Chapter 3 Bach’s Cantata on the Destruction of Jerusalem
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            anonymous sixteenth-century painting now known by the title Gesetz und Gnade (“law and grace”)
                
Note:NELLA CHIESA DI LIPSIA DOVE B LAVORÒ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NELLA CHIESA DI LIPSIA DOVE B LAVORÒ
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            a powerful series of theologically conventional contrasts of type with antitype.
                
Note:OGGETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OGGETTO
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            Moses is shown on his knees at the edge of a precipice, receiving stone tablets—the law
                
Note:SULL ESTREMA SINISTRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SULL ESTREMA SINISTRA
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            Mary, with wavy blond hair, is shown receiving a cross-bearing baby Jesus
                
Note:A DESTRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:A DESTRA
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            Adam and Eve break God’s law
                
Note:IN ALTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN ALTO
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            Jesus, with heavenly rays beaming from his head, suffers on the cross (a sort of tree) and is shown conquering death.
                
Note:IN BASSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN BASSO
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            serpent amid exodus encampments of the Hebrew
                
Note:IN ALTO A DS
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN ALTO A DS
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            a large church of Christian worship amid the established city of God,
                
Note:IN BASSO A SIN
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN BASSO A SIN
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            on the left, a neatly long-bearded, fancy-headdress-bearing, unidentified prophet, richly clad in red;
                
Note:SULL SFONDO TRE FIGURE...PRIMA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SULL SFONDO TRE FIGURE...PRIMA
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            nimbus-bearing John the Baptist, poorly clad in red;
                
Note:SECONDA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDA
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            a seminaked man.
                
Note:LA TERZA IN MEZZO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA TERZA IN MEZZO
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            man without grace”).
                
Note:ISCRIZIONE SOTTO IL PROFETA BARBUTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ISCRIZIONE SOTTO IL PROFETA BARBUTO
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            proclaimer of Christ”).
                
Note:ISCRIZIONE SOTTO IL BATTISTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ISCRIZIONE SOTTO IL BATTISTA
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            The picture appears to show humanity per se presented with a Hercules-like choice between the virtues of redemption and life on the one hand and the vices of sin
                
Note:L ALLEGORIA...IL PROFETA È IL VECCHIO CHE RIFIUTA UN NUOVO PATTO CON DIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L ALLEGORIA...IL PROFETA È IL VECCHIO CHE RIFIUTA UN NUOVO PATTO CON DIO
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            an extraordinary tree; its right side teems with foliage, while its left side is completely withered.
                
Note:DAVANTI A TUTTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DAVANTI A TUTTO
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            following inscriptions: at the left, Moses mit dem Gesetz. / Der Sünder. / Propheten (“Moses with the law. / The sinner. / Prophets”); and at the right, Unsere Rechtfertigung. / … Anzeiger Christi (“our justification. / … proclaimer of Christ”).
                
Note:SOGGETTO COMUNE...QUADRO SIMILE NELL ALTRA CHIESA DI LIPSIA DOVE B LAVORÓ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SOGGETTO COMUNE...QUADRO SIMILE NELL ALTRA CHIESA DI LIPSIA DOVE B LAVORÓ
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            judgment about the progress made in moving narratively from the historical failings of an old Israel under the law
                
Note:L ALLEGORIA DI QS QUADRI È CHIARA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L ALLEGORIA DI QS QUADRI È CHIARA
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            the triumphs made possible for a new Israel grounded in faith through God’s grace.
                
Note:LA META
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA META
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            law is considered “good” only insofar as it is a necessary step leading forward to the inclusion of the grace
                
Note:LA BONTÀ RELATIVA DELLA LEGGE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA BONTÀ RELATIVA DELLA LEGGE
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            Thesis
                
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            Schauet doch und sehet, ob irgendein Schmerz sei wie mein Schmerz (BWV 46),
                
Note:OGGETTO ANALISI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OGGETTO ANALISI
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            contrasts between the first three and the last three of its six movements.
                
Note:CARATTWRISTICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CARATTWRISTICA
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            Bach’s musical setting of Cantata 46 projects a theological anti-Judaism similar to that of the St. Thomas and St. Nicholas law-and-grace paintings
                
Note:TESI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TESI
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            a response to a highly emotional and, in my view, alarmingly ill-informed 1998 academic conference discussion
                
Note:UNA RISPSTA AI TEOLOGI CHE SCAGIONAVANO BACH
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UNA RISPSTA AI TEOLOGI CHE SCAGIONAVANO BACH
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            the Tenth Sunday after Trinity was the one time in the Lutheran church year when the liturgy focused specifically on the matter of historical and spiritual “Israel,”
                
Note:IL GIORNO PRESCELTO x LA CANTATA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL GIORNO PRESCELTO x LA CANTATA
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            “Did Bach personally espouse anti-Jewish contempt?”
                
Note:QUI LA BIOGRAFIA NN C ENTRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:QUI LA BIOGRAFIA NN C ENTRA
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            “What does Bach’s church cantata mean?”
                
Note:QUELO CHE CI INTERESSA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:QUELO CHE CI INTERESSA
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            Lucan and Josephan Background for Bach’s Cantata 46
                
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            Luke 19:41–48,
                
Note:IL VANGWLO DELLA DOMENICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL VANGWLO DELLA DOMENICA
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            Jesus is depicted weeping over the future destruction of Jerusalem and driving merchants out of the Temple.
                
Note:MERCANTI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MERCANTI
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            Temple were indeed destroyed by the Romans in the first century,
                
Note:STORIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:STORIA
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            it was widely agreed that this represented God’s punishment
                
Note:PRESSO I CRISTIANI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRESSO I CRISTIANI
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            sternly warning the Lutheran parishioners of their own similar sinfulness and possible similar punishment.
                
Note:IL FUOCO DELLA CANTATA SULL AVVISO DI LUTERO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL FUOCO DELLA CANTATA SULL AVVISO DI LUTERO
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            General Theological Background for Bach’s Cantata 46
                
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            Bach owned a large number of books on religion and theology,20 and his various biblical commentaries,
                
Note:MOLTO UTILI A COMPRENDERE LA SUA MUSICA LITURGICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MOLTO UTILI A COMPRENDERE LA SUA MUSICA LITURGICA
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            For just as the Jews want neither to see nor hear his Word, God therefore subsequently wants also neither to see nor hear their shouting,
                
Note:LE DURE PAROLE DI LUTERO SULL EVENTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LE DURE PAROLE DI LUTERO SULL EVENTO
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            Heinrich Müller, a seventeenth-century Lutheran
                
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO DI PREDICHE DELLA DCIMA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO DI PREDICHE DELLA DCIMA
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            Since, however, even there they did not want [to repent], they subsequently no longer found mercy.
                
Note:EBREI CONDANNATI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:EBREI CONDANNATI
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            Johann Olearius, another seventeenth-century Lutheran theologian,
                
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO
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            God warns: render yourself open to repentance, or else God will punish;
                
Note:OLEARIUS
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OLEARIUS
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            The Libretto from Bach’s Cantata 46 and Its Specific Theological, Biblical, and Liturgical Contexts
                
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            authorship is unknown,
                
Note:LIBRETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LIBRETTO
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            a musical counterpart to the Bugenhagen-Josephus vespers reading of the destruction of Jerusalem;
                
Note:PRIMA PARTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMA PARTE
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            spiritual application of the story to the daily lives of his listeners.
                
Note:LA SECONDA PARTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA SECONDA PARTE
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            The choral lines of the first movement are a massive, motet-style, canonic (that is, “law”-like) prelude-and-fugue
                
Note:PRIMA PARTE OLD STYLE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMA PARTE OLD STYLE
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            The last movement is a typical four-part Lutheran chorale harmonization, with extremely atypical short instrumental interludes,
                
Note:SECONDA PARTE NEW STYLE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDA PARTE NEW STYLE
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            Much like the particular way in which the pairs in the Leipzig church paintings are juxtaposed,
                
Note:ANALOGIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANALOGIA
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            the texts of the internal recitative and aria pairs
                
Note:PRIMO OGGETTO DI ANALISI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMO OGGETTO DI ANALISI
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            The first recitative and aria narratively address Old Jerusalem
                
Note:IL PRIMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL PRIMO
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            the second pair then addresses only the church.
                
Note:SECONDO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDO
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            libretto contains a remarkable number of key expressions also found in a printed sermon by Heinrich Müller
                
Note:SERMONE GUIDA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SERMONE GUIDA
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            the tenor recitative of Cantata 46 further echoes Müller, Luther, and other writers in Bach’s library by teaching not merely a critical but also a strongly contemptuous attitude toward the city
                
Note:IL DISPREZZO DEL TENORE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL DISPREZZO DEL TENORE
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            destruction of Jerusalem was a punishment from God
                
Note:PER MULLER È VVIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PER MULLER È VVIO
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            not in their stubbornness per se but in their not wanting to be otherwise.
                
Note:LA COLPA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA COLPA
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            From a passage Bach marked in his Calov Bible Commentary,
                
Note:SAPPIAMO CHE BACH CONOSCEVA LA TEOLIGIA DELKA CATASTROFE COME CASTIGO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SAPPIAMO CHE BACH CONOSCEVA LA TEOLIGIA DELKA CATASTROFE COME CASTIGO
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            the remaining Jews have to experience the same sort of thing for over 1600 years,
                
Note:SECONDO CALOV
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDO CALOV
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            Under Calov’s “1600,” Bach wrote “1700.”
                
Note:SECONDO BACH...ATTUALITÀ DEL CASTIGO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDO BACH...ATTUALITÀ DEL CASTIGO
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            What exactly constitutes Jerusalem’s sin
                
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            The Lutheran theologian Christoph Scheibler
                
Note:UNA VERSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UNA VERSIONE
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            Idolatry—this is the greatest sin for which the Lord has [ever] punished his people…
                
Note:ECCO LA COLPA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ECCO LA COLPA
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            sin than that the Messiah promised to them was sent, and yet they did not want to accept the same, rather [they wanted to] have him cut off and killed,
                
Note:MA C È DI PIÙ...DEICIDIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA C È DI PIÙ...DEICIDIO
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            not recognizing and being turned to Jesus.
                
Note:LA COLPA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA COLPA
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            Oh, better that you were utterly destroyed
                
Note:IL LIBRETTO DI BACH
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL LIBRETTO DI BACH
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            having the tenor recitative explicitly call the loss irreparable.
                
Note:LA CONDANNA DI BACH VA OLTRE LUTERO E DIVENTA ETERNA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA CONDANNA DI BACH VA OLTRE LUTERO E DIVENTA ETERNA
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            the first (586 BCE) or the second (70 CE),
                
Note:A QUALE DISTRUZIONE DEL TEMPIO CI SI RIFERISCE...POCO CHIARO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:A QUALE DISTRUZIONE DEL TEMPIO CI SI RIFERISCE...POCO CHIARO
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            “there has befallen the City of God an irreparable loss of the Most High’s favor.”
                
Note:LA CONSEGUENZA È CHIARA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA CONSEGUENZA È CHIARA
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            Old Jerusalem was right to lament its having lost God’s favor
                
Note:CONFERMATE MOLTE PROFEZIE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONFERMATE MOLTE PROFEZIE
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            The present-tense verbs in the last five lines of the recitative
                
Note:PUNITI ORA...GLI EBREI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PUNITI ORA...GLI EBREI
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            be read in “historical present tense,”
                
Note:LETTIRA PIÙ PROBABILE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LETTIRA PIÙ PROBABILE
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            Support for perhaps simply viewing the latter part of the recitative as narratively admonishing Jews of only the first century is weakened by several considerations
                
Note:L AMMONIMENTOVALE ANCHE ORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L AMMONIMENTOVALE ANCHE ORA
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            noting how frequently the descendants of Old Jerusalem who are not turned to Jesus are characterized as blasphemers in the theological literature
                
Note:NUMEROSI PRECEDENTI...NELLA STESSA BIBLIO DI B
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NUMEROSI PRECEDENTI...NELLA STESSA BIBLIO DI B
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            Judaism’s ongoing and ever-current rejection of Jesus.
                
Note:ATMOSFERA NEI TESTI LUTERANI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ATMOSFERA NEI TESTI LUTERANI
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            what does it mean to say that “God … breaks the staff in judgment”?
                
Note:E POI...SEMPRE NEL RECITATIVO...C È UN ALTRO PROBLEMA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:E POI...SEMPRE NEL RECITATIVO...C È UN ALTRO PROBLEMA
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            Commenting on 2 John 1:9, the Calov Bible
                
Note:MA SENTIAMO IL LUTERO LETTO DA BACH
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA SENTIAMO IL LUTERO LETTO DA BACH
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            [We Christians know] that [the Jews] still do not have the proper God, for they do not want to hear his Word,
                
Note:COMMENTO DI LUTERO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:COMMENTO DI LUTERO
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            and therefore the Jews, with their lying and blaspheming, lie to and blaspheme not us but God
                
Note:ANCORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCORA
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            “children of whoredom” the descendants who pursue the synagogue and the blaspheming of God,
                
Note:ANCORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCORA
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            Bach’s Cantata 46, too, appears to allege that those who are not now turned from the ways of the old to the new covenant are to be understood as utterly condemned,
                
Note:...E BACH SEGUE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:...E BACH SEGUE
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            not only temporally but also eternally,
                
Note:E SI VA OLTRE...I FIGLI DEI FIGLI DEI FIGLI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:E SI VA OLTRE...I FIGLI DEI FIGLI DEI FIGLI
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            by asserting that “God ‘breaks the staff’ in judgment,”
                
Note:DOVE SI SISTEMA ONCRETIZZA QUESTA ASPREZZA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DOVE SI SISTEMA ONCRETIZZA QUESTA ASPREZZA
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            appropriated from Zechariah 11:10 in Luther’s particular rendering:
                
Note:DA DOVE ORIGINA QUELL ESPRESSIONE DEL RECITATIVO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DA DOVE ORIGINA QUELL ESPRESSIONE DEL RECITATIVO
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            I took my staff Gentle, and broke it into pieces, that I would annul my covenant, which I had made with all of the peoples [of Judah and Israel.]
                
Note:PAROLE DI ZACCARIA...IL BASTONE ROTTO È LA ROTTURA DELL ALLEANZA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PAROLE DI ZACCARIA...IL BASTONE ROTTO È LA ROTTURA DELL ALLEANZA
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            Jews were punished by God in the year 70 and that this was not merely a temporary measure:
                
Note:ANCHE X MULLER LA COSA È CHIARA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCHE X MULLER LA COSA È CHIARA
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            Consider, for example, Scheibler,
                
Note:MOLTI ALTRI SI ACCODANO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MOLTI ALTRI SI ACCODANO
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            On Judgment Day [‘the Day of the Lord, following after this life, which is our day’]55 no tears will save you
                
Note:MULLER
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MULLER
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            Related ideas are also found in the Olearius Bible.
                
        
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            ALTRA FONTE DALLA BIBLIO
        
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            The notion that those who are not turned to the grace of Jesus shall be utterly condemned—that is, not only temporally but also eternally—is also expressed clearly and forcefully in several devotional and liturgical prayers
                
Note:ALTRE FONTI...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRE FONTI...
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            The Leipziger Kirchen-Staat provides the following prayer for the occasion:
                
Note:PREGHIERA DECIMA SETTIMANA A LIPSIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PREGHIERA DECIMA SETTIMANA A LIPSIA
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            the following collect for the Tenth Sunday after Trinity:
                
Note:SEMPRE A LIPSIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SEMPRE A LIPSIA
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            The contrast of an eternally cursed “old Zion” with an eternally blessed “new Zion”
                
Note:LA TIPICA ANTITESI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA TIPICA ANTITESI
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            from the hymn book listed in Bach’s library as the Wagneri Leipziger Gesangbuch:
                
Note:FONTE DELL ANTITESI...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FONTE DELL ANTITESI...
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            eternal condemnation for those who remain committed to Judaism was expressed altogether unambiguously in the Lutheran catechism,
                
Note:ALTRA FONTE X LA CONDANNA ETERNA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRA FONTE X LA CONDANNA ETERNA
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            Bach’s Musical Setting and Its Theological Import
                
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            opening chorus from Cantata 46
                
Note:OGGETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OGGETTO
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            powerful lament on the destruction of Jerusalem;
                
Note:LAMENTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LAMENTO
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            tonal centers far and wide,
                
Note:IL CENTRO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL CENTRO
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            it never leaves the minor modes.
                
Note:TUTTAVIA...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TUTTAVIA...
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            unsettling harmonies and chromaticisms abound while the choral lines move forward in canon,
                
Note:A UN CERTO PUNTO...TIPICO DI BACH QUANDO RINVIA ALLA LEGGE CHE SPROFONDA...IL CANONE E L EBREO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:A UN CERTO PUNTO...TIPICO DI BACH QUANDO RINVIA ALLA LEGGE CHE SPROFONDA...IL CANONE E L EBREO
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            For the Lord has made me full of distress on the day of his fierce wrath”),
                
Note:IL VERSO SUCCESSIVO...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL VERSO SUCCESSIVO...
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            tempo speeds up, and canon gives way to permutation
                
Note:RELATIVO COMMENTO MUSICALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:RELATIVO COMMENTO MUSICALE
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            the same melodic lines are continually shuffled among the various voices.
                
Note:ALTRO ESPEDIENTE BACHIANO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO ESPEDIENTE BACHIANO
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            What contributes thereafter to the relentlessness of this fugue is its almost complete lack of episodic material.
                
Note:UNA FUGA SPOGLIA...QUASI OTTISA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UNA FUGA SPOGLIA...QUASI OTTISA
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            and somewhat monotonously,
                
Note:Ccccccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:Ccccccccccc
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            a striking harmonic catabasis to the distant key of F minor.
                
Note:ALLA TERZA RIPRESA C È era NA FRATTURA TONALE DELLA LINEA DI HASSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALLA TERZA RIPRESA C È era NA FRATTURA TONALE DELLA LINEA DI HASSO
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            the harmonic breach of section 2, it seems then, acts as a sort of “destruction,”
                
Note:DISYRUZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DISYRUZIONE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,803
        
            reflecting the chorus’s biblical lines concerning the Lord’s fierce wrath
                
Note:EFFETTO DELLA COLLERA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:EFFETTO DELLA COLLERA
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,804
        
            musically highlights the charged import of the various expressions employed in its libretto.
                
Note:STRETTA CONNESSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:STRETTA CONNESSIONE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,806
        
            “an irreparable loss
                
Note:QUI UN PASSAGGIO TONALE SINGOLARE...SIAMO ALLA CADENZA NEL RECITATIVO DEL TENORE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:QUI UN PASSAGGIO TONALE SINGOLARE...SIAMO ALLA CADENZA NEL RECITATIVO DEL TENORE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,807
        
            striking leap of a minor tenth between the first and second words
                
Note:LE DUE PAROLE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LE DUE PAROLE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,807
        
            read before its revision in the original performing part as only a minor third.
                
Note:PRIMA DELLA REVISIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMA DELLA REVISIONE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,808
        
            “Gomorrah”
                
        
                Note | Location: 1,808
        
            ALTRE ASPRESSIONI DEL RECITATIVO
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,809
        
            “Christ’s enemy”
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,809
        
            “God … breaks the staff in judgment”
                
        
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,810
        
            linked by melodic tritone, the diabolus in musica
                
Note:DIABOLOUS IN MUSICA NWL MEXDIOEVO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DIABOLOUS IN MUSICA NWL MEXDIOEVO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,815
        
            “to condemn someone,”
                
Note:ROMPERE IL BASTONE SECONDO LA LESSICOGRAFIA DI KEITH SPALDING
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ROMPERE IL BASTONE SECONDO LA LESSICOGRAFIA DI KEITH SPALDING
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,815
        
            sentencing somebody to death,
                
Note:OVVERO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OVVERO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,816
        
            “final judgement has been pronounced.”
                
Note:OVVERO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OVVERO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,824
        
            On the whole, Bach’s tenor recitative in Cantata 46 is extraordinary, even for him.
                
Note:NEL COMPLESSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NEL COMPLESSO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,825
        
            a remarkable concentration of dominant and diminished-seventh chords.
                
Note:CONCENTRAZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONCENTRAZIONE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,826
        
            unusually disjunct vocal line accompanied by several continuo instruments
                
Note:ALTRA CARATTERISTICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRA CARATTERISTICA
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,828
        
            Bach’s musical setting of this recitative is no unwitting, straightforward, stereotyped, or conventional affair.
                
Note:CONCLUSIONE...TUTTO VOLUTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONCLUSIONE...TUTTO VOLUTO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,829
        
            There follows a ferocious aria
                
Note:MA IL PICCO NN È IL RECITATIVO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA IL PICCO NN È IL RECITATIVO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,830
        
            the singer declares to the city that its punishment was slow in coming,
                
Note:MALEDIZIONE...LENTA MA FOLGORANTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MALEDIZIONE...LENTA MA FOLGORANTE
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,831
        
            God was angry with the city for rejecting Jesus
                
Note:CONCETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONCETTO
                Yellow highlight | Location: 1,832
        
            God simmered before finally blowing up and using the Romans to destroy
                
LE MODALITÀ
                            
                    
                
            
        
LE MODALITÀ




