9 How to Save the World— More Christmas Presents Won’t Work

9 How to Save the World— More Christmas Presents Won’t Work
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searching for a cure for cancer
Note:UNA VIA

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produce clean and cheap energy.
Note:UN ALTRA

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We want to give.
Note:QUASI UN ISTINTO

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economists are narrow and selfish.
Note:CREDENZA...L ECONOMIA CI CORROMPE

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gross domestic product,
Note:CONCETTI CON CATTIVA REPUTAZIONE

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“maximize utility”

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profit.”

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Joel Waldfogel—
Note:SE L È PRESA COL NATALE

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“deadweight loss” resulting from Christmas gifts.
Note:COS HA MISURATO

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economy loses about $4 billion
Note:OGNI NATALE USA

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individuals who had studied economics behaved more selfishly
Note:SECONDO GLI ESPERIMENTI DI ROBERT FRANK

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a given student, after studying economics, played more selfishly than before.

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COME SE NN BASTASSE

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D.H. Robertson asked in 1954 “What Does the Economist Economize?”
Note:RISPOSTA...L AMORE...CARICATURA DELL ECO

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It is easier to study selfish behavior
Note:FACILE DA MODELLARE

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How might our Inner Economist help us be better altruists?
Note:DOMANDA

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ask what is truly scarce.
Note:PRIMO

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doing the world good versus feeling better about ourselves.
Note:OPPOSIZIONE

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Here was extreme poverty on a scale of the many millions. And unlike in most of Africa, the crowding was extreme.
Note:INDIA 2004

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air was a mix of smells
Note:CARBONE MERDA E IMMONDIZIA

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people were living on the streets.
Note:STRADE STRACOLME

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Bengal has had socialist and communist governments for a long time,
Note:CALCUTTA...LA PARTE PIÙ POVERA

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better developed “culture of begging,”
Note:CALCUTTA

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original capital of the British Empire
Note:MOTIVO

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Cripples lay on the sidewalk, waving their stumps for sympathy.
Note:SPETTACOLO AVVILENTE

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Mothers approach with small babies wrapped
Note:ALTRO SPETTACOLO

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But should we give beggars money?
Note:SE N DAI SEI SENZA CUORE

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For less than a dollar they can eat for a few days;
Note:DA TENER PRESENTE

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many religious prophets have recommended charity.
Note:LA RELIGIONE

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“it only encourages them to beg.”
Note:LE GUIDE TURISTICHE TI DISSUADONO

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They worked pretty hard, relative to what they received.
Note:IL LAVORO DEL QUESTUANTE

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defend that space
Note:MISSIONE PERICOLOSA

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learn some English,
Note:ALTRO COSTO

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chase stopped cabs,
Note:TERZO

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becoming a beggar keeps many people from living in a more salubrious part of town,
Note:QUARTO COSTO OPPORTUNITÀ

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many Indian beggars cut off their limbs or induce gangrene
Note:ALTRO COSTO

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Three surgeons were filmed agreeing
Note:INCHIESTA CON FINTI MENDICANTI CHE CHIEDONO L AMPUTAZIONE

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10,000 rupees, or $215.

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PREZZO

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The truth is this: the more we give to beggars, the harder beggars will try.
Note:SE L ELEMSINA RENDE...CONSIGLIO: EVITA DI DARE...NON XCHÈ DARE INCORAGGIA LA RICHIESTA MA XCHÈ SVALUTA LA RENDITA

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“rent exhaustion,” which limits the net value created by the donation.
Note:IL NOSTRO DOLLARO VALE FORSE 10 CENT

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people will flow into the begging trade
Note:NUOVE RECLUTE E MARGINI PIÙ RISYRETTI

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This brings the return to begging back down.
Note:IL RISCHIO DI DARE...ORA SOLLIEVO DOMANI ANCORA PEGGIO

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we should give our money to the needy who are not trying very hard.
Note:DARE A CHI NN SE L ASPETTA

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“relatively inelastic factors”;
Note:IN GERGO

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This usually rules out beggars, who are looking for a buck
Note:DARE A CHI NN CERCA

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pick the poor person who is expecting it least.

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Give to Bengalis who are sleeping,
Note:ES.

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It is quite easy to find a Bengali sleeping under a piece of cardboard.
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give to those who do not ask.

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It requires us to be proactive.
Note:IL PROBLEMA...

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And when the beggars do ask, we end up saying no.
Note:INOLTRE

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we might need to spread around our giving.
Note:ESIGENZA...SW TUTTI DESSIMO A CHI DORME NN SAREBBE PIÙ UNA SORPRESA

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If we want to give money to the competent, we should seek out a Bengali running a sweets shop.
Note:PREMIARE I MERITEVOLI....CHI CON POCHI MEZZI HA FATTO QLCS DI BUONO

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solicitation for funds might make us aware that a problem exists
Note:LA FUNZIONE DEL CHIEDERE

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pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Note:MALATTIE RARE E SCONOSCIUTE

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we must keep our interest in the problem of poverty from slipping away, and yes that means we need to feel good
Note:IL POSITIVO DEL SENTIRSI BENE

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When should we give to such pleas?
Note:TORNIAMO A BOMBA

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give to causes that we will become attached to.
Note:UNA BUONA REGOLA

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bad charities are not the foremost problem.
Note:INFATTI

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Over time most people lose interest in charitable causes.
Note:PURTROPPO

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stop ourselves from becoming indifferent
Note:IL VERO NEMICO DA COMBATTERE

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the relevant scarcity is people who really care.
Note:COSA MANCA?…LA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMISTA

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Christmas cards, letters of praise, and special plaques.
Note:TRUCCHETTI...MA CHE RENDONO IL MONDO MIGLIORE

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Loyalty to our causes makes charities more financially effective.
Note:IL DONATORE PIÙ PREZIOSO É QUELLO SU CUI SI PUÒ CONTARE

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“house file.”
Note:ZOCCOLO DURO

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a 1 percent response rate is considered a success
Note:LA RISPOSTA ALLE CAMPAGNE...IL DONATORE RESTA SCARSO

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Why spend a dollar to get thirty or fifty cents? The answer is simple: the charity is investing in developing its house file.
Note:CONTATTARE HA UN RITORNO NEGATIVO...PERCHÈ?...DIPENDENZA E CONTAGIO

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we should tell them not to rent out our name and address to other mailers.
Note:UN MODO X FARE DEL BENE...IO SONO CONVERTITO PROVA COL MIO AMICO

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“Remove the name” requests save charities thousands of dollars
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this entire procedure assumes that we’ve already found the causes we love and support.
Note:OVVIO

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connecting donors
Note:LA VOSTRA OPERA

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cheaper for the donor to look for the charity.
Note:CHE IL CONTRARIO

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we should go to them rather than making them look for us.
Note:X RISPARMIARE

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If we give only a small sum to a charity, and our name continues to be rented out, we are making charities in general worse off.
Note:INOLTRE

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Don’t let your address get onto those rented mailing lists.
Note:SE DAI POCO CANCELLATI...FARAI RISPARMIATE TUTTI...CANCELLARSI DALLE ONLUS A CUI NN SI DÀ È UNA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO...NN METTERE NELLA SPAM...PRENDITI PLA BRIGA

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Don’t send a check through the mail at all.
Note:ALTERNATIVA...SUBOTTIMO

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we can subvert the nonprofits we do not like.
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA...COMBATTERE CONTRO LA CAUSE MALVAGE...PETA...ECOLOGISMO...CAUSE POLITICIZZATE

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Choose one nonprofit you do not like and send them twenty bucks.
Note:INVERTIRE I SUGGERIMENTI

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Everyone was giving.
Note:Ttttttttttt IL CASO DELLO TSUNAMI

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celebrity concert

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Michael Schumacher led the way
Note:7 MILIONI

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Upon reflection the case for giving is not obvious.
Note:MA...M

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The stories of the victims are heart-rending, but extreme misery is not new to the world.
Note:L IMPATTO EMOTIVO CI FREGA MA CHI STA MALE NN MANCA

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send our money to Calcutta or to Haiti
Note:XCHÈ NN L ABBIAMO FATTO?

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the suffering of the country receives less publicity.
Note:HAITI

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Much of the tsunami aid was squandered or could not find appropriate mechanisms of support.
Note:NXONVENIENTE

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Katrina aid was lost due to corruption and mismanagement.
Note:ALTRO CASO

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9/11 aid
Note:ANCORA

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Concentrated aid is not necessarily more effective.

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IN GENERE

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We should give to highly public causes because this motivates our peers to give more to those same causes.
Note:PRO TSU...IN FONDO L ALTRUISMO RESTA SCARSO

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infant mortality rate for Angola;
Note:DIMENTICATI

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few of us cry when we read this fact.
Note:Ccccccc

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Reports on the Holocaust, during World War II, could be found in many U.S. newspapers, but they did not make the headlines
Note:LA STRANA DINAMICA DEL DISPIACERE...LA NS NATURA DEL DISPIACERE...TTTTTTTTT

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Yet we are mortified if we spill a drink on someone’s dress at a cocktail party
Note:Ccccccccccc

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take this facet of human nature and turn it to the advantage
Note:SFRUTTIAMO LA NS NATURA

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Interest in the tragedy snowballs,
Note:L INYERESSE È UNA VALANGA

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There is a “Cause of the Month.”

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Many of us care about being linked

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support the trend.
Note:UN DOVERE SPECIE ALL INIZIO

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Bigger snowballs are more likely to gather

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Malcolm Gladwell wrote of the “tipping point,”
Note:TIPPING

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a chance to leverage

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cause-of-the-month effect drives extra giving.
Note:NON È STUPIDO ADERIRVI...RICORDA CHE LA RISORSA SCATSA È IL DONATORE

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which victims are the most deserving.
Note:APPROCCIO ALTERNATIVO

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ignores the scarcity of true altruism.
Note:DIFETTO DELL ALTRUISMO RAZIONALE

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asks about the proper extent of giving,
Note:Tttttttttt ALTRA DOMANDA DELL ECONOMSTA

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If we give all our charity to the Cause of the Month, we will cut loose from our addictions to regular charitable causes.
Note:IL RISCHIO

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we are, for better or worse, creatures of habit.
Note:UN GRAVE DANNO

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We should not lose our connections

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get addicted to your favorite causes, but also get addicted to the idea of chasing the Cause of The Month.
Note:DIMEZZARE LE DONAZIONI MA NN RINUNCIARE

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The book and the movie City of Joy focused on the poor in Calcutta, but that Cause of the Month is over,
Note:CALCUTTA CAUDA DEL MESE

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John A. List, an economist at the University of Chicago,
Note:NEL DUBBIO MISURA

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donors are irrational in their giving,
Note:PRIMO RISCONTRO

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donors do not respond to opportunities to receive something for nothing.
Note:NON VALE LA LEGGE DELLA DOMANDA...SE FAR DEP BENE DIVENTA PIÙ ECONOMICO NN AGIAMO DI CONSEG

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If the price of helping other people falls, donors do not always give more.
Note:Cccccccc

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donors could also give less
Note:ADDIRITTURA

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Donor behavior exhibits a remarkable “stickiness
Note:IN GENERE

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First, donors do not calculate very well. Second, donors do not care much about the people
Note:DUE POSSIBILITÀ

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a “matching pledge”—if you give a dollar some other donor pledges to give a dollar more—
Note:ESPERIMENTI CON UNA TECNICA DI DONO ALL ASTA

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our altruistic instincts appear to be unmoved by the prospect of larger and more potent matching grants.
Note:ESITO IRRAZIONALE...DONO SEMPRE QIELLO ANCHE QUANDO LA CONVENIENZA A RAGGIUNGERE L OBBIETTIVO AUMENTA

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giving is often about affiliation rather than helping
Note:CONCLUSIONE...L APPARTENENZA

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part of big and successful organizations.
Note:QUEL CHE VOGLIAMO

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winning sports teams,
Note:TIFARE JUVE

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work for successful companies,
Note:DIPENDENTI GOOGLE

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support the best and most influential charities.
Note:E INFINE

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undertaking a joint project with successful people or institutions.
Note:CI PIACE DA MORIRE

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But a more potent match does not constitute a greater lure to give more.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DI LIST

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have the status
Note:IL FOCUS

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“Seed money”
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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lining up major grants in advance, before announcing a “capital campaign”
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO

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shows that prestigious and wealthy donors are already committed
Note:A CHE SERVE

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raising seed money from 10 to 67 percent leads to a nearly sixfold increase
Note:LIST...FUNZIONA DI BRUTTO

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Charitable “refunds”
Note:Tttttttttt

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boosted giving by only about 20 percent;
Note:POCO

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A refund means that if the charity does not reach its specified goal, donors get their money back.
Note:DI COSA PARLIAMO...L NDIZIO SI IRROBUSTISCE

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a charity signal that it may be financially weaker,
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE DEL RIMBORSO

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a door-to-door fund-raising experiment across nearly 5,000 households.
Note:ALTRO ESPERIMENTO DI LIST

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selling lottery tickets)
Note:IL METODO MIGLIIRE

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(just asking for money).
Note:IL PEGGIORE

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increased the attractiveness of the woman who, on a door-to-door basis, asked
Note:SPERIMENTATO UN TRUCCHETTO

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as big a positive impact on giving as moving from the least successful

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FUNZIONAAAAAAA!!!!

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not very focused on the final effects
Note:ALTRO INDIZIO

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many charities spend too much money on executive salaries,
Note:Tttttttty IN GENERALE È VERO

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But these same mechanisms do not always keep bad charities in check.
Note:EPPURE SI SORVOLA....ALTRO INDIZIO..AFFILIARSI A CHI MOSTRA POTENZA CI PIACE

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insist on measurable results.
Note:ALTRA COSA CHE NN SI FA

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dismiss any unfavorable information
Note:IL DONATORE CATTIRATO

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When our pride is at stake, we often don’t look too closely
Note:COSA CPNTA

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What about giving money to a church?
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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receive 40 to 60 percent
Note:QUANTO RICEVE IN USA

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most of these donations keep churches going rather than finding their way to the poor.
Note:UTILIZZO

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if you want to help the poor
Note:LA RISPOSTA DIPENDE DALL OBBIETTIVO

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switch so that your new church has a poorer congregation.
Note:SECOND BEST

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buy “fair trade” coffee.
Note:TTTTTT LA TENDENZA

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the workers are treated better
Note:PROMESSA SUL SOVRAPPREZZO

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How about a product called “exploitation coffee”? You pay less, and they promise to treat the workers especially poorly.
Note:PENSATE A UN PRODOTTO ALTERNATIVO CHE AIUTA I VERAMENTE POVERI

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A more neutral phrase would be neither “fair trade” nor “exploitation coffee,” but rather, “quality differentiation.”
Note:UNA QUESTIONE DI PAROLE

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two classes of coffee (and workers),
Note:QUEL CHE FACIAMO

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Splitting up the market

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good for the workers at the higher end,
Note:UN DANNO X GLI ULTIMI

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Nicholas Kristof,
Note:Ttttttt UNA NUOVA IDEA

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buy and free two slaves.
Note:IN CAMBOGIA...MA ANCHE IN SUDAN

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$150
Note:IL COSTO PRO CAPITE

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if we buy out slaves, we bid up the price of slaves.
Note:L INCONVENIENTE...PIÙ SCHIAVI

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(Handgun purchase plans,
Note:ANALOGIA

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Tipping is a relatively wasteful means of helping

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TttttttttMANCE ########## MERCATO DEI CAMERIERI CONCORRENZIALE

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tipping makes us feel virtuous
Note:OLTRE AL DANNO LA BEFFA

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substitute for real benevolence
Note:Ccccccc

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I put the money down on the other table. I knew the same waiter would receive it.
Note:PROVATE QS ESPERIMENTO

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I recoiled in horror
Note:SENSO SGRADEVOLE

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I realized I don’t care how much the waiter gets.
Note:ILLUMINAZIONE

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to relieve my mental tension.
Note:IMPELLENZA

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tip has some elements of extortion.
Note:IL LATO OSCURO DELLE MANCE

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Because of cultural expectations, we know we are expected to tip.
Note:PRESSIONE

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our sense of ourselves as WORTHY AND GENEROUS PEOPLE WHO REWARD QUALITY.
Note:LA FUNZIONE DELLA MANCIA....USALA PURE MA AIUTA IL MONDO IN ALTRA MANIERA

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The tips are received by people who already have jobs.
Note:DIFETTI...PRIMO PUNTO

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tipping occurs in relatively wealthy countries.
Note:SECONDO

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workers who receive tips have low current income but high prospects in life.
Note:TERZO...GIOVANI

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marriage, kids, new puppies, lots of sex, and plenty of new movies and TV shows to watch.
Note:QUEL CHE ATTENDE LORO

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The market for waiters is competitive,
Note:QUINTO E DEFINITIVO

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Send the rest of the money abroad.
Note:RISPARMIA SULLE MANCE E....

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You’ll also be saving waitresses some effort.
Note:DANDO MENO

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what about gifts to your friends and loved ones?
Note:TttttttttttALTRA FORMA DI ALTRUISMO

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Gift-giving is fun, or at least it can be. But it is not the best means of helping other
Note:DOPPIA CONCLUSIONE

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Joel Waldfogel,
Note:CINICO ESPERTO

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Waldfogel found that people value their gifts at 83.9 percent of their cost.
Note:84

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figure was derived from a survey,
Note:POSSIBILI BUGIE

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true average valuation was 40
Note:PIÙ PROB

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“deadweight loss” of gift-giving runs to at least $4 billion a year.
Note:CON L 89%

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half of American adults admit to “regifting.”
Note:RICICLO

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The least effective gift-givers appear to be the elderly.

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GLI SPRECONI

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Many of the elderly don’t have any idea what interests their grandchildren.
Note:I VECCHI NN CONOSCONO I GIOVANI

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if you are old, give cash
Note:SOLUZIONE

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loss estimates fail to account for the time spent buying gifts,
Note:STIME MOOOOOLTO CONSERVATIVE

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point is not to attack gift-giving, which is a marvelous institution. But it is a self-centered institution;
Note:NN SERVE AD AIUTARE...LE FUNZIONI SONO ALTRE

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maybe you enjoyed giving her the tickets.
Note:LA XDITA VA COMPENSATA COL PIACERE DI DONARE

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You received a thrill

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Your sister gained $50 of value. You gained $100 or more of pleasure. Total gain: $150. Total cost: $100.
Note:ESEMPIO

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we give out of the joy of our hearts.
Note:PERCHÈ DONIAMO?…UNO

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Many people give just out of show.
Note:DUE

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gifts based on hostility.
Note:CI SONO ANCHE QUELLI...ES IL LIBRONE A CHI AMA LA TV

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we give gifts to control people.
Note:TRE

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gift is a signal that if the other person does us favors, he or she can expect more payment in the future.
Note:DONO RELAZIONE

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Douglas Bernheim, Andrei Shleifer, and Larry Summers
Note:HANNO STUDIATO COME SI EREDITA

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the more children called or visited their parents, the more likely they received a significant bequest.
Note:ESITO

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Both the children and the parents are behaving selfishly
Note:COROLLARIO

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Why not just give cash?
Note:ALTERNATIVA

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give cash gifts at weddings.
Note:DI FATTO MOLTO COMUNE

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practice of “the register”
Note:LA LISTA

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standard practice for Bar Mitzvahs.

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money helps pay for a college education.
Note:L INTENTO

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if you give your sister $50 for her birthday, she will probably feel insulted.
Note:IN ALTRE OCCASIONI È ORRIBILE

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showing we understand our loved ones.
Note:XCHÈ CONSIDERATO DI CATTIVO GUSTO?1

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CDs cost $17.99 or so, but a wonderful CD is worth more than $100 to me.
Note:1BIS

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pick out the right CD

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Tom Locke went on a one-man crusade to receive as many gifts as possible
Note:TtttttttttyUN CASO PATOLOGICO

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many people feel a need to be appreciated.

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VOGLIA DI RICEVERE

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experiences are remembered for longer than possessions.
Note:UN CRITERIO GUODA X DONARE

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Give concert tickets rather than a compact disc.
Note:ES

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a trip abroad rather than money
Note:ES DUE

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How about we lend out our money instead of giving it away?
Note:TTTT TORNIAMO AI POVERI

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Daniel Akst, writing for Slate.com
Note:ENTUSIASTA DEL MICROCREDITO

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set up small businesses
Note:A CHE SERVE

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economics professor, one Muhammad Yunus,
Note:IL FONDATORE

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Grameen Bank Project

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Nobel Peace Prize.
Note:2006

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mutual liability and peer pressure to ensure repayment.
Note:ANCHE SENZA GARANZIA

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new small businesses feed into the local economy.
Note:XCHÈ MEGLIO DEL DONO

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business owners develop lasting skills.
Note:DUE

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enforces discipline and work.
Note:TRE...L ESIGENZA DI RIMBORSARE

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keeps much of the original capital intact for continued lending.
Note:4

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friends, relatives, or members of their kinship networks often come looking for a cut
Note:5…UN TIPICO INCONVENIENTE DEL DONO (EVITATO)

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The result is dissolution of the funds
Note:Cccccccccc

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The funds end up spent rather than invested.
Note:Cccccccccccccccc

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Are family incomes higher? How many new businesses have been started where micro-credit is available? Has the status of women improved?
Note:I RISULTATI IN INDIA

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Now, you can make your loan over the Internet.
Note:UN MICROCRED PIÙ VICINO A NOI

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blogger Cornelius: I feel good. I just lent $25 to Christopher Odeke. He’s a taxi driver from Bukedea,
Note:ESEMPIO

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I’ve signed up to Kiva.org
Note:UN SITO DEDICATO

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Kiva means “agreement” or “unity” in Swahili.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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Paypal.com will process your loan
ASSOCIATO A KIVA

LO SPRECO DEI REGALI

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

Amazon

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LO SPRECO DEI REGALI

Che valore diamo ai regali ricevuti? Stando ai sondaggi ci si aggira intorno al 80% del valore di mercato ma ci sono motivi per pensare che sia molto più basso. personalmente penso sotto il 50%. Ciascuno vede lo spreco che comporta la pratica dei doni. In questo senso il Natale è la festa dello spreco per eccellenza. Il punto non è attaccare questa meravigliosa istituzione ma di capire meglio la sua funzione: a noi piace fare regali. Lo spreco che comporta ogni dono va compensato con questo piacere. Fare un regalo ci emoziona, al contempo possiamo anche esibire il nostro buon gusto. Il dono istituisce anche un relazione, non per niente donare del denaro è talvolta improprio: il denaro va sempre bene mentre con il dono dobbiamo dimostrare di conoscere la persona beneficiata.

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Discover Your Inner Economist: Use Incentives to Fall in Love, Survive Your Next Meeting, and Motivate Your Den tist

One of America’s most respected economists presents a quirky, incisive romp through everyday life that reveals how you can turn economic reasoning to your advantage—often when you least expect it to be relevant.Like no other economist, Tyler Cowen shows how economic notions—such...

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NO MANCE

Riccardo Mariani

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Amazon

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NO MANCE

La mancia, come atto di generosità, ha molti difetti: innanzitutto la riceve chi ha già un lavoro, in più ce l’ha in un paese ricco. In genere parliamo poi di persone giovani, persone a cui la vita riserverà già molto: matrimoni, bambini, sport, sesso, film, TV... ma soprattutto il mercato dei camerieri è competitivo, cosicché ogni aumento delle mance verrà compensato da una diminuzione dello stipendio, ogni vantaggio temporaneo dato a queste persone è destinato a svanire fagocitato dall' ingresso di nuovi competitori. In soldoni: meno dài ai camerieri, più potresti inviare all'estero dove ci sono i veri bisognosi. Oltretutto, così facendo, risparmierai a questa gente uno sforzo supplementare.

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AMAZON.COM

Discover Your Inner Economist: Use Incentives to Fall in Love, Survive Your Next Meeting, and Motivate Your Den tist

One of America’s most respected economists presents a quirky, incisive romp through everyday life that reveals how you can turn economic reasoning to your advantage—often when you least expect it to be relevant.Like no other economist, Tyler Cowen shows how economic notions—such...