1 The World Is Pretty Rich, but Once Was Poor
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It had never happened before—a
Note:DAL BELGIO AL BOTSWANA....TQUASI TUTTI HANNO PATECCHIO CIBO UN TETTO SULLA TESTA E UN MINIMO DI ISTRUZIONE
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a loaf of moldy bread, some curdled milk, bad schools, bad shelter, bad clothing, bad sanitation.
Note:IL MILIARDO ANCORA ALL INFEENO...HAITI AFGHANISTAN...
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Until 1800, though, such a hell was what everybody except a handful of nobles and priests and merchants expected,
Note:1800…L INFERNO X TUTTI
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the past two centuries
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approaches that of present-day Brazil, or of the United States in 1941.
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label, “the Great Enrichment.”
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not in the glory of Greece or the grandeur of Rome, not in ancient Egypt or medieval China.
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a roof over their heads, plentiful food and clothing, long life expectancy, reasonable hours of work, literacy, dignity—all
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO
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within a few generations, achieve for everyone on earth the riches of Sweden and America.
Note:IL TREND
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We’re on the way to a pretty good material paradise.
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$3 a day, which before 1800 was what the average human
Note:HAITI E AFGHANISTAN...LIBERIA
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So it had been, always, back to the caves.
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$33 a day—roughly,
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Like all the figures, the $3 and the $33 are corrected, I emphasize, for exchange rates and inflation.
Note:PARIFICATO
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We humans now produce and consume seventy—7 × 10—times more goods and services worldwide than in 1800.
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environmental degradation.
Note:REAZIONE DI MOLTI...ALLARMI!!!!!
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No wonder we can clean up the air and the water, and turn forests into nature preserves.
Note:ESSENDO COSÌ RICCHI...ANCHE I PARCHI DIVENTANO UN LUSSO ACCESSIBILE
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$100 a day.
Note:FRANCIA GIAPPONE FINLANDIA....DA TRE DOLLARI
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factor of thirty
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Such routine increases, desirable as they are, have occurred many times before in world history, only to fall back again to $3
Note:IN PASSATO
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in the OECD countries from 1800 to the present means a rise of 2,900 percent.
Note:PER ESSERE PRECISI
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Two centuries ago fully four out of five U.S. adults worked to grow food
Note:AGRICOLTURA
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Now a single American farmer feeds three hundred people.
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life expectancy at birth has doubled.
Note:DAL 1800
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World literacy is tending toward 100 percent.
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Industrial Revolution was impoverishing,
Note:OBIEZIONI...PRIMA....NEGAZIONISTI
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irremediable environmental disaster,
Note:SECONDA....LA BOMBA AMBIENTALE
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Europe is rich only because of poverty in the Third World,
Note:TERZA SFRUTTAMENTO
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new rich are always getting relatively richer,
Note:QUARTA...DISEGUAGLIANZE
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any enrichment is vulgar—we
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The Great Enrichment is the most important secular event since the invention of agriculture. It has restarted history. It will end poverty, as for a good part of humankind it already has.
Note:FATTO FONDAMENTALE
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Surprisingly, though, economists and historians from left or right or center can’t explain it.
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The good old days, in other words, were for ordinary people horrible
Note:L ORRORE
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from 1375 to 1795 the great city of Florence experienced famine prices every five years or so.
Note:DAVID GILMORE
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“The people are like a man walking through a pond with water up to his chin. . . .
Note:LA METAFORA DI TAINE
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Over the winter in Burgundy the vineyard men hibernated, and not merely figuratively.
Note:ESEMPIO VIVIDO DI POVERTÀ BORGOGNONA...A LETTO IMBACUCCATI X MANGIARE MENO...1844
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agriculturalists often run out of energy before they run out of money,
Note:POCO CIBO PICA ENERGIA 18000… LA LENTEZZA COME STRATEGIA
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The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. “A ploughman who took hours to reach a field,”
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He was trying to make a small amount of strength
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Life in winter was quite literally shut in:
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tuberculosis afflicted the poor especially, but also the middle and upper classes.
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fearful realities of a world without antibiotics.”
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Carlo Levi
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stayed at subsistence, at $1 or $3 or $5
Note:X PRATICAMENTE TUTTI X TUTTA LA STORIA DELL UOMO...POI...LA RIVOLUZIONE
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Matera
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Jill before 1800 had two sets of clothing at most,
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almost all of a woman’s children survive to the fifteen-year-old starting line.
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In the richest parts of China and Europe in their most prosperous times it might rise for a while to $6 or $8 a day.
Note:PICCO PRE 800
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For most of history a dense population such as that in the lower Yangtze Valley or the lower Rhine or the lower Ganges signaled that a place was doing comparatively well in aggregate—albeit
Note:IERI RICCHEZZA=>DENSITÀ...OGGI È IL CONTRARIO
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The economic historian Bozhong Li makes a case that the Netherlands and the lower Yangtze were qualitatively comparable in 1800,
Note:L OCCIDENTE...NN UN ECCEZIONE NELL 800
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Smithian growth,
Note:PUÒ RENDERE UNA REGIONE PIÙ PROSPERA DI ALTRE MA NN CREA GREAT ENRICHMENT GT
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9,900 percent? Never.
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In 1568 the Low Countries were rich by the miserable standards of Europe,
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI DISTACCHI ENFATIZZATI MA CONTENUTI
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Two and a half centuries later, by 1820, the Netherlands was still the richest place in the world,
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but still at merely $6 or $8 a day. It meant ample bread but not much meat. Secondhand clothing if you were poor. Untreatable disease. Some education, but for most people not beyond a little reading of the Bible
Note:QUANTIFICHIAMO
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When people can vote with their feet to escape it,
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North Koreans
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Nigerian
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mezzogiorno
3 CARLO LEVI