy On Yourself’ and Sonny & Cher’s ‘I Got You Babe’ alongside three from the Rolling Stones, including ‘(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction’, and two from the Beatles, both from the soundtrack of Help!,
Note:1965 ANNO MIRABILIS X I 45

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Bob Dylan’s ‘Like A Rolling Stone’, the Who’s ‘My Generation’, the Beach Boys’ ‘Help Me, Rhonda’ and the Four Tops’ ‘I Can’t Help Myself’.
Note:SEMPRE QUELL ANNO

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Wilson Pickett’s ‘In The Midnight Hour’, James Brown’s ‘Papa’s Got A Brand New Bag’ and Otis Redding’s ‘Respect’.
Note:ANCORA

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from the story songs of Bob Dylan to the droning rock of the Kinks, from the bass-heavy Southern funk of Otis Redding to the Chelsea swagger of the Rolling Stones.
Note:INFLUENZE DI RUBBER...A LORO VOLTA INFLUENZATE DAI BEATLES

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it was possible to make long-players that were every bit as taut and compelling as singles.
Note:COSA VOLEVANO DIMOSTRARE

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the middle eight of ‘Norwegian Wood’, which was John’s song, came from Paul; similarly the middle eight of ‘Michelle’, which was predominantly Paul’s, was provided by John.
Note:MX COMPOSER

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McCartney would redo George’s guitar parts if he didn’t think he was playing them well enough.
Note:I VECCHI E LE BURBE

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harmonizing the ‘la-la-la’s on ‘You Won’t See Me’
Note:ARMONIZZAZIONI

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lascivious inhalation after the title of ‘Girl’
Note:SOSPIRONE

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the cod-French of ‘Michelle’
Note:ASSURDO

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‘Day Tripper’ backed with ‘We Can Work It Out’.
Note:IL GRANDE SINGOLO CHE CHIUSE LA STAGIONE

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Obviously everybody thinks the music made when they were fifteen was the best music of all. It’s not my fault that I happen to be right.

KEYNES VIENE DOPO…

KEYNES VIENE DOPO…
Perché il lungo periodo conta più del breve? Perché Keynes va insegnato dopo i neoclassici (e solo se avanza tempo)?
1) I problemi di lungo periodo sono straordinariamente importanti per il benessere dell’uomo. Esempio: nel 1900 il Giappone aveva meno della metà del reddito pro capite dell'Argentina. Ora il Giappone ha più del doppio delle entrate dell'Argentina. Sarebbe stato possibile se si fosse concentrato sul breve periodo?
2) La macroeconomia classica è più connessa con la micro. E’ sempre meglio fornire un quadro coerente e poi soffermarsi sulle eccezioni.
3) Le fluttuazioni di breve periodo sono più complesse della crescita di lungo periodo. Meglio andare dal semplice al complicato.

4) La teoria macroeconomica di breve periodo è più controversa rispetto alla teoria macroeconomica di lungo periodo. Meglio andare dal consenso al dissenso.

https://www.econlib.org/mankiw-on-teaching-economics/

HL 11 The Genomics of Race and Identity

11   The Genomics of Race and Identity
Note:11@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Fear of Biological Difference
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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the history of mixture of West Africans and Europeans in the Americas would make it possible to find risk factors that contribute to health disparities for diseases like prostate cancer, which occurs at about a rate 1.7 times higher in African Americans than in European Americans.
Note:AUSPICI DI CARRIERA

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dietary and environmental differences
Note:FATTORI INUTILI

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I set up a molecular biology laboratory to identify mutations that differed in frequency between West Africans and Europeans.
Note:STRUMENT

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prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, late-stage kidney disease, multiple sclerosis, low white blood cell count, and type 2 diabetes.
Note:ORIGINE GENETICA PARTICOLARE

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I was angrily questioned by an anthropologist in the audience, who believed that by studying “West African” or “European” segments of DNA to understand biological differences between groups, I was flirting with racism.
Note:L ESITO DELLA RICERCA VS CANCRO

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refer to the populations from which African Americans descend as “cluster A” and “cluster B.”
Note:TRUCCO....X EVITARE LE ACCUSE

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it would be dishonest to disguise the model
Note:MA

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the danger of work exploring biological differences among human populations.
Note:È UNA PREOCCUPAZIONE CHE ESISYE

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Ashley Montagu wrote Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,
Note:1942…UN CLASSICO

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race is a social concept and has no biological reality,
Note:TESI

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lack of substantial biological differences among human populations.
Note:1972…ATTEGGIAMENTO CORRETTO

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Richard Lewontin
Note:SOPRA

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study of variation in protein types in blood.
Note:LO STUDIO DI BASE X QS AFFERMAZIONE

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85 percent of variation in the protein types could be accounted for by variation within populations and “races,” and only 15 percent by variation across them.
Note:L ESITO DELLO STUDIO DI LEWOTIN...DA QUI LE CONCLUSIONI

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Human racial classification is of no social value and is positively destructive of social and human relations.
Note:RIPETIAMO LA CONCLUSIONE DI LEWOTIN...NUOVA ORTODOSSIA

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such racial classification is now seen
Note:MA

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orthodoxy that the biological differences among human populations are so modest that they should in practice be ignored—and
Note:LA NUOVA ORTO

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study of biological differences among populations should be avoided if at all possible.
Note:NN SOLO

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They see this work as located on a slippery slope
Note:PERICOLO

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political scientist Jacqueline Stevens
Note:SOTTO

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research and even emails discussing biological differences across populations should be banned,
Note:LA PROPOSTA

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prohibiting its staff or grantees…from publishing in any form—including internal documents and citations to other studies—claims
Note:ANCHE LE EMAIL

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The Language of Ancestry
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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making it impossible to maintain the orthodoxy established over the last half century, as they are revealing hard evidence of substantial differences across populations.
Note:I NUOVI STUDI

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Marc Feldman and his colleagues showed that by studying enough places in the genome—they analyzed 377 variable positions—it is possible to group most people in a worldwide population sample into clusters that correlate strongly to popular categories of race in the United States: “African,” “European,” “East Asian,” “Oceanian,” or “Native American.”
Note:LA PRIMA BOTTA NEL 2002

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Svante Pääbo,
Note:ALTR PROT DELLA RICERCA

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director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,

Note | Location: 4,391

FONDATO NEL 1997

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human population structure could be more like the anthropologist Frank Livingston’s suggestion that “there are no races, there are only clines”—a
Note:MISSIONE...VERIFICARE SE L APPROCCIO LIVING PUÒ ESSERE VALIDO...SI TENTA DI VERIFICARE IL LAVORO DI FELDMAN CHE PASSA PERÓ IL VAGLIO

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Another flurry of discussion followed a 2003 paper led by Neil Risch, who argued that racial grouping is useful in medical research,
Note:ALTO TEMA

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examples like sickle cell disease, which occurs far more often in African Americans than in other populations
Note:IL CASO CHE MISE IN SOSPETTO

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BiDil, a combination of two medications approved to treat heart failure in African Americans because data suggested it was more effective in African Americans than in European Americans.
Note:LA FDA

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focusing on methods to determine population origin not just of our ancestors but also of individual segments of our genomes.
Note:QUI ENTRA IL LAVORO DI REICH

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anthropologist Duana Fullwiley
Note:SOTT

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genetics community has invented a set of euphemisms to discuss topics that had become taboo.
Note:EUFEMISMI

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It is now undeniable that there are nontrivial average genetic differences across populations in multiple traits, and the race vocabulary is too ill-defined and too loaded with historical baggage to be helpful.
Note:UNA POSSIBILE POSIZIONE

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On the one side there are beliefs about the nature of the differences that are grounded in bigotry and have little basis in reality. On the other side there is the idea that any biological differences among populations are so modest that as a matter of social policy they can be ignored and papered over.
Note:PASARE TRA SCILLA E CARIDDI

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Real Biological Difference
Note:Ttttttttttttr

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people who deny the possibility of substantial biological differences among populations across a range of traits are digging themselves into an indefensible position,
Note:UNA PAURA CONTROPRODUCENTE DEL RAZZISMO

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In the last couple of decades, most population geneticists have sought to avoid contradicting the orthodoxy.
Note:SFORZO INANE OGGI SENZA SENSO

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we have tended to obfuscate, making mathematical statements in the spirit of Richard Lewontin
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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this carefully worded formulation is deliberately masking the possibility of substantial average differences in biological traits across populations.
Note:IPOCRISIA

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Compared to most academics, the politics of genome bloggers tend to the right—Razib Khan17 and Dienekes Pontikos18 post on findings of average differences across populations
Note:APPARENZA FISICA E VIGORIA ATLETICA

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the academics are not honoring the spirit of scientific truth-seeking.
Note:L ORIGINE DEI MOLTI BLOGGER

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pleasure in pointing out contradictions between the politically correct messages academics often give
Note:IL GODIMENTO DEI BLOGGER

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We cannot deny the existence of substantial average genetic differences across populations, not just in traits such as skin color, but also in bodily dimensions, the ability to efficiently digest starch or milk sugar, the ability to breathe easily at high altitudes, and susceptibility to particular diseases. These differences are just the beginning.
Note:ESEMPI DI DIFFERENZE APPURATE....E ALTRE NE ARRIVERANNO

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existence of subtler, average differences in traits
Note:A PRESCINDERE DALLE VARIAZIONI INTERNE ALA POPOLAZ

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Joseph L. Graves Jr.
Note:HA FORMULATO UN OBIEZIONE: SOLO I TRATTI CHE DIPENDONO DA POCHI GENI SI DIFFERENZIANO...LA PELLE È UN ESEMPIO

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if natural selection has exerted different pressures on two populations since they separated, traits influenced by many mutations are just as capable of achieving large average differences across populations as traits influenced by few mutations.
Note:A GRAVES HA TORTO

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The best example we currently have of a trait governed by many mutations is height.
Note:UN CASO CANONICO PER CONFUTARE GRAVES

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height is determined by thousands of variable positions across the genome.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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Joel Hirschhorn
Note:2012 SOPRA

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shorter average height in southern Europeans compared to northern Europeans.
Note:ES

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Jonathan Pritchard
Note:SOTTO

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increase in average infant head size
Note:TRATTO CAMBIATO GENETICAMENTE NEGLI ULTIMI 2000 ANNI IN GB

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genetic influence on bodily dimensions is one thing, but that cognitive and behavioral traits are another.
Note:ALTRA OB

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the information on the number of years of education
Note:PRESI DA CHI COMPILA I MODULI X TEST GENETII DI NATURA MEDICA

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Daniel Benjamin
Note:SOPRA SOTTO

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seventy-four genetic variations each of which has overwhelming evidence of being more common in people with more years of education
Note:LA SCOPERTA

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even after controlling for such possibly confounding factors as heterogeneity
Note:ccccccccx

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the power of genetics to predict number of years of education is far from trivial,
Note:SCOPERTA

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the probability of completing twelve years of education is 96 percent for the twentieth of people with the highest prediction compared to 37 percent for the lowest.
Note:IL PREDITTORE GENETICO COSTRUITO

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A study of more than one hundred thousand Icelanders showed that the variations also increase the age at which a woman has her first child,
Note:ALTRO PREDITORE GENETIC

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nudging people to defer having children, which makes it easier for them to complete their education.
Note:L EFFETTO POTREBBE ESSERE INDIRETTO

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older people in Iceland are systematically different from younger people in having a higher genetically predicted number of years of education.
Note:SELEZIONE A FAVORE DI CHI STUDIA MENO

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Augustine Kong,
Note:SOPRA

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changed within a century in a single population under the pressure of natural selection,
Note:A GRAN VELOCITÀ

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found mutations in more than twenty genes that were significantly predictive of performance on intelligence tests.
Note:SEMPRE LO STUDIO DI BENJAMIN

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even if such differences exist, they will be small.
Note:L ULTIMA DIFESA

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little time has passed since the separation of populations
Note:ARGOMENTO COLLATERALE

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But this argument doesn’t hold up either.
Note:SENTENZA

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is far from negligible on the time scale of human evolution.
Note:LA SEPARAZIONE DEI POPOLI

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If selection on height and infant head circumference can occur within a couple of thousand years,
Note:2000/ ANNI BASTANO

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Even if we do not yet know what the differences are, we should prepare our science and our society to be able to deal with the reality of differences
Note:UN LAVORO PREPARATORIO

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The approach of staying mum,
Note:APPROCCIO CHE LO SCIENZIATO NN PUÒ XMETTERSI

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we will leave a vacuum that will be filled by pseudoscience,
Note:L INCONVENIENTE

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The Genome Revolution’s Insight
Note:Ttttttttttttt COSA INTENDERE X RAZZA

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pointing to immutable categories such as “East Asians,” “Caucasians,” “West Africans,” “Native Americans,” and “Australasians,” with each group having been separated and unmixed for tens of thousands of years.
Note:ANCORA NEL 2012

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Marc Feldman produced clusters that corresponded relatively well to these categories,
Note:2002

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humans expanding out of Africa and the Near East after around fifty thousand years ago left descendant populations along the way, which in turn budded off their own descendant populations, with the present-day inhabitants of each region being descended directly from the modern humans who first arrived.
Note:IL ILENIA DELLO FELDMAN

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after being established, human populations hardly mixed with each other.
Note:CARATTERISTICA

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the present-day structure of populations does not reflect the one that existed many thousands of years ago.
Note:OGGI È CERTO...IL MODELLO FELDMAN NN REGGE

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the current populations of the world are mixtures of highly divergent populations that no longer exist in unmixed form—for
Note:CHI SIAMO

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Ancient North Eurasians,
Note:TIPICA POPOLAZIONE CHE SI È DILUITA IN EU E AMERICA

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descendants of the populations that lived in the same locations ten thousand years ago.
Note:CHI NN SIAMO

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nature of human population differences will correspond to racial stereotypes.
Note:RAZZE SÌ MA NN STEREOTIPATE

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we should distrust the instincts that we have about biological differences.
Note:CONSIGLIO

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person who has most recently made a prominent argument that there is a genetic basis to stereotypes about differences across human populations
Note:ACCUSA A NOCHOLAS WADE

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suggesting that a politically correct alliance of anthropologists and geneticists has banded together to suppress the truth
Note:COMPLOTTI IMMAGINARI

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an academic community trying to enforce an implausible orthodoxy.
Note:QUESTO È VERO...CARO WADE

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idea that not only are there substantial differences, but that they likely correspond to traditional racial stereotypes,
Note:MA L AGGIUNTA CHE FAI È FALSA

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combines compelling content with parts that are entirely speculative, presenting everything with the same authority
Note:LIBRI INSIDIOSI

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Gregory Cochran, Jason Hardy, and Henry Harpending
Note:SOTTO

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the high average intelligence quotient (IQ) of Ashkenazi Jews (more than one standard deviation above the world average), and their disproportionate share of Nobel Prizes (about one hundred times the world average), might reflect natural selection due to a millennium-long history in which Jewish populations practiced moneylending, a profession that required writing and calculation.
Note:ESEMPIO DI SPECULAZIONE

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Saharan African ancestry have no propensity to work when they don’t have to—“I’ve never seen anyone with a hobby in Africa,”
Note:SPECULAZIONE DI HENRY HARPENDING

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economist Gregory Clark suggesting that the reason the Industrial Revolution took off in Britain before it did elsewhere was the relatively high birth rate among wealthy people in Britain for the preceding five centuries compared to less wealthy people.
Note:ALTRA SPECULAZ

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Wade is suggesting that popular racist ideas about the differences that exist among populations have something to them.
Note:L ERRORE DI WADE

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James Watson, who in 1953 codiscovered the structure of DNA. Watson had until a few years earlier been the director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Note:ALTRO PERSONAGGIO

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the laboratory was the epicenter of the eugenics movement
Note:IL GUAIO CPN W

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lobbying for legislation that was passed in many states to sterilize people considered to be defective and to combat a perceived degradation of the gene pool.
Note:Cccccccccccccccc

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he was “inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa,” adding that “[all] our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours—whereas
Note:INTERVOSTA AL SUNDAY TIME

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He then said that Jews and Indian Brahmins were both high achievers because of genetic advantages
Note:ALTRA IPO DI W AZZARDAYA

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Indians in his experience were also servile, much like he thought they had been under British colonialism, and he speculated that this trait had come about because of selection under the caste system.
Note:ALTRA IPO MOLTO AZZARDAYA

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East Asian students tended to be conformist,
Note:ALTRA

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His obstreperousness may have been important to his success as a scientist. But now as an eighty-two-year-old man, his intellectual rigor was gone, and what remained was a willingness to vent his gut impressions
Note:UNA SPIEGAZ DI W

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we should take the cautionary lesson not to trust our gut instincts or the stereotyped expectations we find around us.
Note:LA LEZIONE

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the extreme overrepresentation of people of West African ancestry among elite sprinters.
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI COSA SAPPIAMO

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how should we prepare for the likelihood that in the coming years, genetic studies will show that behavioral or cognitive traits are influenced by genetic variation,
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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deny categorically that differences can exist
Note:LA STRATEGIA PIÚ SBAGLIATA

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tempting, in the wake of the genome revolution, to settle on a new comforting platitude, invoking the history of repeated admixture in the human past
Note:ALTRO VICOLO CIECO

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we would find that many of the population lineages contributing to them have been isolated from each other for long enough that there has been ample opportunity for substantial average biological differences
Note:INFATTI

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to realize that their existence should not affect the way we conduct ourselves.
Note:IL MDO GOUSTO...DIRITTI

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it is also important to keep in mind that there is a great diversity of human traits, including not just cognitive and behavioral traits,
Note:IN AGGIUNTA...COMPENSAZIONI GENETICHE

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For most traits, hard work and the right environment are sufficient to allow someone with a lower genetically predicted performance
Note:LA COMPENSAZIONE DELLA LIBERTÀ

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learn from the example of the biological differences that exist between males and females.
Note:LA VIA MAESTRA

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differences between the sexes are in fact more profound
Note:INFATTI

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Today we aspire both to recognize that biological differences exist and to accord everyone the same freedoms and opportunities regardless
Note:L ATTEGGIAMENTO

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A New Basis for Identity
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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the power of the genome revolution for undermining old stereotypes
Note:LA MISSIONE

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The Nazi ideology of a “pure” Indo-European-speaking Aryan race with deep roots in Germany,
Note:ESEMPIO DI CREDENZA DISTRUTTA...

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came from a mass migration from the Russian steppe, a place that German nationalists would have despised as a source.
Note:ORIGINE DELLE POP TEDESCHE

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The Hindutva ideology that there was no major contribution to Indian culture from migrants from outside South Asia
Note:ALTRA CREDENZA DISTRUTTA

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multiple waves of mass migration from Iran and the Eurasian steppe within the last five thousand years.

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REALE ORIGINE

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Tutsis in Rwanda and Burundi have ancestry from West Eurasian farmers that Hutus do not—an
Note:ALTRA CREDENZA NONSENSE

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Alex Haley’s
Note:KUNTA KINTE E LA XDIRA DELLE RADICI...VEDI SOTTO

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Harvard professor of literature Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Note:SOTTO

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the potential of genetic studies to recover lost roots for African Americans.
Note:ALTRA MISSIONE

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A new industry, “personal ancestry testing,” has sprung up to capitalize on the potential of the genome revolution
Note:IN FUTURO

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They also used genetic tests to determine not only the continents on which people’s ancestors lived, but also the regions within continents.
Note:NEL PROG TELEVISIVO DI GATES

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The geneticist Rick Kittles,
Note:FONDATORE DELLA AFRICAN ANXESTRY...SOTTO

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“My female line goes back to northern Nigeria, the land of the Hausa tribe. I then went to Nigeria and talked to people and learned about the Hausa’s culture and tradition.
Note:ES DI RECUPERO DELLE RADICI

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the extraordinary human diversity that exists
Note:DI QS DOBBIAMO ESSERE CONSCI

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Every year on the holiday of Passover, Jews sit around the dinner table and recount the story of the Exodus from Egypt.
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI COME LE RADICI CONTANO

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The story allows Jews to think of those millions of coreligionists as direct relations—and to treat them with equal respect and seriousness
Note:COSA ESALTA LA STORIA DELL ESODO

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For me, the multitude of interconnected populations that have contributed to each of our genomes provide a similar narrative
ANALOGIA CON LA POP MONDIALE...CHI STUDIA LA GENETICA DELLE POP