8 Fighting Solves Everything
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            Many kinds of fights are auctions of one sort or another, and vice versa.
                
Note:ASTA COME LOTTA... LA SIMILITUDINE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ASTA COME LOTTA... LA SIMILITUDINE
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            Legal representatives in England used to beat each other with these to resolve property disputes.
                
Note:USANZA INGLESE BATTERSI PER RISOLVERE LA DISPUTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:USANZA INGLESE BATTERSI PER RISOLVERE LA DISPUTA
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            trial by battle—
                
Note:IL NOME DELLA PRATICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL NOME DELLA PRATICA
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            their lawyers don’t fight to the death.
                
Note:OGGI IL RUOLO DELL AVVOCATO È DIFFERENTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OGGI IL RUOLO DELL AVVOCATO È DIFFERENTE
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            For over a century,
                
Note:DURATA DEL PROCESSO COMBATTESNTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DURATA DEL PROCESSO COMBATTESNTE
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            “champions,”
                
Note:I RAPPR
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:I RAPPR
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            The vanquished lost his cause and, if he were unlucky, his life.
                
Note:SORTE DEL XDENTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SORTE DEL XDENTE
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            1179,
                
Note:FINO A
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FINO A
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            one person challenged another’s claim to a piece of land by bringing a legal action called a “writ of right.”
                
        
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            LA PROCEDURA
        
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            A colorable claim was necessary
                
Note:LA RICHIESTA DOVEVA ESSERE ACCETTATA... NN ARBITRARIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA RICHIESTA DOVEVA ESSERE ACCETTATA... NN ARBITRARIA
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            there was no guarantee the crown would fulfill his request
                
        
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            These “screens” helped prevent bogus property challenges
                
Note:FILTRO... IMPERFETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FILTRO... IMPERFETTO
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            pretend to divine the identity of a disputed parcel’s true owner through judicial combat.
                
Note:CHE FARE IN MANCANZA DI ULTERIORI INFO?… OVVIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CHE FARE IN MANCANZA DI ULTERIORI INFO?… OVVIO
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            God favored the rightful disputant’s
                
        
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            If the court couldn’t establish
                
        
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            there should be a battle”
                
        
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            law permitted plaintiffs to hire champions,
                
Note:IN AFFITTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN AFFITTO
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            Eleventh- and twelfth-century arenas were makeshift; later ones were specially constructed for the purpose.
                
Note:L ARENA...PRIMA IMPRO... POI UN VERO SPETTACOLO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L ARENA...PRIMA IMPRO... POI UN VERO SPETTACOLO
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            killing his adversary or forcing him to cry “craven”—an act of submission.
                
Note:COME VINXE L ATTORE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:COME VINXE L ATTORE
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            pushing a stalemate until nightfall.
                
Note:UN RISULTATO IN PIÙ X L IMPUTATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UN RISULTATO IN PIÙ X L IMPUTATO
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            If he survived, he paid a £3 fine for perjury and “lost his law”:
                
Note:LO SCONFITTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LO SCONFITTO
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            these trial by battle fights were really just auctions
                
Note:TORNIAMO ALLA SIMILITUDINE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TORNIAMO ALLA SIMILITUDINE
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            “But that doesn’t make sense—because of the Coase theorem.”
                
Note:OBIEZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OBIEZIONE
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            if the cost of trading is low, trade between people will move property rights
                
Note:PERCHÈ NN COMMERCIARE ANZICHÈ SCANNARSI?
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PERCHÈ NN COMMERCIARE ANZICHÈ SCANNARSI?
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            if the cost of trading is low.
                
Note:CONDIZ NN SODDISFATTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONDIZ NN SODDISFATTA
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            cost of trading land in Norman England was very high,
                
Note:CASO SPECIFICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CASO SPECIFICO
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            “Why was it so hard to trade land
                
Note:DUBBIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DUBBIO
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            Because of feudalism.
                
Note:IL FEUDALESIMO LEGAVA LA PROP A MOLTI ALTRI DOVERI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL FEUDALESIMO LEGAVA LA PROP A MOLTI ALTRI DOVERI
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            in this system was both a tenant of some lord and a lord some tenant(s),
                
Note:SI POSSIEDE LA TERRA GRAZIE A UN GARANTE CGE CI PROTEGGE E A LUI SI DEBBONO SERVIZI DI OGNI SORTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SI POSSIEDE LA TERRA GRAZIE A UN GARANTE CGE CI PROTEGGE E A LUI SI DEBBONO SERVIZI DI OGNI SORTA
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            what one person did with his land could have major repercussions
                
Note:INCONVENIENTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INCONVENIENTE
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            Land sales could take two forms: “substitution,
                
Note:DUE TRASFERIMENTI ALTERNATIVI ALLA VENDITA TIPICI DEL MEDIOEVO...VENDITA QUOTE O SUBAFFITTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DUE TRASFERIMENTI ALTERNATIVI ALLA VENDITA TIPICI DEL MEDIOEVO...VENDITA QUOTE O SUBAFFITTO
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            and “subinfeudation,”
                
        
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            like selling a condo
                
Note:LA SOST. COME VENDITA DI QUOTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA SOST. COME VENDITA DI QUOTE
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            a tenant who subinfeudated his land sold some (or all) of it to a buyer but remained a tenant
                
Note:INFILTRAZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INFILTRAZIONE
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            sort of like subleasing an apartment.
                
        
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            threatened the interests of two feudal associates of would-be land sellers: their heirs and their lords.
                
Note:TOCCATI MOLTI INTERESSI DALLA VENDITA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TOCCATI MOLTI INTERESSI DALLA VENDITA
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            if the buyer was less competent
                
Note:LA PERSONA DELL ACQ NN È INDIFFERENRE... QUESTO CREA INTOPPI... RICHIEDE UN BENEPLACITO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA PERSONA DELL ACQ NN È INDIFFERENRE... QUESTO CREA INTOPPI... RICHIEDE UN BENEPLACITO
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            escheat: lords’ right, under certain circumstances, to their dead or legally indisposed tenants’ land.
                
Note:IN PIÙ... PRELAZIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN PIÙ... PRELAZIONE
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            A still bigger concern for lords was the possibility that a tenant might grant his land to a religious house,
                
Note:ALTRO PERICOLO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO PERICOLO
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            The only services they were obligated to provide were spiritual
                
Note:PRIVILEGI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIVILEGI
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            to get their heirs’ and lords’ consent
                
Note:RICHIESTO AMPIO CONSENSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:RICHIESTO AMPIO CONSENSO
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            “Multiple consents required
                
        
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            They made Anglo-Norman land rights sticky.
                
        
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            it was important for judges to assign disputed property
                
Note:MOLTE DISPUTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MOLTE DISPUTE
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            solution to this problem was trial by battle.
                
        
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            spending on champions
                
Note:L OFFERTA NELL ASTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L OFFERTA NELL ASTA
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            higher bid bought him a better champion.
                
        
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            champions developed reputations
                
        
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            William of Copeland,
                
Note:CAMPIONISSIMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CAMPIONISSIMO
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            Robert of Clopton,
                
        
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            higher prices.
                
        
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            abbot of Glastonbury, for example, paid thirteenth-century champion Henry of Fernberg £20
                
Note:L ABATE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L ABATE
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            In contrast to the medieval land market, the market for champions was fluid.
                
Note:MERCATI PARALLELI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MERCATI PARALLELI
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            purchasing several champions, especially the better ones, shrank the other litigant’s choices,
                
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA DEI DANAROSI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA DEI DANAROSI
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            Mary’s of York, Meaux hired seven champions “at great cost.”28 His goal: to “monopolise the market”
                
Note:SCOPO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SCOPO
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            Eustace is a more productive farmer than Osbert; he can make more money from the land, so he values it more.
                
Note:ALLOCAZIONE EFFICIENTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALLOCAZIONE EFFICIENTE
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            Trial by battle’s violent auction identifies the disputant who values the contested property more
                
Note:CHI OFFRE DI PIÙ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CHI OFFRE DI PIÙ
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            Medieval credit markets were far less developed than modern ones, and it’s unclear whether they made loans to legal contestants seeking champions.
                
Note:OFFRIRE A CREDITO?...UN ALTERNATIVA X TALENTUOSI SQUATTRINATI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:OFFRIRE A CREDITO?...UN ALTERNATIVA X TALENTUOSI SQUATTRINATI
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            “Battle seems to have been barred between people of widely differing status.”
                
        
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            CONDIZ NECESSARIA... SALVAGUARDIA DIRITTI INDIVIDUALI
        
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            I’m having trouble seeing why the legal system would use violent auctions
                
Note:XCHÈ LA VIOLENZA?
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:XCHÈ LA VIOLENZA?
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            why not just auction
                
        
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            To answer it, it’s useful to think about fraudulent lawsuits
                
Note:PROCESSI TAROCCHI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PROCESSI TAROCCHI
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            people who live in fear of being extorted by bogus legal claims won’t invest in their property,
                
Note:UN PROB DEI PROCESSI INAFFIDABILI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UN PROB DEI PROCESSI INAFFIDABILI
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            A central source of fraudulent lawsuits in an auction that allocates disputed property rights is the bids that litigants pay. Somebody gets those bids.
                
Note:BUSTARELLE... A CHI VANNO? QUANDO LA MAGISTRATURA È CORROTTA...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:BUSTARELLE... A CHI VANNO? QUANDO LA MAGISTRATURA È CORROTTA...
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            In a regular auction, if the bid collectors are judges, they might ignore the absence of basic evidence
                
Note:IL RISCHIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL RISCHIO
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            violent auctions could reduce the number of bogus claims relative to a regular auction
                
Note:FALSI MINIMIZZATI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FALSI MINIMIZZATI
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            an auction in which two contestants bid on a prize, both have to pay whatever they bid, and the winner, rather than always being the person who bids more, can sometimes be the person who bids less.
                
Note:IL TIPO DI ASTA DI CUI PARLIAMO.... BEN DIVERSA DA QUELLA INGLESE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL TIPO DI ASTA DI CUI PARLIAMO.... BEN DIVERSA DA QUELLA INGLESE
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            How much will the bid collector collect in this kind of auction? Less than he collects in the regular kind.
                
Note:IN CHE ASTA SI SPENDE MENO?
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN CHE ASTA SI SPENDE MENO?
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            contestant who values the prize less has no incentive to bid lower
                
Note:NELL INGLESE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NELL INGLESE
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            the contestant who values the prize less has an incentive to bid lower than his maximum.
                
Note:NELL ASTA DI GUERRA...SAPENDO CHE SI SPENDERÀ IN OGNI CASO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NELL ASTA DI GUERRA...SAPENDO CHE SI SPENDERÀ IN OGNI CASO
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            wins the prize probabilistically.
                
Note:IN PIÙ IL PREZZO È A RISCHIO...QUINDI SARÀ INF
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IN PIÙ IL PREZZO È A RISCHIO...QUINDI SARÀ INF
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            uncertainty reduces the benefit of making higher bids,
                
        
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            that’s the basic idea
                
        
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            which meant fewer fraudulent lawsuits.
                
        
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            If illegitimate land disputes had been rampant, hiring champions on retainer probably would’ve been too.
                
Note:EVIDENZA INDIRETTA SUPLLA SCARSA FRAUDOLENZA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:EVIDENZA INDIRETTA SUPLLA SCARSA FRAUDOLENZA
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            because the higher bidder doesn’t always win the auction, trial by battle also allocates the disputed property right to the wrong disputant sometimes.
                
Note:IMPERFEZIONE...TRADE OFF
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IMPERFEZIONE...TRADE OFF
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            At this point, both parties knew the trial’s likely outcome.
                
Note:PERCHÈ NN TRANSARE DOPO LA SCELTA DEI CAMPIONI? O CON LA SCELTA GIÀ DELINEATA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PERCHÈ NN TRANSARE DOPO LA SCELTA DEI CAMPIONI? O CON LA SCELTA GIÀ DELINEATA
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            They could save time and expense
                
        
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            in most cases, that’s exactly what they did.
                
        
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            “Determination of the issue by battle actually fought out . . . was . . . a rare exception, in the writ of right.”
                
Note:LA BATTAGLIA EFFETTIVA ERA QUASI UN ECCEZ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA BATTAGLIA EFFETTIVA ERA QUASI UN ECCEZ
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            after their champions entered the arena
                
Note:IL MOMENTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL MOMENTO
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            It doesn’t explain why a violent auction was used instead of a nonviolent one.
                
Note:DUBBIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DUBBIO
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            why not have disputants hire runners
                
        
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            you’re greatly exaggerating the human cost of trial by battle.
                
Note:NON ESAGERIAMO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NON ESAGERIAMO
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            Anglo-Norman legal system had rules that protected champions
                
        
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            The law required combat with far less lethal weapons,
                
        
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            Trial by battle’s “submission rule” limited combat-sustained damage further still.
                
Note:MI ARRENDO!!!
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MI ARRENDO!!!
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            Medieval Englishmen enjoyed watching champions fight
                
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