Apologia della frusta

Meglio un anno in prigione o tre brutali frustate?

Da parte mia nessun dubbio: opto senza esitare per le frustate… e poi a casa di corsa a dormire nel mio letto.

Un mesetto di cure e medicazioni, l’attesa che si riformi la nuova cute, un paio di notti insonni col culo come una bistecca violacea non mi farebbero certo desistere.

E, se permettete, non mi fermo alla mia personale preferenza, ho la presunzione di affermare che la maggior parte degli interpellati mi seguirebbe sulla medesima strada.

E’ davvero una “pazza idea”? Non credo. Sta di fatto che un’ introspezione di tal fatta è alla base di ogni difesa accettabile della pena corporale.

Chi nel 2017 tenta un’apologia delle frustate lo fa solo perché desidera solo un sistema punitivo meno crudele.

Cosa c’è che non va’ in questo anelito?

Andateci voi in galera a convivere con criminali  irredimibili, a ricevere le loro proposte “indeclinabili”, a subire violenze sessuali ripetute.

Sottoponetevi voi a questo distacco fatale dalla vita lavorativa. Anzi, dalla vita normale in genere.

In posti del genere se entrate malandrini, uscirete criminali. Se entrate criminali, uscirete criminali incalliti.

E chi una volta fuori da quel girone infernale si ritrova barbone di strada, deve accendere un cero alla Madonna e baciarsi i gomiti.

La soluzione carceraria è un fallimento: voluta in luogo delle punizioni dai fautori della deterrenza e della rieducazione, non rieduca e non produce deterrenza, è solo una costosissima tortura prolungata che ha effetti benefici sul crimine solo quando sequestra in massa la popolazione a rischio, che è quasi 1/3 della popolazione tutta (vedi USA).

Possiamo considerarla una soluzione eugenetica più che sociale.

I riformatori, con le loro proposte di “mitigazione” vengono sbeffeggiati dal fiero conservatore. Chi puo’ dargli torto?: lo spettacolo di chi s’indigna per un condono e poi plaude un’amnistia è rivoltante. Mancano le basi per uno scambio fruttuoso.

Scommetto però che anche il conservatore più crudele sarebbe solleticato all’idea di una “mitigazione” fondata sulla frustata. La frustata, in altri termini, getta un solido ponte tra posizioni distanti. La frustata è portatrice di dialogo.

Se la frustata è un sensato atto di pietà, chi delinque dovrebbe perlomeno avere il diritto di sceglierla come pena alternativa.

Allo stesso tempo la frustata non lede il nostro senso di giustizia. Anzi, anche il più accanito colpevolista che assiste all’esecuzione di una pena corporale se ne torna a casa appagato nello spirito.

Prendiamo un caso spinoso della contemporaneità: l’immigrazione clandestina. Come difendere in modo efficace la causa a me cara del clandestino? Solo garantendo punizioni immediate e ben visibili a chi sgarra, sappiamo bene che i clandestini hanno un’ inclinazione a delinquere spropositata. Ecco, in casi del genere le frustate sono come il cacio sui maccheroni: carceri decongestionate e senso di giustizia appagato, compreso quello leghista.

Meglio frustati che in carcere. Ma nel caso dei clandestini c’è di più: meglio frustati che in carcere,  annegati o rinchiusi in un campo libico.

***

Qui non scendo in particolari burocratici ma ciascuno vede fin da subito che occorre un filtro all’accesso: alcuni criminali non possono essere rilasciati poiché rappresenterebbero un pericolo, penso ai malati mentali.

Ecco allora un altro effetto collaterale positivo: basta con tutte quelle ipocrite e fastidiose richieste d’ “incapacità”  per l’imputato, la tendenza s’invertirebbe nel segno di una responsabilizzazione dei singoli.

C’è forse chi pensa che una frustata sia troppo poco? Bene, discutiamone. Ma discutiamo però del numero, non del metodo.

A chi resta orripilato s’insista invece nel dire che trattasi di trattamento opzionale: la libera scelta si pone a fondamento del sistema riformato.

Lo si faccia presente soprattutto a quei “sensibiloni” che in nome della libera scelta accettano di tutto, anche l’eutanasia.

Immediatezza, proporzionalità, trasparenza, convenienza economica… le frustate sembrano avere tutte le carte in regola per proporsi come alternativa alla prigione, cosa impedisce un loro ritorno?

Tre cose.

1. Il fatto che le carceri siano un cospicuo business per molti insider che non mollano facilmente il posto alla mangiatoia.

2. Poi:  l’uomo secolarizzato e prosciugato da ogni  spiritualità, fa dell’ incolumità fisica il suo ultimo dio  (e quindi del dolore fisico il suo ultimo demonio). Sentire anche solo evocato il suo personale Satana lo disturba e lo atterrisce. Tremebondo smette di ragionare nel merito e cerca con tutte le sue forze di esorcizzare ogni azione riformatrice  ripristinando il tabù. Una diffusa cultura effeminata si oppone a prescindere alla frustata.

3. Ultima ragione: la mentalità progressista non puo’ ammettere che un miglioramento possa venire dal ripristino di “barbarie” passate opportunamente rivedute e corrette. Andare avanti per migliorare l’esistente è sentito come un dogma senza alternative, e questo a prescindere dal vicolo cieco in cui ci si è infilati.

Purtroppo, contro interessi consolidati, tabù e dogmi la lotta è impari.

ch 15 CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON

CHAPTER 15 WHEN WE CROSSED THE RUBICON - our Kindle Notes For:

The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter

Joseph Henrich

Note:15@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,440

crossing the threshold into a regime of cumulative cultural evolution, which has driven human genetic evolution ever since.
Note:LA SOGLIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,442

tools of sufficient complexity that no single individual could have invented
Note:INVENZIONI DEL CERVELLO CUMULATIVO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,459

Genetic evidence indicates that our lineage split from the line leading to chimpanzees between 5 and 10 million years ago.
Note:SPLIT DALLA SCIMMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,464

After about 4 million years ago, the bones tell us that an ape that walked on two legs with a brain somewhat larger than a chimpanzee appeared in Africa.
Note:LA SCIMMIA BIPEDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,480

About 3.4 million years ago in Ethiopia, somebody was using stone tools to cut and scrape the meat off a cow-sized ungulate (like a horse or zebra) and a goat-sized bovid (think baby antelope).
Note:PRIMI STRUMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,503

By 2.6 million years ago, the first stone tools appear in the paleoarcheological record. Known as Oldowan tools (after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania),
Note:STRUMENTI SOFISTICATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,524

By around 2.4 million years ago, a bigger-brained (about 630 cm3) bipedal ape appeared in Africa. These apes, and there may have been more than one species, are typically considered the first members of our genus, Homo, so I’ll refer to them collectively as Early Homo.
Note:CERVELLO INGRANDITO... NASCE HOMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,589

In Africa and then rapidly across Eurasia, a new species of the genus Homo was on the move with bigger brains (800 cm3); a much more modern physique, including a narrower pelvis and longer legs; and often fancier stone tools. For simplicity, I will refer to all varieties of this guys—whether in Asia, Africa, or Europe—as Homo erectus.
Note:HOMO ERECTUS... BIGGER BRAIN

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,631

Things accelerated from 1.6 to 1 million years ago, as new techniques and materials increasingly appeared among the remains of erectus societies. Hand axes, including those from the same site, go from mostly worked on one side (unifacial) to being worked on both sides (bifacial).
Note:NUOVI ATTREZZI

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,687

Of course, this is not to imply that these ancient humans were like us, but merely that they had crossed the Rubicon and embarked on a genetic evolutionary trajectory that was primarily driven by culture and its products.
Note:COEVOLUTION... IL RUBICONE... IL CORPIO CAMBIA IN RELAZIONE AD ATTREZZI CHE SONO UN PORTATO DELLA CULTIRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,691

Homo erectus changed sufficiently, including a brain expansion to 1200 cm3, to justify a new species name, Homo heidelbergensis. This period revealed the first evidence of projectile weapons,
Note:UN NUOVO ERECTUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,700

The upshot of all this is that, based on current evidence, Australopiths probably began to aggregate cultural information more intensively than any other living ape
Note:AUSTROLOPITECO

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,704

Early Homo, expanding his brain and reducing his teeth and jaws. By 1.8 million years ago, however, the threshold had probably been crossed, and cumulative cultural evolutionary products were driving the genetic evolution
Note:1.8... PIÙ CERVELLO MENO DENTI... LA FRONTIERA È SUPERATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 5,707

By 750,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, there’s little doubt that we are dealing with a cultural species who hunts large game, catches big fish, maintains hearths, cooks, manufactures complex tools, cooperates in moving giant slabs, and gathers and processes diverse plants.
COSA FACEVAMO 750000

TUTTO In Defense of Flogging Peter Moskos

In Defense of Flogging

Peter Moskos

Last annotated on Monday September 4, 2017

75 Highlight(s) | 77 Note(s)

Yellow highlight | Location: 12

crazy idea

Yellow highlight | Page: 1

There are 2.3 million Americans in prison. That is too many. I want to reduce cruelty, and flogging may be the answer.
Note:CRUDELTÀ

Yellow highlight | Page: 2

Given the choice between five years in prison and ten brutal lashes, which would you choose?
Note:DOMANDA.

Yellow highlight | Page: 4

Taking away a large portion of somebody’s life through incarceration is a strange concept, especially if it’s rooted not in actual punishment but rather in some hogwash about making you a better person (more on that later). But what about prison itself? Prison is first and foremost a home of involuntary confinement, a “total institution” of complete dominance and regulation.
Note:PRIGIONE... UNA DEFINIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 5

even if you’re adamant that flogging is a barbaric, inhuman form of punishment, how can offering the choice be so bad? If flogging were really worse than prison, nobody would choose it. So what’s the harm in offering corporal punishment as an alternative to incarceration?
Note:OFFRIRE UNA SCELTA COME PASSO INTERMEDIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 6

Prisons don’t work, but unfortunately neither does traditional opposition to them. Without more radical debate, preachers for prison reform will never be heard beyond the choir. There is no shortage of ideas on such things as rehab, job training, indeterminate sentencing, restorative justice, prison survival, and reentry.
Note:LA PRIGIONE NON FUNGE... L UNICO MODO CHE I RIFORMATORI HANNO PER ESSERE ASCOLTAT DAI CONSERVATORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 7

Flogging may indeed be barbaric, but maybe barbarism has a bad rap.
Note:LA CATTIVA REPUTAZIONE DELLE BARBARIE

Yellow highlight | Page: 8

I don’t want to add caning to an already brutal system of prison; instead, I propose an alternative to incarceration, what might be called “flog-and-release.”
Note:ALTERNATIVA NON AGGIUNTA... SIA CHIARO

Yellow highlight | Page: 9

Ten lashes, a little rubbing alcohol, a few bandages, and you’d be free to go home and sleep in your own bed.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

Yellow highlight | Page: 9

Consider the case of Aaron Cohen, a New Zealander arrested with his drug-addicted mother for possessing heroin in Malaysia.
Note:UN CASO IN MALAYSYA

Yellow highlight | Page: 10

It’s just incredible pain. More like a burning—like someone sticking an iron on your bum. . . . Afterwards my bum looked like a side of beef. There was three lines of raw skin with blood oozing out. . . . . You can’t sleep and can only walk like a duck. Your whole backside is three or four times bigger—swollen, black and blue. I made a full recovery within a month and am left with only slight scarring. Emotionally, I’m okay. I haven’t had any nightmares about that day, although I’m starting to dream about the prison.
Note:TESTIMONIANZA. 6 FRUSTATE

Yellow highlight | Page: 10

you’d be led into a room where an attending physician would conduct an examination to make sure you’re physically fit enough to be flogged, that you won’t die under the intense shock of the cane.
Note:PRE VISITA

Yellow highlight | Page: 11

The punishment would not be a public spectacle but would not be closed to the public. There would be perhaps a dozen spectators, including bailiffs and other representatives of the court, a lawyer, a doctor, perhaps a court reporter, and maybe a few relatives of both parties, including the victim.
Note:SPETTATORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 11

the guard takes down your pants and adds a layer of padding over your back (to protect vital organs from errant strokes), the flogging would begin.
Note:IL PARAPALLE X PROTEGGERE ORGANI VITALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 12

the skin at the point of contact is usually split open and, after three strokes, the buttocks will be covered with blood. All the strokes prescribed by the court . . . are given at one and the same time, at half minute intervals. . . . . The stroke follows the count, and the succeeding count is usually made about half a minute after the stroke has landed. Most of the prisoners put up a violent struggle after each of the first three strokes. Mr. Quek [the prison director] said: “After that, their struggles lessen as they become weaker. At the end of the caning, those who receive more than three strokes will be in a state of shock. Many will collapse, but the medical officer and his team of assistants are on hand to revive them and apply antiseptic on the caning wound.”
Note:SINGAPORE

Yellow highlight | Page: 13

once they’ve patched you up, you’d be allowed to leave the courthouse a free man—no striped pajamas, no gangs, no learning from other criminals, no fear. You’d never have to find out what the inside of a prison is like.
Note:I VANTAGGI DELLE FRUSTATE

Yellow highlight | Page: 15

The prison-abolition movement seems to have died right after a 1973 Presidential Advisory Commission said, “No new institutions for adults should be built, and existing institutions for juveniles should be closed,” and concluded, “The prison, the reformatory and the jail have achieved only a shocking level of failure.” Since then, even though violent crime in America has gone down, the incarceration rate has increased a whopping 500 percent.
Note:LA CONTRADDIZIONE: IL CARCERE FALLISCE MA SI COSTRUISCONO PIÙ CARCERI

Yellow highlight | Page: 16

To understand the uselessness of incarceration—to appreciate just how specious the connection between increased incarceration and decreased crime really is—consider New York City. Not only did New York drastically cut crime, it did so while incarcerating fewer people.
Note:UTILITÀ DEL CARCERE... L ESEMPIO DI NY

Yellow highlight | Page: 17

Better policing and massive immigration—not increased incarceration—contributed to New York’s crime drop. In the 1990s the NYPD got back in the crime prevention game: Drug dealers were pushed indoors, and crack receded in general. Also, police focused on quality-of-life issues, the so-called “broken windows.” At the same time more than one million foreign immigrants moved to New York City. Whether due to a strong work ethic, fear of deportation, traditional family values, or having the desire and means to emigrate in the first place, immigrants (nationwide and in New York City) have lower rates of crime and incarceration than native-born Americans. Astoundingly, today more than one in three New Yorkers are foreign born. Although policing in New York City deservedly received a lot of credit for the city’s crime drop, strangely, few people credit immigrants and almost nobody seemed to notice the winning strategy of “decarceration.”
Note:LE SOLUZIONI DI NY

Yellow highlight | Page: 18

From 1970 to 1991 crime rose while we locked up a million more people.
Note:PERIODO 70 91

Yellow highlight | Page: 18

One reason prison doesn’t reduce crime is that many prison-worthy offenses—especially drug crimes—are economically demand-motivated. This doesn’t change when a drug dealer is locked up.
Note:RAGIONI DEL FALLIMENTO... MOLTI CRIMINI SONO DEMAND DRIVEN

Yellow highlight | Page: 19

Prison reformers—and I wish them well—tinker at the edges of a massive failed system. I’m all for what are called “intermediate sanctions”: House monitoring, GPS bracelets, intensive parole supervision, fines, restitution, drug courts, and day-reporting centers all show promise and deserve our full support. But we need much more drastic action. To bring our incarceration back to a civilized level—one we used to have and much more befitting a rich, modern nation—we would have to reduce the number of prisoners by 85 percent.
Note:RIFORMISTI

Note | Page: 19

IL RIFORMISMO NON INCIDE

Note | Page: 20

OBBIETTIVO 85%

Yellow highlight | Page: 20

We could legalize and regulate drugs and also get soft on crime, but that’s also not likely to happen anytime soon.
Note:DEPENALIZZAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 20

we could offer the lash in exchange for sentence years, after the approval of some parole board designed to keep the truly dangerous behind bars. As a result, our prison population would plummet. This would not only save money but save prisons for those who truly deserve to be there: the uncontrollably dangerous.
Note:PRIGIONI A CHI SE LE MERITA

Yellow highlight | Page: 21

Bernard Madoff, famously convicted in 2009 for running a massive Ponzi scheme, is being incarcerated and costing the public even more money. Why? He’s no threat to society. Nobody would give him a penny to invest. But Madoff did wrong and deserves to be punished. Better to cane him and let him go.

Note | Page: 21

CHI NN PUÒ RIPETERE IL CRIMINE... PRIMO CANDIDATO ALLE FRUSTATE

Yellow highlight | Page: 21

imagine being the victim of a violent mugging. The last thing you remember before slipping into unconsciousness is the mugger pissing on you and laughing. Such things happen. Luckily, police catch the bastard, and he is quickly convicted. What should happen next? What if there were some way to reform this violent criminal without punishing him? In Sleeper, Woody Allen’s futuristic movie from the 1970s, there’s a device like a small walk-in closet called the “orgasmatron.” A person goes in and closes the door, lights flash, and three seconds later, well . . . that’s why they call it the orgasmatron. Now imagine, if you will, a device similar to the orgasmatron called the “reformatron.” It’s the perfect rehabilitation machine for criminals.
Note:X CAPIRE L IMPORTANZA DELLA PUNIZIONE RETRIBUTIVA... INTROSPEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Page: 22

The cured criminal thanks God, kisses his baby’s mother, and walks out of the courtroom a free man to go home, relax, and think about job possibilities.
Note:c

Yellow highlight | Page: 22

the concept is disturbingly lacking in justice.
Note:ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 23

even among those who know the death penalty does not deter crime, support for the death penalty still runs three to one. Deterrence and punishment are separate issues. Punishment is about retribution.
Note:PENA DI MORTE

Note | Page: 23

LA DETERRENZA NON È GIUSTIZIA... ESEMPIO PENA DI MORTE

Yellow highlight | Page: 23

In an ironic twist, we designed the prison system to replace flogging. The penitentiary was supposed to be a kinder and gentler sentence, one geared to personal salvation, less crime, and a better life for all.
Note:L OBIETTIVO INIZIALE DEIL SISTEMA PUNITIVO

Yellow highlight | Page: 24

Before we had prisons, harsh confinement was used alongside corporal punishment. But such incarceration generally had another purpose, such as holding a person until trial, or until a debt was paid. Confinement was a means to an end:
Note:DAPPRIMA FU PUNIZIONE.... IL RINCHIUDERE ERA SOLO UN MEZZO... RETRIBUZIONE FUNZIONE PRIMARIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 27

Today we know that prisons are not hospitals for the criminally ill (though prisons do house many mentally ill people, to horrible effect). At the time, however, many people hoped that we could purge criminality from a person’s system. The mantra of reformers became “treat not the crime, but the criminal.”
Note:I PRIMI RIFORMISTI... PRIGIONE COME OSPEDALE... CACCIARE IL DEMONE E RIEDUCARE... IL CARCERE DIVENTA NECESSARIO

Yellow highlight | Page: 28

Cesare Beccaria, an Italian politician and philosopher, came up with the idea of deterrence in his 1764 Essay on Crimes and Punishments. Beccaria transformed theories of criminality. Contrary to popular beliefs, Beccaria posited that the Devil himself did not actually possess criminals. Instead, said Beccaria, people have free will to act rationally
Note:BECCARIA: STOP PRIGIONE OSPEDALE E VIA PRIGIONE DETERRENZA... SECONDA CORRENTE RIFORMISTA

Yellow highlight | Page: 28

Despite the difficulties of putting Beccaria’s theories into practice, these notions of deterrence and crime prevention form the basis of what is now known as the classical school of criminology.
Note:SCUOLA CLASSICA DI CRIMINOLOGIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 29

In America the British system of execution and harsh flogging gave way to what was supposed to be a softer and reforming system of penitentiaries.
Note:IL RIFORMISMO COMINCIA LA SUA MARCIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 30

Based on Howard’s vision, a small jail in Wymondham, England, was rebuilt in 1787 on the principles of hard labor, solitary confinement, and penance (hence the name “penitentiary”).
Note:I RIFORMISMI CONVERGONO: RIEDUCAZIONE CALVINISTA E DETERRENZA BECCARIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 31

So in 1787 the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was established by Quaker-raised Benjamin Rush. The Society condemned the jails and public punishments of its time, proposing that isolating prisoners in solitary cells would be more effective than flogging. The key to this belief is a firm and paternalistic conviction that crime is a moral disease.
Note:RIFORMISTI: CONDANNA DELLA PUNIZIONE PUBBLICA... ALTERNATIVA: PENITENZA

Yellow highlight | Page: 32

Bentham’s Panopticon, written the same year Rush established the Prison Society, offered “a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a quantity hitherto without example . . . all by a simple idea in Architecture!”
Note:BENTHAM E LA SORVEGLIANZA DEI PENITENTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 36

With a half loaf of bread a day for weeks, this “humane” replacement to flogging literally starved men into submission.
Note:COSA HA RIMPIAZZATO LA FRUSTATA?… BUONE INTENZIONI FINITE MALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 40

The goal, prison commissioners said, was to keep prisoners so isolated that if they were in prison on election night, they wouldn’t know who was president of the United States
Note:ISOLARE ISOLARE ISOLARE

Yellow highlight | Page: 48

Martinson’s national fame came later, with a multiauthored, 735-page tome rather academically titled The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: A Survey of Treatment Evaluation Studies
Note:NOTHING WORKS

Yellow highlight | Page: 48

His 1974 Public Interest article on the subject, “What Works?,” became known in policy circles as “Nothing Works!”
Note:cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 49

Like many reformers, Martinson just wanted effective rehabilitation. But unlike many reformers, Martinson was brutally honest about existing failures.
Note:cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 50

even societies that gleefully hurt others rarely if ever placed a human being in a cell for punishment.
Note:NEANCHE LE SOCIETÀ PIÙ CRUDELI HANNO MAI PRODOTTO PRIGIONI

Yellow highlight | Page: 51

Prison is an insidious marriage of entombment and torture. Not only are inmates immured in prison, they are also subjected to never-ending physical and mental agony.
Note:TOMBA E TERTURA

Yellow highlight | Page: 52

Approximately one in twenty prison inmates say they’ve been sexually assaulted
Note:SEX ASSAULT

Yellow highlight | Page: 54

Without gang protection or a long-term committment to solitary confinement, the danger of sexual assault is ever-present.
Note:GANG PROTACTION

Yellow highlight | Page: 56

If you’re stuck in prison, why wouldn’t you take drugs? What else are you going to do?
Note:DROGHE E ALTRI ABUSI

Yellow highlight | Page: 61

In jail people naturally fulfill the role expected of them. Consider Philip Zimbardo’s notorious 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment.
Note:AD OGNUNO IL SUO RUOLO

Yellow highlight | Page: 62

Of the more than seven hundred thousand prisoners released each year, two-thirds are rearrested within three years, and half end up back in prison.
Note:RECIDIVA DI MASSA

Yellow highlight | Page: 62

Part of the problem is that not only do prisons not “cure” crime, they’re truly criminogenic:
Note:CURA CRIMINOGENA

Yellow highlight | Page: 67

It’s a sad day when the best-case scenario after getting out of jail is being homeless—but this is reality.
Note:DA CARCERATO A BARBONE... SE VA BENE

Yellow highlight | Page: 77

The survival of mass incarceration can be traced, in no small degree, to the same kinds of economic pressures that once drove slavery itself. Incarceration is a business.
Note:L AFFARE DELLE CARCERI

Yellow highlight | Page: 79

In truth, private prisons rarely save much money. The savings that do exist come mostly from labor; the average pay in private prisons is three-quarters of that found in public prisons.
Note:IL RISPARMIO DEI PRIVATI

Yellow highlight | Page: 86

we have adapted prisons to confine our mentally ill,
Note:UNA SOLUZIONE AI MALATI MENTALI

Yellow highlight | Page: 92

Sometime in the past few decades we seem to have lost the concept of justice in a free society. Now we settle for simple efficiency of process.
Note:MENO EFFICIENZA PIÙ GIUSTIZIA

Yellow highlight | Page: 93

Although the prison system is unarguably broken, many people have yet to acknowledge that the problem is the system itself and not just the way it’s run.
Note:MOLTI INSISTONO A VOLER SALVARE IL SISTEMA

Yellow highlight | Page: 94

No matter how tough we get, because prisons do not punish in a comprehensible manner, incarceration will never satisfy the public’s legitimate desire for punishment.
Note:LA PUNIZIONE DEL CARCERE È INCOMPRENSIBILE

Yellow highlight | Page: 99

If prisons are broken, then so, too, is prison reform.
Note:RIFORME IN PANNE

Yellow highlight | Page: 109

In twenty-first-century America, could we have court-sanctioned flogging? It’s unclear, but it’s not currently prohibited. The Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on the matter, and until it does, we should assume it’s constitutional.
Note:FRUSTARE È COSTITUZIONALE

Yellow highlight | Page: 111

To flog with consent is key.
Note:PARTICOLARE DEL CONSEENSO

Yellow highlight | Page: 113

If you think flogging lets people off too easily, we could debate the appropriate number of lashes.
Note:TROPPO POCA DETERRENZA? DISCUTIAMO IL NUMERO DELLE FRUSTATE

Yellow highlight | Page: 114

Violence may seem an unsavory alternative to prison, but punishment must by definition hurt in some way, be it emotionally, psychologically, monetarily, or physically. Punishment must cause pain.
Note:ALA VIOLENZA VFISICA VI FA PAURA? IPOCRITI!

Yellow highlight | Page: 114

Physical violence has the advantage of being honest, inexpensive, and easy to understand.
Note:VIOLENZA FISICA... ONESTA ECONOMICA E FACILE DA CAPIRE

Yellow highlight | Page: 124

Along with a fondness for cricket and warm beer, the British exported the lash throughout their colonial empire (though we’ve moved on to baseball and cold beer).
Note:FRUSTATE IN STILE IMPERO... GLI ESPORTATORI

Yellow highlight | Page: 125

Both Amnesty International and the UN Human Rights Committee criticize flogging as cruel, degrading, and contrary to human rights law.
Note:FRUSTARE... ATTO CONTRO I DIRITTI UMANI

Yellow highlight | Page: 129

At this point the more open-minded reader may like pain as punishment but dislike the symbolism and messiness of flogging.
Note:SOSTANZA E SIMBOLO

Yellow highlight | Page: 129

A machine, perhaps much more than a person, could guarantee consistency of pain
Note:RICORSO ALLE MACCHINE?

Yellow highlight | Page: 130

Consider this 1898 New York Times account of an “electric spanking chair”
Note:cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Page: 135

Flogging is indeed very harsh, but it’s not torture—not
Note:NO TORTURA

Yellow highlight | Page: 138

Flogging is refreshingly transparent and honest.
Note:ONESTÀ.... PER QS MEGLIO EVITARE LE MACCHINE

Yellow highlight | Page: 143

Immediacy, proportionality, transparency, and choice are all critical components
Note:COMPONENTI CRITICHE DELLA PENA CORPORALE #####

Yellow highlight | Page: 144

Some offenders do need to be incarcerated and kept away from society. But for the vast majority of criminal suspects, flogging would be a viable option.
Note:FILTRARE I CRIMINALI... SOLO ALCUNI SONO ADATTI

Yellow highlight | Page: 147

Flogging is not a slippery step toward amputation, public stoning, or sharia law. This is not the first step on a path to hell.
Note:ATTENZIONE AL.PIANO INCLINATO

Yellow highlight | Page: 153

the moral qualms, the spattered blood, lawsuits, policy details, and a certain retrograde feeling to the whole proposition.
ELEMENTI TRASCURATI

ch 1+2+3+4 Partecipare o decidere?

Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy

Diana C. Mutz

Last annotated on Friday September 1, 2017

73 Highlight(s) | 73 Note(s)

Yellow highlight | Location: 2

Hearing the Other Side Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy
Note:TITOLO@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 9

Drawing on her empirical work, Mutz concludes that it is doubtful that an extremely activist political culture can also be a heavily deliberative one.
Note:ATTIVISMO E DEMOCRAZIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 51

Preface
Note:PRE@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 90

1 1 Hearing the Other Side, in Theory and in Practice
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 115

And despite the tremendous negative publicity that currently plagues American businesses, the American workplace is inadvertently performing an important public service simply by establishing a social context in which diverse groups of people are forced into daily interaction with one another.
Note:MIX SUL POSTO DI LAVORO

Yellow highlight | Location: 118

As I explain in subsequent chapters, my empirical work in this arena has led me to believe that there are fundamental incompatibilities between theories of participatory democracy and theories of deliberative democracy.
Note:TESI DELL INCOMPATIBILITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 125

Although diverse political networks foster a better understanding of multiple perspectives on issues and encourage political tolerance, they discourage political participation, particularly among those who are averse to conflict.
Note:LE CURVE ALLONTANANO DALLA PARTECIPAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 132

it is doubtful that an extremely activist political culture can also be a heavily deliberative one. The best social environment for cultivating political activism is one in which people are surrounded by those who agree with them, people who will reinforce the sense that their own political views are the only right and proper way to proceed.
Note:LA MILITANZA FA PRENDERE SCERLTE SBAGLIATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 140

Studying a Moving Target
Note:TITOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 140

Face-to-face discussions that cross lines of political difference are central to most conceptions of deliberative democracy.1 But many of the conditions necessary for approximating deliberative ideals such as Habermas’s “ideal speech situation”2 are unlikely to be realized in naturally occurring social contexts.3
Note:UTOPIA ALLA HABERMAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 157

As Mansbridge notes, “Everyday talk, if not always deliberative, is nevertheless a crucial part of the full deliberative system.”
Note:IL BAR

Yellow highlight | Location: 203

Avoiding What’s Good for Use?
Note:TITOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 204

“Religion and politics,” as the old saying goes, “should never be discussed in mixed company.”
Note:MOTTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 206

Political talk is now central to most current conceptions of how democracy functions.
Note:POLITICAL TALK

Yellow highlight | Location: 213

For example, Habermas’s “ideal speech situation” incorporates the assumption that exposure to dissimilar views will benefit the inhabitants of a public sphere by encouraging greater deliberation and reflection.
Note:HABERMAS: ESPORSI ALL'ALTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 217

Communitarian theorists further stress the importance of public discourse among people who are different from one another.
Note:COMUNITARIOSMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 222

Perhaps the most often cited proponent of communication across lines of difference is John Stuart Mill, who pointed out how a lack of contact with oppositional viewpoints diminishes the prospects for a public sphere:
Note:MILL

Yellow highlight | Location: 225

Likewise, Habermas assumes that exposure to dissimilar views will benefit the inhabitants of a public sphere by encouraging greater interpersonal deliberation and intrapersonal reflection.
Note:INTERPERSONAL

Yellow highlight | Location: 228

According to Arendt, exposure to conflicting political views also plays an integral role in encouraging “enlarged mentality,” that is, the capacity to form an opinion “by considering a given issue from different viewpoints, by making present to my mind the standpoints of those who are absent. . . .
Note:ARENDT

Yellow highlight | Location: 242

“Hence discussion rather than private deliberation would be necessary to ‘put on the table’ the various reasons and arguments that different individuals had in mind, and thus to ensure that no one could see the end result as arbitrary rather than reasonable and justifiable, even if not what he or she happened to see as most justifiable.”
Note:DISCUSSIONEVS RIFLESSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 253

Social network studies have long suggested that likes talk to likes; in other words, people tend to selectively expose themselves to people who do not challenge their view of the world.
Note:ESPOSIZIONE SELETTIVA DEI NUOVI MEDIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 261

What Is Meant by Diversity? Some Definitional Issues
Note:TITOLO. DIVERSITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 268

For purposes of this book, I use the term network to refer specifically to the people with whom a given person communicates on a direct, one-to-one basis.
Note:PARROCCHIETTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

But consider diversity–heterogeneity in the form that Robert Ezra Park first ascribed it to cities: “a mosaic of little worlds that touch but do not interpenetrate.”
Note:PERICOLO PICCOLI MONDI

Yellow highlight | Location: 293

As sociologist Claude Fischer suggests, “As the society becomes more diverse, the individuals’ own social networks become less diverse. More than ever, perhaps, the child of an affluent professional family may live, learn, and play with only similar children;
Note:PARADOSSO DELLA DIVERSITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 302

As discussed in Chapter 2, relatively few people think explicitly about the political climate when choosing a place to live, but lifestyle choices may serve as surrogates for political views, producing a similar end result.
Note:DOVE VIVERE... UNA SCELTA POLITICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 318

A Departure from Studying Political Preferences
Note:TITOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 324

When those of dissimilar views interact, conformity pressures are argued to encourage those holding minority viewpoints to adopt the prevailing attitude. When those of like mind come together, the feared outcome is polarization: that is, people within homogeneous networks may be reinforced so that they hold the same viewpoints, only more strongly.
Note:CONFORMISMO/DIVERSITÀ E POLARIZZAZIONE/OMOGENEITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 328

Solomon Asch, whose reputation was built on studying conformity and its perils, acknowledged the capacity for something beneficial, something other than social influence, to result from exposure to oppositional views: The other is capable of arousing in me a doubt that would otherwise not occur to me. The clash of views generates events of far-reaching importance.
Note:ASCH

Yellow highlight | Location: 344

Acknowledging the legitimacy of oppositional arguments is warned against in a popular test preparation book: “What’s important is that you take a position and state how you feel. It is not important what other people might think, just what you think.”
Note:CONTRO L'ASCOLTO DEL ALTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 348

Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy?
Note:TITOLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 369

The thesis of this book is that theories of participatory democracy are in important ways inconsistent with theories of deliberative democracy. The best possible social environment for purposes of either one of these two goals would naturally undermine the other.
Note:TESI DEL LIBRO... CHI SI CFR NN HA VOGLIA DI PARTECIPARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 371

Like the cover of this book, the pinnacle of participatory democracy was, to my mind, a throng of highly politically active citizens carrying signs, shouting slogans, and cheering on the speeches of their political leaders.
Note:IL PROTOTIPO DEL MILITANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 375

This was participatory democracy as I had known it. There was a level of enthusiasm and passion borne of shared purpose, and a camaraderie that emerged from the sheer amount of time spent together.
Note:PIACERE DELLO STARE CON I PROPRI SIMILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 379

it was politics as a way of life, to paraphrase Dewey.
Note:DEWEY… IL MILITANTE... TUTTO È POLITICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 383

These partisans could easily be admired for their political knowledge and their activism, but they would be rather like what John Stuart Mill called “one eyed men,” that is, people whose perspectives were partial and thus inevitably somewhat narrow. As Mill acknowledged, “If they saw more, they probably would not see so keenly, nor so eagerly pursue one course of enquiry.”
Note:IL MILITANTE COME UN POLIFEMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 391

Could deliberation and participation really be part and parcel of the same goal? Would the same kind of social and political environment conducive to diverse political networks also promote participation? The chapters that follow attempt to answer these questions.
Note:ENTUSIASMO E PONDERATEZZA POSSONO CONVIVERE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 453

2 Encountering Mixed Political Company With Whom and in What Context?
Note:2@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 573

political discussants tend more toward political agreement than disagreement.

Note | Location: 573

SI DISCUTE TRA SIMILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 591

Not surprisingly, political discussion becomes more frequent as relationships become more intimate.
Note:SI DISCUTE TRA INTIMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 645

Nonwhites are significantly more likely to engage in cross-cutting political conversation than whites. And as income increases, the frequency of disagreeable conversations declines. Exposure to disagreement is highest among those who have completed less than a high school
Note:PIÙ SEI RICCO PIÙ APPREZZI IL TUO SIMILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 671

As shown in Figure 2.4, those most knowledgeable about and interested in politics are not the people most exposed to oppositional political viewpoints.
Note:IL PARTIGIANO INFORMATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 680

cross-cutting political networks are more common among political moderates.
Note:MODERATI PIÙ INCLINI AL CFR

Yellow highlight | Location: 696

the homogeneity of the network reinforces those same views.
Note:IL RINFORZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

Those highest in voluntary association memberships are least likely to report cross-cutting political conversations.
Note:IL MLITANTE PARTECIPA DI PIÙ E SI CFR MENO

Yellow highlight | Location: 827

So long as people are encouraged to have bigger networks, the promise of cross-cutting exposure will be fulfilled, at least so the argument goes.
Note:ATTENZIONE AD UN ILLUSIONE COMUNE

Yellow highlight | Location: 832

The number of like-minded discussants increases with network size to an even greater degree, from .61 to 2.41, that is, by 1.80.
Note:AMPLIARE LE RETI NON SERVE: LE GRANDI RETI VITTIME DEL CONFORMISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 849

Finally, the line marked by triangles in Figure 2.8 illustrates the ratio of agreeable to disagreeable discussants, again by network size. Here the extent of agreement climbs steeply from one- to two-discussant networks, the opposite of the model prediction, then declines back to initial levels with networks of size three, and further toward heterogeneity at size four.
Note:SI CAMBIA IDEA SOLO A QUATTR OCCHI... RETI PICCOLE E DIVERSIFICATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 881

Environments are traditionally understood as external, exogenous factors that impose constraints on people’s ability to exercise selectivity: “Contexts are structurally imposed, whereas networks are individually constructed.”
Note:MENTRE LA RETE È SCELTA IL CONTESTO È DATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 996

According to this indicator, the United States is similar to Italy and Greece on the basis of the top panel of Figure 2.10. In all three countries just under 60 percent of respondents report a partisan first discussant, that is, one who is known to favor a candidate or party.
Note:USA ITALY GREECE... LE PIÙ POLARIZZATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,056

The heterogeneity of a person’s network is not even a positive function of his or her amount of political conversation more generally.
Note:CONFRONTO E PARTECIPAZ NN SONO CORRELATE... IL CFR È OCCASIONALE E CONTESTUALE... RIGUARDA CHI NN SI INTERESSA DI POLITICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,158

3 Benefits of Hearing the Other Side
Note:3@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,160

Theorists extol the virtues of political talk, foundations spend millions of dollars to encourage people of opposing views to talk
Note:VIRTÙ DECANTATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,255

There are obviously dozens of empirically testable hypotheses embedded in the assertions of deliberative theory. Unfortunately existing survey data provide few opportunities to test them.
Note:MA LA TEORIA È POCO TESTATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,266

Communication environments that expose people to non–like-minded political views were hypothesized to promote (1) greater awareness of rationales for one’s own viewpoints, (2) greater awareness of rationales for oppositional viewpoints, and (3) greater tolerance.
Note:I TRE SUPPOSTI BENEFICI DEL CFR

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,273

Green, Visser, and Tetlock
Note:AUTORI CHE CONFERMANO IL PRIMO BENEFICIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,295

studies unambiguously demonstrate that contact reduces prejudice, but not surprisingly, prejudice also lessens the amount of intergroup contact people have outside the laboratory.
Note:IL RUOLO DEL PREGIUDIZIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,315

people who have had to learn how to “agree to disagree” in their daily lives better understand the need to do so as a matter of public policy.
Note:CHI SI CFR COL DIVERSO IMPARA A FARLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,317

the extent of interpersonal contact across lines of religion, race, social class, culture, and nationality has been found to predict nonprejudicial attitudes toward groups not involved in the contact,
Note:cccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,327

quite a few empirical relationships have been attributed to exposure to non–like-minded political perspectives.
Note:POCHI TEST SPECIFICI X LA POLITICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,336

The extent to which people are exposed to differing views also has been invoked in explanations for why women tend to be less tolerant than men, and why those in urban environments are more tolerant than those in rural areas.
Note:DONNE CITTADINI CAMPAGNOLI UOMINI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,354

Figure 3.1 illustrates this proposed chain of events whereby exposure to people of differing political views increases awareness of rationales for differing viewpoints and thus increases political tolerance. This link is further supported by theorists such as Mead and Piaget
Note:DIVERSITÀ=>TOLLERANZA?

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,402

As shown in Figure 3.2, the number of rationales that people could give for their own positions were, not surprisingly, significantly higher than those they could give for opposing views.
Note:TURING TEST NN SUPERATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,417

Effects on Awareness of Rationales for Own and Oppositional Views
Note:ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,436

counter to what theorists such as Mill have proposed, there was no compelling evidence that exposure to non–like-minded views had an impact on awareness of rationales for people’s own political perspectives.
Note:CONTRO MILL... LA GENTE CHE SI CFR NN SI CHIARISCE MEGLIO LE PROPRIE RAGIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,445

exposure to oppositional viewpoints significantly increases awareness of legitimate rationales for opposing views.
Note:TOLLERANZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,481

As shown in Figure 3.4, people who have a civil orientation toward conflict are particularly likely to benefit from exposure to non–like-minded views.
Note:BENEFICI X L ESTREMISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,504

As shown in Figure 3.5, the size of the cognitive and affective effects on tolerance was modest, and the two effects were very similar in size. But together they produced a sizable effect on tolerance. If one generally perceives those opposed to one’s own views to have some legitimate, if not compelling reasons for being so, then one will be more likely to extend the rights of speech, assembly, and so forth, to disliked groups.
Note:ESPO E TOLLERNZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,597

As Figure 3.6 shows, among those high in perspective-taking ability, mean levels of tolerance were higher when subjects were exposed to rationales for oppositional views. However, among those low in perspective-taking ability, tolerance levels were lower when subjects were exposed to oppositional views.
Note:TOLLERANZA... AUMENTA NEGLI EMPATICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,662

Does the composition of people’s social networks have meaningful consequences for political tolerance and democratic legitimacy? My answer to this question is yes, on the basis of evidence to date. Although these findings do not support the argument that more deliberation per se is what American politics needs most, the findings lend supporting evidence to claims about the benefits of one central tenet of deliberative theory: that the perspectives people advocate when they talk about politics must be contested.
CONCLUSIONI

4 The Dark Side of Mixed Political Company
Note:4@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,750

plenty of evidence points to the potential for negative outcomes as a result of communication
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DELLA COMUNICAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,758

Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, who argue in Stealth Democracy that deliberation is either bad for, or, at the very least, not beneficial for democracy.1 They base their argument on evidence from voluntary associations and from planned deliberative events in which diverse people are brought together to interact, with the goal of reaching consensus. Consistent with my findings, they suggest that voluntary groups tend to avoid potentially controversial topics in favor of more practical tasks,
Note:I NEGATIVISTI AD OLTRANZA... LA DISCUSSIONE È UNA PERDITA DI TEMPO... NN SI GIUNGE MAI A UNA COMCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,769

I dislike arguments with my husband, but I cannot, as a consequence, claim we would be better off not having them.
Note:MEGLIO EVITARES I RADICALISMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,782

But the “dark side” I mention in the chapter title is not about failed cross-cutting interactions; instead it refers to situations in which cross-cutting exposure succeeds in making people more aware of oppositional views.
Note:IL VERO LATO OSCURO... QUANDO L ALTRO CI INFLUENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,785

Failure through Success: The Political Costs of Mixed Company
Note:ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,793

theories hint at the potential drawbacks of cross-cutting exposure for one democratic outcome in particular – political participation.
Note:CROLLO DELLA PARTECIPAZIONE POLITICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,796

“cross-pressures.”
Note:IL CONCETTO CHE ESPRIME LA PARALISI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,801

Lazarsfeld
Note:gggggg

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,804

The People’s Choice was the first study to suggest that conflicts and inconsistencies among the factors influencing an individual’s vote decision had implications for political participation:
Note:L AMTESIGNANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,814

“vacillation, apathy, and loss of interest in conflict-laden issues.”
Note:SI VACILLA E SI RINUNCIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,826

Although most research attention was focused on the instability of voting choices in cross-pressured groups, some researchers also observed that cross-pressured voters tended to make later political decisions and tended to express lower levels of political interest than those in more homogeneously supportive social environments.
Note:SWING.... MA SOPRATTUTTO RINUNCIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,841

Whatever Happened to Cross-Pressures?
Note:tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,966

By declaring themselves outside or “above” politics, people avoid taking potentially controversial positions, avoid pressure from those who might attempt to change their minds, and, most importantly, they help to preserve social harmony.
Note:TIRARSI FUORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,985

To Be or Not to Be Ambivalent?
Note:tttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,987

First, political inaction could be induced by the ambivalence that cross-cutting exposure is likely to engender within an individual.
Note:AMBIVALENZA.... PRIMO EFFETTO PARALIZZANTE DEL CFR... LE CONVINZIONI SI INDEBOLISCONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,046

Ambivalence also has been tied to having more balanced or even-handed judgments about political issues.43 For example, simultaneous awareness of conflicting considerations
Note:CONFLITTO INTERIORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,053

Social Accountability: Political Action versus Chickening Out
Note:tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,055

Social accountability may also play a powerful role. In my own social environment, I have become increasingly aware of potentially offending others through even relatively innocuous political actions such as the display of bumper stickers.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI PARALISI: IL CONTROLLO SOCIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,116

New Evidence for an Old Theory
Note:tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,141

Figure 4.2 summarizes the strength of the relationship between cross-cutting exposure and the likelihood of voting in presidential and congressional elections,
Note:CFR E PROB DI VOTARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,206

But Why Do Cross-Pressures Matter?
Note:tttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,209

How can we tell whether it is ambivalence driving people’s avoidance of politics or a desire to maintain smooth social relationships with others?
Note:QUALE DEI DUE FATTORI PESA DI PIÙ?

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,245

This pattern provides strong evidence that for many people avoiding political involvement is a means of avoiding interpersonal conflict and controversy.
Note:QUIETO VIVERE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,251

When the analysis takes into account both ambivalence and social accountability, cross-cutting exposure no longer has any significant effects on participation. This finding suggests that collectively these two theories do a good job of accounting for the sum total of effects
Note:I DUE EFFETTI SPIEGANO TITTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,254

Social Accountability in Public and Private Participation
Note:ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,255

one surprising pattern of results is that the size and strength of effects from cross-cutting exposure appear to be independent of whether the political act itself is private, as is the act of voting, as opposed to more public types of political acts.
Note:SOFFRE ANCHE LA PARTECIPAZIONE PRIVATA.... NN SOLO QUELLA PUBBLICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,326

The results in this chapter suggest that people entrenched in politically heterogeneous social networks retreat from political activity mainly out of a desire to avoid putting their social relationships at risk. This interpretation is supported by the fact that it is those who are conflict avoidant, in particular, who are most likely to respond negatively to cross-cutting exposure
Note:NON METTERE A RISCHIO LA PACE SOCIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,332

Tragedy or Triumph?
Note:ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,334

Most would not chastise citizens for backing off from political participation because they are ambivalent toward candidates or policy positions. Few would blame citizens for their lack of decisiveness
Note:CONSEGUENZE MORALI TRA I DUE MOTORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,339

On the other hand, political withdrawal caused by a fear of the possible responses of others in one’s social environment will strike most as more problematic in terms of what it says about American political culture.
Note:cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,348

It is difficult to fault citizens for valuing smooth social interactions and wanting to get along with diverse others on a day to day basis. Because political interactions evoke anxieties and sometimes threaten social bonds,
Note:MA ANCHE LA PACE SOCIALE È UN VALORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 2,353

Americans have evolved a means of maintaining social harmony across lines of political difference by relegating their desires to have their own way, and their right to speak their own minds, to secondary status.
UN VALORE SOCIALE PERSEGUITO CON LA NON MILITAMZA