Chapter 1 On the Musically Theological in Bach’s Cantatas
        
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            J. S. Bach ought to be considered a purely artistic or also a religious figure.
                
Note:L OPZ CHE HA SCATENATO LA DIATRIBA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L OPZ CHE HA SCATENATO LA DIATRIBA
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            Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft für theologische Bachforschung,
                
Note:I TEOLOGISTI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:I TEOLOGISTI
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            work has focused much more on Bach’s librettos than on his musical settings of them.
                
Note:XCHÈ CHI HA SOSTENUTO LA SECONDA OPZ È STATO MARGINALIZZATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:XCHÈ CHI HA SOSTENUTO LA SECONDA OPZ È STATO MARGINALIZZATO
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            Eric Chafe
                
Note:TEOLOGISTA CANADESE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TEOLOGISTA CANADESE
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            Bach’s role consisted only in giving musical expression to assigned texts;
                
Note:LA TESI DEI CONTEMPLAZ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA TESI DEI CONTEMPLAZ
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            the explanatory power of Lutheran theology for interpreting Bach’s secular instrumental music
                
Note:RESPINTO CON FURORE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:RESPINTO CON FURORE
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            Bach’s musical settings of church cantata poetry can project theological meanings that are purposefully different from those arrived at by simply reading his librettos.
                
Note:TESI DEL CH...UN VERO E PROPRIO INTERPRETE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TESI DEL CH...UN VERO E PROPRIO INTERPRETE
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            a sort of musical-religious interpreter,
                
        
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            I will illustrate a few ways in which theology and composition might be read as interacting,
                
Note:LO SCOPO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LO SCOPO
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            Bach’s compositional mind can be illuminated—if it cannot directly be explained—by analogy with the metaphysics of rationalist philosophers
                
Note:SECONDO JOHN BUTT....CHE LA BUTTA IN FILOSOFIA PIÙ CHE IN TEOLOGIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SECONDO JOHN BUTT....CHE LA BUTTA IN FILOSOFIA PIÙ CHE IN TEOLOGIA
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            Does Bach’s thought actually coincide with that of Spinoza and Leibniz?
                
Note:SEMBRA INVEROSIMILE...COME LEGGERE SANPAOLO CON CANONI ELLENISTICI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SEMBRA INVEROSIMILE...COME LEGGERE SANPAOLO CON CANONI ELLENISTICI
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            Bach was familiar with the basic tenets of Lutheran theology.
                
Note:INVECE QS È CERTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INVECE QS È CERTO
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            he had to be tested on his knowledge of Lutheranism
                
Note:PRIMA DELL ASSUNZIONE A LIPSIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMA DELL ASSUNZIONE A LIPSIA
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            Book of Concord (1580).
                
Note:IL TESTO DI RIFERIMENTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL TESTO DI RIFERIMENTO
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            Bach owned a large collection of Bible commentaries and sermons,
                
Note:COLLEZIONISTA APPASSIONATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:COLLEZIONISTA APPASSIONATO
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            Calov Bible Commentary.
                
Note:AFFEZIONATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:AFFEZIONATO
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            inks in the extensive underlinings in this Bible is the same as that of the many marginal comments
                
Note:FITTAMENTE ANNOTATO E SOTTOLINEATI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FITTAMENTE ANNOTATO E SOTTOLINEATI
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            Hans-Joachim Schulze
                
Note:L ESPERTO IN INCHIOSTRI E CALLIGRAFIE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L ESPERTO IN INCHIOSTRI E CALLIGRAFIE
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            The Pastoral and Meine Seufzer, meine Tränen (BWV 13)
                
Note:ttttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ttttttttttttt
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            Grim indeed are the sentiments expressed
                
Note:ARIA D APERTURA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ARIA D APERTURA
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            minor mode and pervasive chromaticisms
                
Note:ESPRIME L ANSIA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ESPRIME L ANSIA
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            captures the anxious mood of Georg Christian Lehms’s libretto
                
        
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            otherworldly instrumental sonority (two recorders and oboe da caccia18) and the instrumental counterpoint (parallel thirds or sixths in duple meter with a triple subdivision of the beat) evoke the Arcadian
                
Note:MA...CONTEMPORANEAMENTE...PASTORALE SULLO SFONDO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA...CONTEMPORANEAMENTE...PASTORALE SULLO SFONDO
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            providing an example of what Luther would call God’s Yes behind his No.
                
Note:IL CONCETTO TEOLOGICO ESPRESSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL CONCETTO TEOLOGICO ESPRESSO
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            Justification by Faith and Es ist das Heil uns kommen her (BWV 9)
                
Note:Tttttttttt IL DUETTO DELKA BVW9
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:Tttttttttt IL DUETTO DELKA BVW9
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            wanting in poetic inspiration, teeming in theological doctrine
                
        
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            TESTO POCO ADATTO ALLA MUSICA
        
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            Lord, you look, rather than at good works,
                
Note:TESTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TESTO
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            at the heart’s strength of faith;
                
Note:Ccccccccc
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:Ccccccccc
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            generating line after line of beguiling melody.
                
Note:SOLUZIONE...MIXARE UNA MELODIA SPENSIERATA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SOLUZIONE...MIXARE UNA MELODIA SPENSIERATA
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            instrumental pair largely proceeds in canon at the fifth
                
Note:CON UN CANONE RIGOROSO DELLE VOCI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CON UN CANONE RIGOROSO DELLE VOCI
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            occasionally changed the interval between the canonic entries from the fifth to the fourth
                
Note:NELLA PARTE B
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NELLA PARTE B
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            Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf (BWV 226), I stumbled upon the melodic resemblance between the cantata duet and the chorale “Komm, Heiliger Geist,” a prayer to the Holy Spirit
                
Note:LO SPIRITO SANTO RAPORESENTATO DA MELODIA SPENSIERATE E FELICI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LO SPIRITO SANTO RAPORESENTATO DA MELODIA SPENSIERATE E FELICI
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            let us consider some doctrinal background.
                
Note:CHE TEOLOGIA C È SOTTO?
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CHE TEOLOGIA C È SOTTO?
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            Bach, of course, knew about the ideas on justification put forth by Luther’s followers in the Book of Concord,
                
Note:FAMILIARITÀ CON LA DOTTRINA DELLA GIUST X FEDE TRATTA DALLA LETTERA AI ROMANI...COMMENTARIO FITTAMENTE SOTTOLINEATO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:FAMILIARITÀ CON LA DOTTRINA DELLA GIUST X FEDE TRATTA DALLA LETTERA AI ROMANI...COMMENTARIO FITTAMENTE SOTTOLINEATO
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            He who is thus vindicated is a sinful man who believes in Christ.
                
Note:PAOLO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PAOLO
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            faith, not good works, brings about salvation (duet);
                
Note:TUTTI GLI ELEMENTI DELLA DOTTRINA COMPAIONO NEL LIBRETTO E SONO SEZIONATI A PARTE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:TUTTI GLI ELEMENTI DELLA DOTTRINA COMPAIONO NEL LIBRETTO E SONO SEZIONATI A PARTE
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            The only basic doctrinal aspects missing from the libretto are that Christian faith is a gift from the Holy Spirit and that the fruits of faith, good works—though unnecessary in the sense that they cannot bring about salvation—are necessary in the sense that they are commanded by God
                
Note:MA VIENE DIMENTICATO UN ASPETTO...CHE BACH S INCARICA DI INTEGRARE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA VIENE DIMENTICATO UN ASPETTO...CHE BACH S INCARICA DI INTEGRARE
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            Canonic writing has associations with law in Bach,
                
Note:IL CANONE IN BACH SI ASSOCIA ALLA LEGGE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL CANONE IN BACH SI ASSOCIA ALLA LEGGE
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            law and gospel, good works and grace through faith, are inextricably bound up with each other,
                
Note:CANONE E MELODIA SPENSIERATA...IL RIGORE DELLE OPERE E LA FELICITÀ DELLA FEDE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CANONE E MELODIA SPENSIERATA...IL RIGORE DELLE OPERE E LA FELICITÀ DELLA FEDE
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            justified sinners are not to put the law behind them.
                
Note:IL LUTERANESIMO DI BACH...LE BUONE OPERE COME SEGNALE DI UNA FEDE DEL CUORE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL LUTERANESIMO DI BACH...LE BUONE OPERE COME SEGNALE DI UNA FEDE DEL CUORE
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            If the musical setting of the opening aria from Cantata 13 can be understood to express God’s Yes behind a No, the setting of the duet from Cantata 9 may express God’s No behind a Yes.
                
Note:RIASSUNTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:RIASSUNTO
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            An Inverted World
                
Note:Ttttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:Ttttttttttttt
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            the aria “Wie jammern mich doch die verkehrten Herzen”
                
Note:UN MOVIMENTO PARTICOLARE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UN MOVIMENTO PARTICOLARE
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            Vergnügte Ruh, beliebte Seelenlust (BWV 170).
                
Note:DALLA CANTATA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DALLA CANTATA
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            contentment of heaven
                
Note:PRIMA L APERTURA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PRIMA L APERTURA
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            condemnation of the evil and perversity
                
Note:POI IL RECITATIVO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:POI IL RECITATIVO
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            slow tempo, F-sharp minor tonality, pervasive dissonances,
                
Note:IL TORMENTO ESPRESSO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:IL TORMENTO ESPRESSO
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            the absence of a proper basso continuo is most likely intentional on Bach’s
                
Note:NOTAZIONE DI ALFRED DURRR...IL BASSO È UN ANCORAGGIO CHE DÀ STABILITÀ
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NOTAZIONE DI ALFRED DURRR...IL BASSO È UN ANCORAGGIO CHE DÀ STABILITÀ
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            Godly foothold is not needed
                
        
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            COSA SIGNIFICA L ASSENZA...H.1
        
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            or that such a foothold has been lost
                
Note:H2
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:H2
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            in the aria “Wie zittern und wanken der Sünder Gedanken” from Bach’s church cantata Herr, gehe nicht ins Gericht mit deinem Knecht [BWV 105]).
                
Note:UN ESEMPIO SIMILE DI DISANCORAGGIO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:UN ESEMPIO SIMILE DI DISANCORAGGIO
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            rhythmic activity in the organ
                
Note:ALTRA CONSID...DOPPIA RISPETTO A QUELLA DEGLI ARCHI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRA CONSID...DOPPIA RISPETTO A QUELLA DEGLI ARCHI
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            heightened contrast between the upper and lower lines
                
Note:CONTRASTO RITMICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONTRASTO RITMICO
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            expressive lines that have very much the look of solo violin parts
                
Note:CAPIVOLGIMENTO...L ORGANO PRENDE LE PARTI DI UN VIOLINO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CAPIVOLGIMENTO...L ORGANO PRENDE LE PARTI DI UN VIOLINO
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            and a simple, stolid, continuo-like line that has very much the look of a pedals-only organ
                
Note:E VICEVERSA GLI ARCHI ALL UNISONO...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:E VICEVERSA GLI ARCHI ALL UNISONO...
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            scoring may be associated with the time-honored theme of the World Upside Down.
                
Note:LA METAFORA DI UN MONDO INVERTITO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:LA METAFORA DI UN MONDO INVERTITO
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            mundus inversus
                
        
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            a castle or city hovers above the clouds,
                
Note:RAPPRESENTAZIONI FIGURATIVE DEPL MEDESIMO CONCETTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:RAPPRESENTAZIONI FIGURATIVE DEPL MEDESIMO CONCETTO
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            sheep protects the flock of humans grazing in a meadow,
                
Note:ANCORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCORA
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            servant rides on horseback while the nobleman has to go behind him on foot,
                
Note:ANCORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCORA
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            mouse chases the cat,
                
Note:ANCORA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ANCORA
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            “all who exalt themselves will be humbled,
                
Note:CAPOVOLGOMENTI BOBLICI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CAPOVOLGOMENTI BOBLICI
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            Status reversal is said by various New Testament authors to characterize the Kingdom of God.
                
Note:COMMENTI BIBLICI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:COMMENTI BIBLICI
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            striking examples of this are found in the woodcuts that Luther and his early followers produced to spread Reformation ideas.
                
Note:INVERSIONI FAMOSE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INVERSIONI FAMOSE
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            Luther’s own wildly polemical series, the Depiction of the Papacy (1545).
                
Note:ALTRO CASO IN CUI LE INVERSIONI ABBONDANO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO CASO IN CUI LE INVERSIONI ABBONDANO
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            Adoratur Papa Deus Terrenus (“The Pope Is Adored as an Earthly God”)
                
Note:CASO SPECIFICO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CASO SPECIFICO
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            papal keys have been replaced by a pair of jemmies,
                
Note:SATIRA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:SATIRA
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            a German mercenary soldier, a Landsknecht, defecates into it.
                
Note:NELLA TIARA PAPALE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NELLA TIARA PAPALE
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            the duet from Bach’s church cantata Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten (BWV 93).
                
Note:ALTRO CASO DI INVERSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:ALTRO CASO DI INVERSIONE
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            They altogether reasonably assumed that the two soprano lines of the right-hand part in the organ version originated in a standard treble scoring for strings or woodwinds
                
Note:NE ESISTE UNA RIDUZIONE X ORGANO E I CONOSCE SOLO QUELLA PENSA CHE...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:NE ESISTE UNA RIDUZIONE X ORGANO E I CONOSCE SOLO QUELLA PENSA CHE...
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            The situation in Cantata 93 turns out to be exactly the reverse:
                
Note:INVECE...
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INVECE...
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            Bach’s music appears to be deliberately working against human expectations,
                
Note:L IMPRESSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L IMPRESSIONE
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            Such ideas are readily found in the sermon literature from Bach’s library.
                
Note:L IDEA TEOLOGICA È BEN PRESENTE A BACH
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:L IDEA TEOLOGICA È BEN PRESENTE A BACH
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            two copies of Luther’s Hauspostille,
                
        
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            SERMONI SULLA BIBBIA X OGNI DOMENICA
        
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            The sermon for the Fifth Sunday after Trinity (the Sunday for which Cantata 93 was written),
                
Note:PROPRIO IN QUELLA DOMENICA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:PROPRIO IN QUELLA DOMENICA
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            This is reversed by the Savior.
                
Note:DOPO OGNI INGIUSTIZIA DESCRITTO
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:DOPO OGNI INGIUSTIZIA DESCRITTO
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            Conclusion
                
Note:Tttttttttttttt
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:Tttttttttttttt
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            we might not be fully appreciating Bach’s output if we take him simply or essentially to be a supplier of pitches, rhythms, and tone colors,
                
Note:CONCLUSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:CONCLUSIONE
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            we might not fully appreciate the range of plausible meanings projected by Bach’s works if we simply analyze the verbal content of his librettos.
                
Note:MA ANCHE IL LIBRETTO NN BASTA
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:MA ANCHE IL LIBRETTO NN BASTA
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            Bach’s musical settings can theologically expand upon and interpret his librettos
                
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE TEOLOG DEI TESTI
                            
                    
                
            
        
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE TEOLOG DEI TESTI
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            insisting on exclusively aesthetic contemplation of Bach’s music potentially diminishes its meanings and actually reduces its stature.
                
RI CONCLUSIONE
                            
                    
                
            
        
RI CONCLUSIONE

