TUTTO In Defense of Flogging Peter Moskos

In Defense of Flogging

Peter Moskos

Last annotated on Monday September 4, 2017

75 Highlight(s) | 77 Note(s)

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crazy idea

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There are 2.3 million Americans in prison. That is too many. I want to reduce cruelty, and flogging may be the answer.
Note:CRUDELTÀ

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Given the choice between five years in prison and ten brutal lashes, which would you choose?
Note:DOMANDA.

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Taking away a large portion of somebody’s life through incarceration is a strange concept, especially if it’s rooted not in actual punishment but rather in some hogwash about making you a better person (more on that later). But what about prison itself? Prison is first and foremost a home of involuntary confinement, a “total institution” of complete dominance and regulation.
Note:PRIGIONE... UNA DEFINIZIONE

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even if you’re adamant that flogging is a barbaric, inhuman form of punishment, how can offering the choice be so bad? If flogging were really worse than prison, nobody would choose it. So what’s the harm in offering corporal punishment as an alternative to incarceration?
Note:OFFRIRE UNA SCELTA COME PASSO INTERMEDIO

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Prisons don’t work, but unfortunately neither does traditional opposition to them. Without more radical debate, preachers for prison reform will never be heard beyond the choir. There is no shortage of ideas on such things as rehab, job training, indeterminate sentencing, restorative justice, prison survival, and reentry.
Note:LA PRIGIONE NON FUNGE... L UNICO MODO CHE I RIFORMATORI HANNO PER ESSERE ASCOLTAT DAI CONSERVATORI

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Flogging may indeed be barbaric, but maybe barbarism has a bad rap.
Note:LA CATTIVA REPUTAZIONE DELLE BARBARIE

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I don’t want to add caning to an already brutal system of prison; instead, I propose an alternative to incarceration, what might be called “flog-and-release.”
Note:ALTERNATIVA NON AGGIUNTA... SIA CHIARO

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Ten lashes, a little rubbing alcohol, a few bandages, and you’d be free to go home and sleep in your own bed.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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Consider the case of Aaron Cohen, a New Zealander arrested with his drug-addicted mother for possessing heroin in Malaysia.
Note:UN CASO IN MALAYSYA

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It’s just incredible pain. More like a burning—like someone sticking an iron on your bum. . . . Afterwards my bum looked like a side of beef. There was three lines of raw skin with blood oozing out. . . . . You can’t sleep and can only walk like a duck. Your whole backside is three or four times bigger—swollen, black and blue. I made a full recovery within a month and am left with only slight scarring. Emotionally, I’m okay. I haven’t had any nightmares about that day, although I’m starting to dream about the prison.
Note:TESTIMONIANZA. 6 FRUSTATE

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you’d be led into a room where an attending physician would conduct an examination to make sure you’re physically fit enough to be flogged, that you won’t die under the intense shock of the cane.
Note:PRE VISITA

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The punishment would not be a public spectacle but would not be closed to the public. There would be perhaps a dozen spectators, including bailiffs and other representatives of the court, a lawyer, a doctor, perhaps a court reporter, and maybe a few relatives of both parties, including the victim.
Note:SPETTATORI

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the guard takes down your pants and adds a layer of padding over your back (to protect vital organs from errant strokes), the flogging would begin.
Note:IL PARAPALLE X PROTEGGERE ORGANI VITALI

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the skin at the point of contact is usually split open and, after three strokes, the buttocks will be covered with blood. All the strokes prescribed by the court . . . are given at one and the same time, at half minute intervals. . . . . The stroke follows the count, and the succeeding count is usually made about half a minute after the stroke has landed. Most of the prisoners put up a violent struggle after each of the first three strokes. Mr. Quek [the prison director] said: “After that, their struggles lessen as they become weaker. At the end of the caning, those who receive more than three strokes will be in a state of shock. Many will collapse, but the medical officer and his team of assistants are on hand to revive them and apply antiseptic on the caning wound.”
Note:SINGAPORE

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once they’ve patched you up, you’d be allowed to leave the courthouse a free man—no striped pajamas, no gangs, no learning from other criminals, no fear. You’d never have to find out what the inside of a prison is like.
Note:I VANTAGGI DELLE FRUSTATE

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The prison-abolition movement seems to have died right after a 1973 Presidential Advisory Commission said, “No new institutions for adults should be built, and existing institutions for juveniles should be closed,” and concluded, “The prison, the reformatory and the jail have achieved only a shocking level of failure.” Since then, even though violent crime in America has gone down, the incarceration rate has increased a whopping 500 percent.
Note:LA CONTRADDIZIONE: IL CARCERE FALLISCE MA SI COSTRUISCONO PIÙ CARCERI

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To understand the uselessness of incarceration—to appreciate just how specious the connection between increased incarceration and decreased crime really is—consider New York City. Not only did New York drastically cut crime, it did so while incarcerating fewer people.
Note:UTILITÀ DEL CARCERE... L ESEMPIO DI NY

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Better policing and massive immigration—not increased incarceration—contributed to New York’s crime drop. In the 1990s the NYPD got back in the crime prevention game: Drug dealers were pushed indoors, and crack receded in general. Also, police focused on quality-of-life issues, the so-called “broken windows.” At the same time more than one million foreign immigrants moved to New York City. Whether due to a strong work ethic, fear of deportation, traditional family values, or having the desire and means to emigrate in the first place, immigrants (nationwide and in New York City) have lower rates of crime and incarceration than native-born Americans. Astoundingly, today more than one in three New Yorkers are foreign born. Although policing in New York City deservedly received a lot of credit for the city’s crime drop, strangely, few people credit immigrants and almost nobody seemed to notice the winning strategy of “decarceration.”
Note:LE SOLUZIONI DI NY

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From 1970 to 1991 crime rose while we locked up a million more people.
Note:PERIODO 70 91

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One reason prison doesn’t reduce crime is that many prison-worthy offenses—especially drug crimes—are economically demand-motivated. This doesn’t change when a drug dealer is locked up.
Note:RAGIONI DEL FALLIMENTO... MOLTI CRIMINI SONO DEMAND DRIVEN

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Prison reformers—and I wish them well—tinker at the edges of a massive failed system. I’m all for what are called “intermediate sanctions”: House monitoring, GPS bracelets, intensive parole supervision, fines, restitution, drug courts, and day-reporting centers all show promise and deserve our full support. But we need much more drastic action. To bring our incarceration back to a civilized level—one we used to have and much more befitting a rich, modern nation—we would have to reduce the number of prisoners by 85 percent.
Note:RIFORMISTI

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IL RIFORMISMO NON INCIDE

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OBBIETTIVO 85%

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We could legalize and regulate drugs and also get soft on crime, but that’s also not likely to happen anytime soon.
Note:DEPENALIZZAZIONE

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we could offer the lash in exchange for sentence years, after the approval of some parole board designed to keep the truly dangerous behind bars. As a result, our prison population would plummet. This would not only save money but save prisons for those who truly deserve to be there: the uncontrollably dangerous.
Note:PRIGIONI A CHI SE LE MERITA

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Bernard Madoff, famously convicted in 2009 for running a massive Ponzi scheme, is being incarcerated and costing the public even more money. Why? He’s no threat to society. Nobody would give him a penny to invest. But Madoff did wrong and deserves to be punished. Better to cane him and let him go.

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CHI NN PUÒ RIPETERE IL CRIMINE... PRIMO CANDIDATO ALLE FRUSTATE

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imagine being the victim of a violent mugging. The last thing you remember before slipping into unconsciousness is the mugger pissing on you and laughing. Such things happen. Luckily, police catch the bastard, and he is quickly convicted. What should happen next? What if there were some way to reform this violent criminal without punishing him? In Sleeper, Woody Allen’s futuristic movie from the 1970s, there’s a device like a small walk-in closet called the “orgasmatron.” A person goes in and closes the door, lights flash, and three seconds later, well . . . that’s why they call it the orgasmatron. Now imagine, if you will, a device similar to the orgasmatron called the “reformatron.” It’s the perfect rehabilitation machine for criminals.
Note:X CAPIRE L IMPORTANZA DELLA PUNIZIONE RETRIBUTIVA... INTROSPEZIONE

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The cured criminal thanks God, kisses his baby’s mother, and walks out of the courtroom a free man to go home, relax, and think about job possibilities.
Note:c

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the concept is disturbingly lacking in justice.
Note:ccccccccc

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even among those who know the death penalty does not deter crime, support for the death penalty still runs three to one. Deterrence and punishment are separate issues. Punishment is about retribution.
Note:PENA DI MORTE

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LA DETERRENZA NON È GIUSTIZIA... ESEMPIO PENA DI MORTE

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In an ironic twist, we designed the prison system to replace flogging. The penitentiary was supposed to be a kinder and gentler sentence, one geared to personal salvation, less crime, and a better life for all.
Note:L OBIETTIVO INIZIALE DEIL SISTEMA PUNITIVO

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Before we had prisons, harsh confinement was used alongside corporal punishment. But such incarceration generally had another purpose, such as holding a person until trial, or until a debt was paid. Confinement was a means to an end:
Note:DAPPRIMA FU PUNIZIONE.... IL RINCHIUDERE ERA SOLO UN MEZZO... RETRIBUZIONE FUNZIONE PRIMARIA

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Today we know that prisons are not hospitals for the criminally ill (though prisons do house many mentally ill people, to horrible effect). At the time, however, many people hoped that we could purge criminality from a person’s system. The mantra of reformers became “treat not the crime, but the criminal.”
Note:I PRIMI RIFORMISTI... PRIGIONE COME OSPEDALE... CACCIARE IL DEMONE E RIEDUCARE... IL CARCERE DIVENTA NECESSARIO

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Cesare Beccaria, an Italian politician and philosopher, came up with the idea of deterrence in his 1764 Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Beccaria transformed theories of criminality. Contrary to popular beliefs, Beccaria posited that the Devil himself did not actually possess criminals. Instead, said Beccaria, people have free will to act rationally
Note:BECCARIA: STOP PRIGIONE OSPEDALE E VIA PRIGIONE DETERRENZA... SECONDA CORRENTE RIFORMISTA

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Despite the difficulties of putting Beccaria’s theories into practice, these notions of deterrence and crime prevention form the basis of what is now known as the classical school of criminology.
Note:SCUOLA CLASSICA DI CRIMINOLOGIA

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In America the British system of execution and harsh flogging gave way to what was supposed to be a softer and reforming system of penitentiaries.
Note:IL RIFORMISMO COMINCIA LA SUA MARCIA

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Based on Howard’s vision, a small jail in Wymondham, England, was rebuilt in 1787 on the principles of hard labor, solitary confinement, and penance (hence the name “penitentiary”).
Note:I RIFORMISMI CONVERGONO: RIEDUCAZIONE CALVINISTA E DETERRENZA BECCARIA

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So in 1787 the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was established by Quaker-raised Benjamin Rush. The Society condemned the jails and public punishments of its time, proposing that isolating prisoners in solitary cells would be more effective than flogging. The key to this belief is a firm and paternalistic conviction that crime is a moral disease.
Note:RIFORMISTI: CONDANNA DELLA PUNIZIONE PUBBLICA... ALTERNATIVA: PENITENZA

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Bentham’s Panopticon, written the same year Rush established the Prison Society, offered “a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a quantity hitherto without example . . . all by a simple idea in Architecture!”
Note:BENTHAM E LA SORVEGLIANZA DEI PENITENTI

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With a half loaf of bread a day for weeks, this “humane” replacement to flogging literally starved men into submission.
Note:COSA HA RIMPIAZZATO LA FRUSTATA?… BUONE INTENZIONI FINITE MALE

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The goal, prison commissioners said, was to keep prisoners so isolated that if they were in prison on election night, they wouldn’t know who was president of the United States
Note:ISOLARE ISOLARE ISOLARE

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Martinson’s national fame came later, with a multiauthored, 735-page tome rather academically titled The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: A Survey of Treatment Evaluation Studies
Note:NOTHING WORKS

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His 1974 Public Interest article on the subject, “What Works?,” became known in policy circles as “Nothing Works!”
Note:cccccccc

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Like many reformers, Martinson just wanted effective rehabilitation. But unlike many reformers, Martinson was brutally honest about existing failures.
Note:cccccccc

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even societies that gleefully hurt others rarely if ever placed a human being in a cell for punishment.
Note:NEANCHE LE SOCIETÀ PIÙ CRUDELI HANNO MAI PRODOTTO PRIGIONI

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Prison is an insidious marriage of entombment and torture. Not only are inmates immured in prison, they are also subjected to never-ending physical and mental agony.
Note:TOMBA E TERTURA

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Approximately one in twenty prison inmates say they’ve been sexually assaulted
Note:SEX ASSAULT

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Without gang protection or a long-term committment to solitary confinement, the danger of sexual assault is ever-present.
Note:GANG PROTACTION

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If you’re stuck in prison, why wouldn’t you take drugs? What else are you going to do?
Note:DROGHE E ALTRI ABUSI

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In jail people naturally fulfill the role expected of them. Consider Philip Zimbardo’s notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment.
Note:AD OGNUNO IL SUO RUOLO

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Of the more than seven hundred thousand prisoners released each year, two-thirds are rearrested within three years, and half end up back in prison.
Note:RECIDIVA DI MASSA

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Part of the problem is that not only do prisons not “cure” crime, they’re truly criminogenic:
Note:CURA CRIMINOGENA

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It’s a sad day when the best-case scenario after getting out of jail is being homeless—but this is reality.
Note:DA CARCERATO A BARBONE... SE VA BENE

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The survival of mass incarceration can be traced, in no small degree, to the same kinds of economic pressures that once drove slavery itself. Incarceration is a business.
Note:L AFFARE DELLE CARCERI

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In truth, private prisons rarely save much money. The savings that do exist come mostly from labor; the average pay in private prisons is three-quarters of that found in public prisons.
Note:IL RISPARMIO DEI PRIVATI

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we have adapted prisons to confine our mentally ill,
Note:UNA SOLUZIONE AI MALATI MENTALI

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Sometime in the past few decades we seem to have lost the concept of justice in a free society. Now we settle for simple efficiency of process.
Note:MENO EFFICIENZA PIÙ GIUSTIZIA

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Although the prison system is unarguably broken, many people have yet to acknowledge that the problem is the system itself and not just the way it’s run.
Note:MOLTI INSISTONO A VOLER SALVARE IL SISTEMA

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No matter how tough we get, because prisons do not punish in a comprehensible manner, incarceration will never satisfy the public’s legitimate desire for punishment.
Note:LA PUNIZIONE DEL CARCERE È INCOMPRENSIBILE

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If prisons are broken, then so, too, is prison reform.
Note:RIFORME IN PANNE

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In twenty-first-century America, could we have court-sanctioned flogging? It’s unclear, but it’s not currently prohibited. The Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on the matter, and until it does, we should assume it’s constitutional.
Note:FRUSTARE È COSTITUZIONALE

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To flog with consent is key.
Note:PARTICOLARE DEL CONSEENSO

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If you think flogging lets people off too easily, we could debate the appropriate number of lashes.
Note:TROPPO POCA DETERRENZA? DISCUTIAMO IL NUMERO DELLE FRUSTATE

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Violence may seem an unsavory alternative to prison, but punishment must by definition hurt in some way, be it emotionally, psychologically, monetarily, or physically. Punishment must cause pain.
Note:ALA VIOLENZA VFISICA VI FA PAURA? IPOCRITI!

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Physical violence has the advantage of being honest, inexpensive, and easy to understand.
Note:VIOLENZA FISICA... ONESTA ECONOMICA E FACILE DA CAPIRE

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Along with a fondness for cricket and warm beer, the British exported the lash throughout their colonial empire (though we’ve moved on to baseball and cold beer).
Note:FRUSTATE IN STILE IMPERO... GLI ESPORTATORI

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Both Amnesty International and the UN Human Rights Committee criticize flogging as cruel, degrading, and contrary to human rights law.
Note:FRUSTARE... ATTO CONTRO I DIRITTI UMANI

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At this point the more open-minded reader may like pain as punishment but dislike the symbolism and messiness of flogging.
Note:SOSTANZA E SIMBOLO

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A machine, perhaps much more than a person, could guarantee consistency of pain
Note:RICORSO ALLE MACCHINE?

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Consider this 1898 New York Times account of an “electric spanking chair”
Note:cccccccc

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Flogging is indeed very harsh, but it’s not torture—not
Note:NO TORTURA

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Flogging is refreshingly transparent and honest.
Note:ONESTÀ.... PER QS MEGLIO EVITARE LE MACCHINE

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Immediacy, proportionality, transparency, and choice are all critical components
Note:COMPONENTI CRITICHE DELLA PENA CORPORALE #####

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Some offenders do need to be incarcerated and kept away from society. But for the vast majority of criminal suspects, flogging would be a viable option.
Note:FILTRARE I CRIMINALI... SOLO ALCUNI SONO ADATTI

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Flogging is not a slippery step toward amputation, public stoning, or sharia law. This is not the first step on a path to hell.
Note:ATTENZIONE AL.PIANO INCLINATO

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the moral qualms, the spattered blood, lawsuits, policy details, and a certain retrograde feeling to the whole proposition.
ELEMENTI TRASCURATI

ch 1+2+3+4 Partecipare o decidere?

Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy

Diana C. Mutz

Last annotated on Friday September 1, 2017

73 Highlight(s) | 73 Note(s)

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Hearing the Other Side Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy
Note:TITOLO@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Drawing on her empirical work, Mutz concludes that it is doubtful that an extremely activist political culture can also be a heavily deliberative one.
Note:ATTIVISMO E DEMOCRAZIA

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Preface
Note:PRE@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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1 1 Hearing the Other Side, in Theory and in Practice
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@

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And despite the tremendous negative publicity that currently plagues American businesses, the American workplace is inadvertently performing an important public service simply by establishing a social context in which diverse groups of people are forced into daily interaction with one another.
Note:MIX SUL POSTO DI LAVORO

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As I explain in subsequent chapters, my empirical work in this arena has led me to believe that there are fundamental incompatibilities between theories of participatory democracy and theories of deliberative democracy.
Note:TESI DELL INCOMPATIBILITÀ

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Although diverse political networks foster a better understanding of multiple perspectives on issues and encourage political tolerance, they discourage political participation, particularly among those who are averse to conflict.
Note:LE CURVE ALLONTANANO DALLA PARTECIPAZIONE

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it is doubtful that an extremely activist political culture can also be a heavily deliberative one. The best social environment for cultivating political activism is one in which people are surrounded by those who agree with them, people who will reinforce the sense that their own political views are the only right and proper way to proceed.
Note:LA MILITANZA FA PRENDERE SCERLTE SBAGLIATE

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Studying a Moving Target
Note:TITOLO

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Face-to-face discussions that cross lines of political difference are central to most conceptions of deliberative democracy.1 But many of the conditions necessary for approximating deliberative ideals such as Habermas’s “ideal speech situation”2 are unlikely to be realized in naturally occurring social contexts.3
Note:UTOPIA ALLA HABERMAS

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As Mansbridge notes, “Everyday talk, if not always deliberative, is nevertheless a crucial part of the full deliberative system.”
Note:IL BAR

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Avoiding What’s Good for Use?
Note:TITOLO

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“Religion and politics,” as the old saying goes, “should never be discussed in mixed company.”
Note:MOTTO

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Political talk is now central to most current conceptions of how democracy functions.
Note:POLITICAL TALK

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For example, Habermas’s “ideal speech situation” incorporates the assumption that exposure to dissimilar views will benefit the inhabitants of a public sphere by encouraging greater deliberation and reflection.
Note:HABERMAS: ESPORSI ALL'ALTRO

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Communitarian theorists further stress the importance of public discourse among people who are different from one another.
Note:COMUNITARIOSMO

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Perhaps the most often cited proponent of communication across lines of difference is John Stuart Mill, who pointed out how a lack of contact with oppositional viewpoints diminishes the prospects for a public sphere:
Note:MILL

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Likewise, Habermas assumes that exposure to dissimilar views will benefit the inhabitants of a public sphere by encouraging greater interpersonal deliberation and intrapersonal reflection.
Note:INTERPERSONAL

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According to Arendt, exposure to conflicting political views also plays an integral role in encouraging “enlarged mentality,” that is, the capacity to form an opinion “by considering a given issue from different viewpoints, by making present to my mind the standpoints of those who are absent. . . .
Note:ARENDT

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“Hence discussion rather than private deliberation would be necessary to ‘put on the table’ the various reasons and arguments that different individuals had in mind, and thus to ensure that no one could see the end result as arbitrary rather than reasonable and justifiable, even if not what he or she happened to see as most justifiable.”
Note:DISCUSSIONEVS RIFLESSIONE

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Social network studies have long suggested that likes talk to likes; in other words, people tend to selectively expose themselves to people who do not challenge their view of the world.
Note:ESPOSIZIONE SELETTIVA DEI NUOVI MEDIA

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What Is Meant by Diversity? Some Definitional Issues
Note:TITOLO. DIVERSITÀ

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For purposes of this book, I use the term network to refer specifically to the people with whom a given person communicates on a direct, one-to-one basis.
Note:PARROCCHIETTA

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But consider diversity–heterogeneity in the form that Robert Ezra Park first ascribed it to cities: “a mosaic of little worlds that touch but do not interpenetrate.”
Note:PERICOLO PICCOLI MONDI

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As sociologist Claude Fischer suggests, “As the society becomes more diverse, the individuals’ own social networks become less diverse. More than ever, perhaps, the child of an affluent professional family may live, learn, and play with only similar children;
Note:PARADOSSO DELLA DIVERSITÀ

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As discussed in Chapter 2, relatively few people think explicitly about the political climate when choosing a place to live, but lifestyle choices may serve as surrogates for political views, producing a similar end result.
Note:DOVE VIVERE... UNA SCELTA POLITICA

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A Departure from Studying Political Preferences
Note:TITOLO

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When those of dissimilar views interact, conformity pressures are argued to encourage those holding minority viewpoints to adopt the prevailing attitude. When those of like mind come together, the feared outcome is polarization: that is, people within homogeneous networks may be reinforced so that they hold the same viewpoints, only more strongly.
Note:CONFORMISMO/DIVERSITÀ E POLARIZZAZIONE/OMOGENEITÀ

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Solomon Asch, whose reputation was built on studying conformity and its perils, acknowledged the capacity for something beneficial, something other than social influence, to result from exposure to oppositional views: The other is capable of arousing in me a doubt that would otherwise not occur to me. The clash of views generates events of far-reaching importance.
Note:ASCH

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Acknowledging the legitimacy of oppositional arguments is warned against in a popular test preparation book: “What’s important is that you take a position and state how you feel. It is not important what other people might think, just what you think.”
Note:CONTRO L'ASCOLTO DEL ALTRO

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Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy?
Note:TITOLO

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The thesis of this book is that theories of participatory democracy are in important ways inconsistent with theories of deliberative democracy. The best possible social environment for purposes of either one of these two goals would naturally undermine the other.
Note:TESI DEL LIBRO... CHI SI CFR NN HA VOGLIA DI PARTECIPARE

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Like the cover of this book, the pinnacle of participatory democracy was, to my mind, a throng of highly politically active citizens carrying signs, shouting slogans, and cheering on the speeches of their political leaders.
Note:IL PROTOTIPO DEL MILITANTE

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This was participatory democracy as I had known it. There was a level of enthusiasm and passion borne of shared purpose, and a camaraderie that emerged from the sheer amount of time spent together.
Note:PIACERE DELLO STARE CON I PROPRI SIMILI

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it was politics as a way of life, to paraphrase Dewey.
Note:DEWEY… IL MILITANTE... TUTTO È POLITICA

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These partisans could easily be admired for their political knowledge and their activism, but they would be rather like what John Stuart Mill called “one eyed men,” that is, people whose perspectives were partial and thus inevitably somewhat narrow. As Mill acknowledged, “If they saw more, they probably would not see so keenly, nor so eagerly pursue one course of enquiry.”
Note:IL MILITANTE COME UN POLIFEMO

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Could deliberation and participation really be part and parcel of the same goal? Would the same kind of social and political environment conducive to diverse political networks also promote participation? The chapters that follow attempt to answer these questions.
Note:ENTUSIASMO E PONDERATEZZA POSSONO CONVIVERE?

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2 Encountering Mixed Political Company With Whom and in What Context?
Note:2@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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political discussants tend more toward political agreement than disagreement.

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SI DISCUTE TRA SIMILI

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Not surprisingly, political discussion becomes more frequent as relationships become more intimate.
Note:SI DISCUTE TRA INTIMI

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Nonwhites are significantly more likely to engage in cross-cutting political conversation than whites. And as income increases, the frequency of disagreeable conversations declines. Exposure to disagreement is highest among those who have completed less than a high school
Note:PIÙ SEI RICCO PIÙ APPREZZI IL TUO SIMILE

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As shown in Figure 2.4, those most knowledgeable about and interested in politics are not the people most exposed to oppositional political viewpoints.
Note:IL PARTIGIANO INFORMATO

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cross-cutting political networks are more common among political moderates.
Note:MODERATI PIÙ INCLINI AL CFR

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the homogeneity of the network reinforces those same views.
Note:IL RINFORZO

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Those highest in voluntary association memberships are least likely to report cross-cutting political conversations.
Note:IL MLITANTE PARTECIPA DI PIÙ E SI CFR MENO

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So long as people are encouraged to have bigger networks, the promise of cross-cutting exposure will be fulfilled, at least so the argument goes.
Note:ATTENZIONE AD UN ILLUSIONE COMUNE

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The number of like-minded discussants increases with network size to an even greater degree, from .61 to 2.41, that is, by 1.80.
Note:AMPLIARE LE RETI NON SERVE: LE GRANDI RETI VITTIME DEL CONFORMISMO

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Finally, the line marked by triangles in Figure 2.8 illustrates the ratio of agreeable to disagreeable discussants, again by network size. Here the extent of agreement climbs steeply from one- to two-discussant networks, the opposite of the model prediction, then declines back to initial levels with networks of size three, and further toward heterogeneity at size four.
Note:SI CAMBIA IDEA SOLO A QUATTR OCCHI... RETI PICCOLE E DIVERSIFICATE

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Environments are traditionally understood as external, exogenous factors that impose constraints on people’s ability to exercise selectivity: “Contexts are structurally imposed, whereas networks are individually constructed.”
Note:MENTRE LA RETE È SCELTA IL CONTESTO È DATO

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According to this indicator, the United States is similar to Italy and Greece on the basis of the top panel of Figure 2.10. In all three countries just under 60 percent of respondents report a partisan first discussant, that is, one who is known to favor a candidate or party.
Note:USA ITALY GREECE... LE PIÙ POLARIZZATE

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The heterogeneity of a person’s network is not even a positive function of his or her amount of political conversation more generally.
Note:CONFRONTO E PARTECIPAZ NN SONO CORRELATE... IL CFR È OCCASIONALE E CONTESTUALE... RIGUARDA CHI NN SI INTERESSA DI POLITICA

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3 Benefits of Hearing the Other Side
Note:3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Theorists extol the virtues of political talk, foundations spend millions of dollars to encourage people of opposing views to talk
Note:VIRTÙ DECANTATE

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There are obviously dozens of empirically testable hypotheses embedded in the assertions of deliberative theory. Unfortunately existing survey data provide few opportunities to test them.
Note:MA LA TEORIA È POCO TESTATA

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Communication environments that expose people to non–like-minded political views were hypothesized to promote (1) greater awareness of rationales for one’s own viewpoints, (2) greater awareness of rationales for oppositional viewpoints, and (3) greater tolerance.
Note:I TRE SUPPOSTI BENEFICI DEL CFR

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Green, Visser, and Tetlock
Note:AUTORI CHE CONFERMANO IL PRIMO BENEFICIO

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studies unambiguously demonstrate that contact reduces prejudice, but not surprisingly, prejudice also lessens the amount of intergroup contact people have outside the laboratory.
Note:IL RUOLO DEL PREGIUDIZIO

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people who have had to learn how to “agree to disagree” in their daily lives better understand the need to do so as a matter of public policy.
Note:CHI SI CFR COL DIVERSO IMPARA A FARLO

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the extent of interpersonal contact across lines of religion, race, social class, culture, and nationality has been found to predict nonprejudicial attitudes toward groups not involved in the contact,
Note:cccccc

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quite a few empirical relationships have been attributed to exposure to non–like-minded political perspectives.
Note:POCHI TEST SPECIFICI X LA POLITICA

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The extent to which people are exposed to differing views also has been invoked in explanations for why women tend to be less tolerant than men, and why those in urban environments are more tolerant than those in rural areas.
Note:DONNE CITTADINI CAMPAGNOLI UOMINI

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Figure 3.1 illustrates this proposed chain of events whereby exposure to people of differing political views increases awareness of rationales for differing viewpoints and thus increases political tolerance. This link is further supported by theorists such as Mead and Piaget
Note:DIVERSITÀ=>TOLLERANZA?

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As shown in Figure 3.2, the number of rationales that people could give for their own positions were, not surprisingly, significantly higher than those they could give for opposing views.
Note:TURING TEST NN SUPERATO

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Effects on Awareness of Rationales for Own and Oppositional Views
Note:ttttttt

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counter to what theorists such as Mill have proposed, there was no compelling evidence that exposure to non–like-minded views had an impact on awareness of rationales for people’s own political perspectives.
Note:CONTRO MILL... LA GENTE CHE SI CFR NN SI CHIARISCE MEGLIO LE PROPRIE RAGIONI

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exposure to oppositional viewpoints significantly increases awareness of legitimate rationales for opposing views.
Note:TOLLERANZA

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As shown in Figure 3.4, people who have a civil orientation toward conflict are particularly likely to benefit from exposure to non–like-minded views.
Note:BENEFICI X L ESTREMISTA

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As shown in Figure 3.5, the size of the cognitive and affective effects on tolerance was modest, and the two effects were very similar in size. But together they produced a sizable effect on tolerance. If one generally perceives those opposed to one’s own views to have some legitimate, if not compelling reasons for being so, then one will be more likely to extend the rights of speech, assembly, and so forth, to disliked groups.
Note:ESPO E TOLLERNZA

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As Figure 3.6 shows, among those high in perspective-taking ability, mean levels of tolerance were higher when subjects were exposed to rationales for oppositional views. However, among those low in perspective-taking ability, tolerance levels were lower when subjects were exposed to oppositional views.
Note:TOLLERANZA... AUMENTA NEGLI EMPATICI

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Does the composition of people’s social networks have meaningful consequences for political tolerance and democratic legitimacy? My answer to this question is yes, on the basis of evidence to date. Although these findings do not support the argument that more deliberation per se is what American politics needs most, the findings lend supporting evidence to claims about the benefits of one central tenet of deliberative theory: that the perspectives people advocate when they talk about politics must be contested.
CONCLUSIONI

4 The Dark Side of Mixed Political Company
Note:4@@@@@@@@

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plenty of evidence points to the potential for negative outcomes as a result of communication
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DELLA COMUNICAZIONE

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Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, who argue in Stealth Democracy that deliberation is either bad for, or, at the very least, not beneficial for democracy.1 They base their argument on evidence from voluntary associations and from planned deliberative events in which diverse people are brought together to interact, with the goal of reaching consensus. Consistent with my findings, they suggest that voluntary groups tend to avoid potentially controversial topics in favor of more practical tasks,
Note:I NEGATIVISTI AD OLTRANZA... LA DISCUSSIONE È UNA PERDITA DI TEMPO... NN SI GIUNGE MAI A UNA COMCLUSIONE

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I dislike arguments with my husband, but I cannot, as a consequence, claim we would be better off not having them.
Note:MEGLIO EVITARES I RADICALISMI

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But the “dark side” I mention in the chapter title is not about failed cross-cutting interactions; instead it refers to situations in which cross-cutting exposure succeeds in making people more aware of oppositional views.
Note:IL VERO LATO OSCURO... QUANDO L ALTRO CI INFLUENZA

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Failure through Success: The Political Costs of Mixed Company
Note:ttttttt

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theories hint at the potential drawbacks of cross-cutting exposure for one democratic outcome in particular – political participation.
Note:CROLLO DELLA PARTECIPAZIONE POLITICA

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“cross-pressures.”
Note:IL CONCETTO CHE ESPRIME LA PARALISI

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Lazarsfeld
Note:gggggg

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The People’s Choice was the first study to suggest that conflicts and inconsistencies among the factors influencing an individual’s vote decision had implications for political participation:
Note:L AMTESIGNANO

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“vacillation, apathy, and loss of interest in conflict-laden issues.”
Note:SI VACILLA E SI RINUNCIA

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Although most research attention was focused on the instability of voting choices in cross-pressured groups, some researchers also observed that cross-pressured voters tended to make later political decisions and tended to express lower levels of political interest than those in more homogeneously supportive social environments.
Note:SWING.... MA SOPRATTUTTO RINUNCIA

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Whatever Happened to Cross-Pressures?
Note:tttttttt

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By declaring themselves outside or “above” politics, people avoid taking potentially controversial positions, avoid pressure from those who might attempt to change their minds, and, most importantly, they help to preserve social harmony.
Note:TIRARSI FUORI

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To Be or Not to Be Ambivalent?
Note:tttttt

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First, political inaction could be induced by the ambivalence that cross-cutting exposure is likely to engender within an individual.
Note:AMBIVALENZA.... PRIMO EFFETTO PARALIZZANTE DEL CFR... LE CONVINZIONI SI INDEBOLISCONO

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Ambivalence also has been tied to having more balanced or even-handed judgments about political issues.43 For example, simultaneous awareness of conflicting considerations
Note:CONFLITTO INTERIORE

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Social Accountability: Political Action versus Chickening Out
Note:tttttttt

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Social accountability may also play a powerful role. In my own social environment, I have become increasingly aware of potentially offending others through even relatively innocuous political actions such as the display of bumper stickers.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI PARALISI: IL CONTROLLO SOCIALE

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New Evidence for an Old Theory
Note:tttttttt

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Figure 4.2 summarizes the strength of the relationship between cross-cutting exposure and the likelihood of voting in presidential and congressional elections,
Note:CFR E PROB DI VOTARE

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But Why Do Cross-Pressures Matter?
Note:tttttttt

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How can we tell whether it is ambivalence driving people’s avoidance of politics or a desire to maintain smooth social relationships with others?
Note:QUALE DEI DUE FATTORI PESA DI PIÙ?

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This pattern provides strong evidence that for many people avoiding political involvement is a means of avoiding interpersonal conflict and controversy.
Note:QUIETO VIVERE

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When the analysis takes into account both ambivalence and social accountability, cross-cutting exposure no longer has any significant effects on participation. This finding suggests that collectively these two theories do a good job of accounting for the sum total of effects
Note:I DUE EFFETTI SPIEGANO TITTO

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Social Accountability in Public and Private Participation
Note:ttttttt

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one surprising pattern of results is that the size and strength of effects from cross-cutting exposure appear to be independent of whether the political act itself is private, as is the act of voting, as opposed to more public types of political acts.
Note:SOFFRE ANCHE LA PARTECIPAZIONE PRIVATA.... NN SOLO QUELLA PUBBLICA

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The results in this chapter suggest that people entrenched in politically heterogeneous social networks retreat from political activity mainly out of a desire to avoid putting their social relationships at risk. This interpretation is supported by the fact that it is those who are conflict avoidant, in particular, who are most likely to respond negatively to cross-cutting exposure
Note:NON METTERE A RISCHIO LA PACE SOCIALE

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Tragedy or Triumph?
Note:ttttttttt

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Most would not chastise citizens for backing off from political participation because they are ambivalent toward candidates or policy positions. Few would blame citizens for their lack of decisiveness
Note:CONSEGUENZE MORALI TRA I DUE MOTORI

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On the other hand, political withdrawal caused by a fear of the possible responses of others in one’s social environment will strike most as more problematic in terms of what it says about American political culture.
Note:cccccccc

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It is difficult to fault citizens for valuing smooth social interactions and wanting to get along with diverse others on a day to day basis. Because political interactions evoke anxieties and sometimes threaten social bonds,
Note:MA ANCHE LA PACE SOCIALE È UN VALORE

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Americans have evolved a means of maintaining social harmony across lines of political difference by relegating their desires to have their own way, and their right to speak their own minds, to secondary status.
UN VALORE SOCIALE PERSEGUITO CON LA NON MILITAMZA

ch 5 I pericoli di defecare all'aperto

5   Health: Surviving and growing in childhood - Where India Goes: Abandoned Toilets, Stunted Development and the Costs of Caste

Diane Coffey and Dean Spears

Note:5@@@@@@@

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reasons related to beliefs, values and norms about purity, pollution and untouchability.
Note:RIEPILOGO... PERCHÈ DEFECARE ALL APERTO

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exposure to poor sanitation is very bad for health. In the face of this stark and universal medical fact, India is special for two reasons. First, India has much more open defecation than any other country that is as rich. Second, the high population density in India – the fact that people live so close to one another and to one another’s germs – would make any amount of open defecation all the more threatening.
Note:DANNI ALLA SALUTE... DENSITÀ

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micro-organisms in faeces spread disease.
Note:GERMI

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germ theory of disease
Note:GERMI

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John Snow’s pioneering demonstration of the unsanitary roots of cholera in London was published in the 1850s.
Note:SNOW E IL COLERA

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Good toilets make good neighbours
Note:ttttttt

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Muslims, Baby emphasized, are more interested in using a latrine
Note:IL PROBLEMA SONO GLI INDÙ

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the Muslim mortality paradox. This puzzle was named by economists Sonia Bhalotra, Christine Valente and Arthur van Soest.
Note:UN PARADOSSO

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Muslim babies in India are more likely than Hindu babies in India to survive childhood.
Note:BAMBINI

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Muslims are, in many other ways, a disadvantaged minority in India.
Note:NONOSTANTE CHE

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open defecation spreads disease that can kill babies: Diarrhoea is only the most obvious cause. They also now knew that Muslims in India are less likely to defecate in the open than Hindus.
Note:DIARREA E OD

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Muslims tend to live near other Muslims and Hindus tend to live near other Hindus.
Note:VICINATO E RELIGIONE

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Open defecation and infant mortality
Note:tttttty

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Hindu babies who live in villages where they are surrounded by many Muslims are just as likely to survive as Muslim babies
Note:IL VICINO MUSULMANO

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perhaps over 200,000, and almost certainly over 100,000, children under five die each year who would otherwise survive if there were no open defecation in India.
Note:100/200.000 BAMBINI MORTI

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The long and short of it: The average height of children
Note:tttttt

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richer people are taller than poorer people
Note:PIÙ ALTI E PIÙ RICCHI

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Compared to people in other poor countries, people in India are very short.
Note:STATURA INDIANI

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Researchers have named this puzzle the Asian Enigma. This is actually a misleading name – it is really an Indian Enigma.
Note:PERCHÈ

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the Asian Enigma is that the average five-year-old girl in India is about two-thirds of a centimetre shorter than in sub-Saharan Africa.
Note:BAMBINA DI 5 ANNI

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Differences in population height: Environment, not genetics
Note:tttttt

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History is full of examples of populations that were thought to be genetically short, but whose children grew taller when early-life conditions improved.
Note:ALIMENTAZIONE E AMBIENTE... PIÙ CHE GENETICA

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Anthropologist Barry Bogin documented that the difference between average Ladino and Mayan adults was a striking 10 centimetres. But when civil war broke out and thousands of Mayans began to take refuge in the United States, Bogin found that their children grew to be even taller than most Ladinos.
Note:MAYA E LATINI IN GUATEMALA

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Lemm Proos, of Uppsala University, tracked Indian children adopted into Sweden.
Note:INDIANI ADOTTATI IN SVEZIA

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Europeans today are much taller than Europeans only a century or two ago
Note:DIFFERENZE NON SPIEGABILI CON LA CGENETICA

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Is there a Bengali enigma too?
Note:ttttttt

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The average five-year-old girl in West Bengal is about a quarter of a centimetre taller than the average five-year-old girl in Bangladesh.
Note:STESSO CEPPO MA RICCHEZZA DIFFERENTE

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Children in Bangladesh are taller than children in West Bengal, at the same level of wealth or poverty
Note:MA

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Why are children in West Bengal shorter than equivalently poor Bangladeshis?
Note:NUOVO ENIGMA

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Women in Bangladesh are more likely than women in India to be able to read and to have jobs.
Note:PRIMA DIFFERENZA: CONDIZIONE FEMMINILE

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An additional difference between Bangladeshi villages and Indian villages is open defecation.
Note:SECONDA DIFFERENZA: OD

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Living close and growing apart in rural Uttar Pradesh
Note:ttttt

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Anil’s mother stopped breastfeeding him when he was less than two months old because she got mastitis, an infection in her breast that is common among breastfeeding mothers. Rather than continuing to breastfeed while taking antibiotics to clear the infection, as is recommended, she started giving Anil buffalo milk, mixed with water, and her body stopped making breast milk. The switch from breast milk to watery buffalo milk at such a young age had doubly negative consequences for Anil’s growth. First, it is not the right kind of nutrition for a small baby. Neither buffalo milk nor cow milk has the easy-to-digest proteins found in breast milk,
Note:ESEMPIO DI ALIMENTAZIONE PROB

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bottle-feeding exposed Anil to germs. These germs lived in the milk, which was not always properly boiled,
Note:ccccc

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interaction between disease and breastfeeding
Note:INFEZIONI E ALLATTAMENTO

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Breastfeeding is a barrier against the germs spread by open defecation,
Note:VIRTÙ DEL DNO

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How faecal germs do their dirty work
Note:tttttttt

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Open defecation deposits faeces on the ground.
Note:PROCESSO

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Flies land on these germs; adults step on them; and children play in dirt contaminated with them.
Note:cccccc

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finger a mother offers for a crying

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The most obvious consequence is diarrhoea.
Note:DIARREA

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enteric dysfunction
Note:cccccc

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increased permeability of the intestines to disease.
Note:ccccc

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These parasites stifle child growth in a number of ways. First, they quite literally steal a child’s food: They use the food she eats
Note:LADRI DI CIBO

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loss of appetite and, sometimes, scarring and bleeding in the intestines that make it difficult to digest food.
Note:INTESTINI A PUTTANE

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unlike in India, many households in Nepal have been making the switch from open defecation to toilet or latrine use over the past decade. In 2006, about half of Nepali households defecated in the open, but by 2011 that fraction had declined to 35 per cent.
Note:NEPAL

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haemoglobin levels were more favourable in regions where open defecation had fallen
Note:ccccccc

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Deciphering the Asian (Indian) Enigma
Note:tttttt

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why children in India are shorter than children in sub-Saharan Africa.
Note:L ENIGMA

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difference between India and sub-Saharan Africa in open defecation is large.
Note:OD

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What about children in India and sub-Saharan Africa who are exposed to the same amount of open defecation? In this case, there is no difference in child height and no Asian Enigma.
Note:MISURARE IL GAP

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Converging evidence on open defecation and child height
Note:tttttttttt

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the strongest conclusions emerge when multiple research strategies point in the same direction.
Note:VARIETÀ

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Across a range of research strategies, open defecation has proven important for child height.
Note:ccccccccc

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One method compares countries
Note:PAESI

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Another approach looks across places
Note:REGIONI

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an alternative approach sets out to generate differences.
Note:RANDOM TRIAL

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In many cases, open defecation is something that people choose to do. If the researchers cannot persuade people in the study villages to stop defecating in the open, there will be little hope of learning about health effects by comparing the two groups of villages: In the end, their exposure to faecal germs will stay the same.
Note:PROBLEMI DEL RT

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Economist Paul Gertler
Note:4 RANDO TRIAL CON LA WORLD BANK

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Many people, many germs
Note:tttttt

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The same fraction of people defecating in the open is more harmful for child health in India than in the average developing country. This is because where population density
Note:DENSITÀ

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Payal Hathi, Sabrina Haque and Lovey Pant
Note:ccccccccc

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the same exposure to open defecation matters approximately twice as much in densely populated South Asia as it does in sub-Saharan Africa, on average.
Note:INCIDE IL DOPPIO

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One other important problem is maternal nutrition. In India, babies tend to be born to young, low-status women who are far too likely to be underweight
Note:NON DIMENTICHIAMO GLI ALTRI PROBLEMI

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Open defecation is a relatively egalitarian health hazard.
Note:RICCHEZZA IRRILEVANTE

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Money cannot buy a complete escape from an environment dense with germs.
ccccccc

ch 3 La dittatura della purezza

3   Purity, pollution and untouchability - Where India Goes: Abandoned Toilets, Stunted Development and the Costs of Caste

Diane Coffey and Dean Spears

Note:3 @@@@@@@@@@

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Ritesh goes to defecate twice a day, first around five in the morning and then again at seven at night. Each time he walks for about half an hour and goes to a different field or open space depending on his whim that day.
Note:DUE VOLTE AL GIRNO MEZZ ORA

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‘The pradhan wanted to give me a latrine, but I didn’t take it … I didn’t take it because [I’d have to pass by it on my way in and out, that would be awful].
Note:IL GRAN RIFIUTO... INSOPPORTABILE VIVERCI ACCANTO

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[a latrine] in the house, it is quite disgusting.
Note:ORRORE

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a world view in which open defecation is clean and latrines are dirty.
Note:LO SPORCO E IL PULITO

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Clean and dirty, pure and polluting, physical and ritual
Note:ttttttt

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difficult for him to separate his concepts of cleanliness and dirtiness from his ideas about what is good and bad in a ritual, or a religious, sense.
Note:SPORCO CATTIVO... PULITO BUONO

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R.S. Khare,
Note:L ANTROPOLOGO PIÙ ATTENTO

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Physical cleanliness is not always the same as ritual cleanliness,
Note:PULIZIA FISICA E RITUALE

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Some objects are physically clean, but nevertheless ritually polluting, like a drain which has just been cleaned
Note:ESEMPIO DELLA FOGNA

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Vegetable peels strewn on the floor or rat excreta in flour are both seen as physically dirty but not ritually polluting.
Note:TOPO

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Hindus, believe that cow dung and cow urine are purifying.
Note:STERCO E URINA DI MUCCA

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houses are often made out of cow dung
Note:ccccc

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newborn babies (even if clean) and mothers who have recently delivered babies are considered temporarily polluting
Note:NEONATO

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hair that a child had in the womb is impure.
Note:PELATI A DUE ANNI

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M.N. Srinivas,
Note:SOCIOLOGO

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The Remembered Village,
Note:LIBRO

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avoid touching lower-caste people.
Note:INTOCCABILI

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left hand, which is considered polluting because it is used to clean oneself after defecation.
Note:MANO SINISTRA

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villagers are often far more concerned with maintaining ritual purity than with maintaining those aspects of physical cleanliness
Note:COSA CONTA

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Pure people, less pure people and polluting people
Note:ttttttt

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core concepts of the caste system.
Note:SPORCO PULITO E IL SISTEMA

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caste has many consequences for everyday life. It is inherited from one’s parents at birth and cannot be changed.
Note:CASTA

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such as race in the US, South Africa or Latin America.
Note:SIMIL RAZZA

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People from higher castes are thought to be inherently more pure than people from lower castes,
Note:CASTA E PUREZZA

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many higher-caste people also believe that people from the lower castes are polluting.
Note:cccccccccc

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higher-caste villagers often refuse food cooked by a lower-caste person,
Note:CIBO

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Fatima
Note:ALTA CASTA

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have to hire someone from the Dhobi caste to wash the clothing that her daughter-in-law used at the hospital.
Note:CHIAMARE QUALCUNO PER LAVARE I VESTITI INQUINATI ALL OSPEDALA

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We have heard some urbanites claim that discrimination against Dalits was part of India’s past, but is no longer practised today.
Note:ANCORA OGGI I DALIT SONO DISCRIMINATI

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Economists Amit Thorat and Omkar Joshi
Note:ccccccccc

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20 per cent of urban respondents report having at least one family member who practises untouchability.
Note:cccccccc

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Dirty people, dirty work and dirty spaces
Note:ttttttttt

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Rules about purity and pollution are often used to reinforce caste hierarchies.
Note:GERARCHIE

Yellow highlight | Location: 769

removing animal carcasses from the village, cleaning faeces and trash from public places, preparing dead bodies for cremation
Note:LAVORI DEGLI INTOCCABILI SPORCHI FISICAMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 771

drumming or crafting shoes out of leather,
Note:LAVORI SPORCHI SOLO RITUALMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 773

Anthropologist Sarah Pinto
Note:giu

Yellow highlight | Location: 773

Dalits are dirty because they perform dirty jobs, and the jobs are dirty because Dalits perform them.
Note:CIRCOLARITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 781

Sociologist Damaris Lüthi
Note:GIÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 782

the cleanliness and purity of the home are very important.
Note:CASA E PUREZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 784

cleanliness stops ‘at the doorsteps of private homes,
Note:ccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 785

Anand Teltumbde,
Note:ggg

Yellow highlight | Location: 786

the litter problem plaguing Indian cities is not only about people not caring what happens to public spaces but also about caste politics. Indians throw their trash on the ground not merely out of laziness but also to assert their superiority over Dalits. It is, after all, Dalits who are expected to clean public places.
Note:CASTE E SPORCIZIA

Note | Location: 788

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Yellow highlight | Location: 793

Getting ahead where some people are pure and some people are polluting
Note:tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 796

one caste may try to assert their superiority over another is by adopting more stringent purity
Note:PIÙ RIGOROSI PIÙ SUPERIORI... ES DEL VEGETARIANESIMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 798

The adoption of higher-caste values and practices by members of the middle and lower castes
Note:CONTAGIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 804

Om Prakash Valmiki,
Note:SCRITTORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 805

the upwardly mobile Dalits in his village slowly stopped raising pigs:
Note:MOBILITÀ SOCIALE E RITUALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 814

What do purity, pollution and untouchability have to do with open defecation?
Note:tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 816

the idea that public filth may be connected to ritual pollution.
Note:RELIGIONE E SALUTE PUBBLICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 817

sociologist André Béteille,
Note:ccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 818

‘In our obsession for ritual purity, we make compromises with physical cleanliness.’
Note:cccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 824

If a latrine is in the house, there will be bad smells, germs will grow. Latrines in the house are like ... hell. The environment becomes completely polluted. There is no benefit of lighting [religious candles and lamps], no benefit at all.
Note:IL DEMONIO IN CASA

Yellow highlight | Location: 830

Many higher-caste respondents were particularly concerned about having a latrine close to the kitchen. Aside from places of prayer,
CUCINA E TEMPIO