11 Art

11 Art
Note:11@@@@@@@@@@

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painting cave

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between 15,000 and 35,000 years ago.

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earliest rock art appeared some 40,000 years ago.
Note:INDONESIA

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in South Africa, red ocher engravings
Note:100000

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the use of red ocher as body paint

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Art is also a human universal.4 Every human culture on the planet

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painting, styling their hair, adorning their bodies, decorating their living spaces,

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It’s a costly behavior, both in time and energy,5 but at the same time it’s impractical
Note:DILEMMA

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What Is Art?
Note:LASCIAMO PERDERE

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“essentially contested

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why people make and enjoy art
Note:IL NS PROBL

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“made special,”

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for human attention and enjoyment.

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while ecological selection (the pressure to survive) abhors waste, sexual selection often favors it.
Note:UNA BUONA DFINIZIONE

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we prefer mates who can afford to waste

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survival surplus—health,

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Adaptation or Evolutionary Byproduct?

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bipedalism is an adaptation:

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Our ability to read,
Note:COLLATERALE

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contributing to our biological fitness.
Note:ARTE COME ADATTAMENTO

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Steven Pinker,

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pleasurable but not particularly useful.

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it’s a human universal:
Note:ARG X L ADATTIVITÀ

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art is costly:
Note:SECONDO

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Finally, art is old enough, in evolutionary terms, for selection
Note:TERZO

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PARABLE OF THE BOWERBIRD
Note:tttttttttt

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The male illustrates the virtue of the handicap principle.
Note:HANDICAP...PRODUTTORE...DIVISIONE NEI RUOLI

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Female bowerbirds, in turn, illustrate the importance of discernment in evaluating
Note:CONSUMATRICE

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shop around,

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If a satin bowerbird population happens to live in a forest with an abundance of blue-colored objects, even a relatively unfit male might be able to muster a display that would be impressive in a blue-scarce environment.
Note:ESEMPIO DI DISCERNIMENTO

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ART IN HUMANS
Note:tttttttttt

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in our species, males don’t have a monopoly on making art—nor do females have a monopoly on enjoying it.
Note:DIFFERENZA

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males invest a lot in their offspring and, consequently, need to be choosy about their mates.
Note:LA COSA HA SENSO

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is more than just a courtship display,
Note:BIGGER DIFF

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artist’s health, energy, vigor, coordination, and overall fitness.

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Scheherazade uses her artful storytelling to stave off execution
Note:ESEMPIO DI USO ALTERNATIVO

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Intimidating rivals
Note:ALTRA FUNZIONE

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gangs tag walls to mark their territory)

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use wit to humiliate hecklers).
Note:A TEATRO

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many reasons for wanting to impress
Note:UNO STRUMENTO CHE IMPRESSIONA...CAPACITÀ

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human artists don’t need to be conscious

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important isn’t whether we’re aware that we’re using art as a fitness display, but rather the fact that art works as a fitness display.
Note:DISCLAIMER

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portraying beauty and inducing pleasure.
Note:GENERAL WINDSOM UNO

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self-expression or communicating
Note:DUE

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These functions aren’t mutually exclusive, nor are they incompatible with the fitness display theory.

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COMPATIBILI

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“showing off” is one of the important motives
Note:UNO DEI TANTI

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our artistic instincts have been shaped substantially by this motive.
Note:L ISTINTO

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Intrinsic properties

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perceptual properties.
Note:INTRINSECO

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everything visible on the canvas:
Note:ESEMPIO

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Extrinsic properties,

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the consumer can’t perceive directly

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who the artist is,

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how many hours it took,

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how expensive the materials

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whether the artist copied the painting from a photograph. This is an extrinsic property

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conventional view locates the vast majority of art’s value in its intrinsic properties,

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Beauty, for example, is typically understood as an experience that arises from the artwork itself.
Note:BELLEZZA...INTRINSECA

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in the fitness-display theory, extrinsic properties are crucial

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art is largely a statement about the artist, a proof of his or her virtuosity.

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it’s often the extrinsic properties that make the difference
Note:LEGGI IL GIORNALE CHE PARLA D ARTE... IL TRIONFO DELL ESTRINSECO

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If a work of art is physically (intrinsically) beautiful, but was made too easily (like if a painting was copied from a photograph), we’re likely to judge it as much less valuable than a similar work that required greater skill to produce.
Note:ESEMPIO MUSICA ROBOTICA... COPIA DI UN DIPINTO

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consumers appreciate the same artwork less when they’re told it was made by multiple artists
Note:ESEMPIO

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how much effort went into it,

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replica museums don’t exist, and the idea strikes us as a bit silly
Note:REPLICA

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replicas strongly suggests that we often use art as something other than a trigger for sensory or intellectual experiences.
Note:TESI

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Mona Lisa,

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80 percent of them said they’d prefer to see the ashes of the original rather than an indistinguishable replica.
Note:LE CENERI DELLA MONNALISA

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THE IMPORTANCE OF EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES
Note:ttttttttt

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it might actually be a seashell. Did she just pick it up off the beach, or did she somehow make it herself?
Note:ESEMPIO DELL ESTRINSECO: ...LA SCULTURA CONCHIGLIOSA ERA UNA CONCHIGLIA

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This question is now absolutely central to your appreciation

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thing on the pedestal is clearly pleasing to the eye. But its value as art hinges entirely on the artist’s technique. If she found it on the beach: meh.

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is endemic to our experience of art.
Note:È NEL NOSTRO ISTINTO: LA BELLEZZA È SECONDARIA... UN PORTATO DELLA CIVILTÀ... L ESIBIZIONISMO È TUTTO

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we care about more than the perceptual experience

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Consider our emphasis on originality in works of art. We prize originality and spurn works that are too derivative,
Note:COPIARE UN TESTO

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our concern for using art to evaluate the artist.
Note:NN CI INTERESSA L ARTE MA L ARTISTA

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“We find attractive,” says Miller, “those things that could have been produced only by people with attractive, high-fitness qualities such as health, energy, endurance, hand–eye coordination, fine motor control, intelligence, creativity,
Note:SOLO L ARTE CHE SEGNALA GRANDI DOTI

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using techniques that are more difficult or demanding, but which don’t improve the intrinsic properties
Note:LA RISPOSTA DELL ARTISTA

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to demonstrate their fitness by making something that lower-fitness competitors could not make,
Note:IMPORTANTE

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continue to relish live performances,
Note:LIVE E STUDIO... GLI AGGIUSTAMENTI... IL PHOTOSHOP

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performing live is a handicap.

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(e.g., lip synching is anathema)

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improvised

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the appeal of constraints in a given art form.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO: IL GENERE

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to patch up their mistakes with putty or glue.
Note:LO SCULTORE NN SI CORREGGE

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We enjoy art not in spite of the constraints that artists hold themselves to, but because those constraints
Note:FORMA E GENERI

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WHEN EXTRINSIC FACTORS CHANGE
Note:tttttttttt

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lobster was literally low-class food,
Note:L ARAGOSTA

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harsh penal environment

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how plentiful lobsters were in old New England.
Note:RAGIONE

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now it’s considered a delicacy,
Note:OGGI È PRELIBATA... PERCHÈ RARA

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aesthetic shift

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skin color

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suntanned skin was disdained as the mark of a low-status laborer.
Note:PRIMA

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only the wealthy could afford to lay around soaking in the

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sun.35
Note:OGGI

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consumers unequivocally valued technical perfection
Note:PRIMA DELLA RIVOL IND... QUANDO TUTTO ERA FATTO A MANO

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prized for their realism,
Note:SCULTURE

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demonstrated the artist’s virtuosity
Note:REALISMO

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A vase, for example, could now be made smoother and more symmetric than ever before—but that very perfection became the mark of cheap, mass-produced goods.
Note:OGGI

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because of their imperfections.
Note:L APPREZZAMENTO

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two spoons: an expensive, handmade silver spoon and a factory-made spoon cast from cheap aluminum.
Note:PARADOSSO DEL CUCCHIAIO

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consumers vastly prefer the silver spoon

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silver is more beautiful than aluminum?

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imagine showing the spoons to an untrained forager from the Amazonian forests,

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aluminum spoon is made to a more exacting standard,

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After attending to all the perceptual qualities of the two spoons, the forager might easily prefer the aluminum one.
Note:LA PREFERENZA PIÙ NATURALE

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The key facts, so relevant to modern consumers, are entirely extrinsic to the spoons. We know that aluminum is common and cheap,
Note:ESTRINS

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factory-made goods are available to everyone, while only the wealthy

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Painters could no longer hope to impress viewers
Note:DOPO LA FOTOGRAFIA

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impressionism, cubism, expressionism, surrealism, abstraction.
Note:NUOVI GENERI NVENTATI

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authenticity
Note:PIÚ IMP

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representational
Note:MENO IMP

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easier, but more precise, new techniques.
Note:ELEMENTO SPIAZZANTE

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digital cameras and photo-editing software.

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electronic synthesizers and pitch correction.

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Whenever we prefer things made “the old-fashioned way”—handwritten instead of printed, homemade instead of store-bought, live instead of prerecorded—we’re choosing to celebrate the skill and effort of an artist over the intrinsically superior results

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Roman Mars

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architectural movement characterized by its use of concrete.
Note:BRUTALISM...MODERNOSMO ESTREMO.CEMENTO

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intrinsically cold, inhuman,
Note:GIUDIZIO POPOLARE

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requires a great deal of skill and finesse

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Every little detail has to be calculated out in advance,

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there’s no going back to make
Note:UNA VOLTA CHE IL CEMENTO SI VERSA

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WHY ART IS IMPRACTICAL
Note:tttttttttr

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however exquisite the knife’s craftsmanship, however pleasing it is to the senses, it doesn’t qualify as “art”
Note:UN COLTELLO PERFETTO...XCHÈ NN È ARTE?

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fitness-display theory explains why.

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advertise our survival surplus
Note:SCOPO DELL ARTE

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By distilling time and effort into something non-functional, an artist effectively says, “I’m so confident in my survival that I can afford to waste time and energy.”
Note:I MESSAGGIO

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waste is important.
Note:LO SPRECO È TUTTO IN CHI PUNTA SULL ISTINTO

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Consider the difference between clothing, which is a necessity, and fashion, which is a luxury.
Note:MODA E ABBIGLIAMENTO... TITTO BEN VISOBILE

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High heels,

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TACCHI

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awkward for walking and brutal on the feet—which

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“I care about fashion.”

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Neckties

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cotton or denim,
Note:QUEL CHE DURA È BRITTO

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silk, lace, or wool.

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polyester?

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Food—as an art form—also needs to distinguish
Note:CIBO

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more than mere nourishment

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Haute cuisine

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artful arrangement

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None of these especially improves the taste,

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DISCERNMENT

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discernment—the skill of the savvy consumer
Note:CRITICO

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“Which way is high status?”
Note:LA DOMANDA DELL ANIMALE

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Like the female bowerbird,

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consume a lot of art
Note:COME CHI CERCA MAROTO

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common

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rare

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An untrained ear can’t appreciate the genius of Bach.

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feel the pea beneath 20 mattresses

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We spend an incredible amount of our leisure time refining our critical faculties
Note:ANCHE DISCERNERE È UN ARTE

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We’re eager to evaluate art, reflect on it, criticize it, calibrate our criticisms

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We don’t want others to know that we’re inept at telling good art from bad,

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we evaluate each other not only for our first-order skills, but for our skills at evaluating the skills of others.

LA RICETTA MMT ALLA CRISI ECONOMICA

LA RICETTA MMT ALLA CRISI ECONOMICA

Va molto di moda. I più imbarazzati sono i keynesiani, che si sentono scavalcati a sinistra.

Eccola:

1) Ci sono disoccupati? Assumili.

2) Crei deficit? Stampa moneta.

3) Crei inflazione? Alza le tasse (o taglia la spesa) e ritira la moneta in eccesso.

4) Tassando crei disoccupazione? Nessun problema: ricominci da 1.

Due osservazioni: A) l’inflazione è già una tassa, perché eliminarla tassando? Forse perché è già la più odiosa tra le tasse? B) Iterando il processo, alla fine rischiamo di avere solo lavoratori “statali”. E’ una cosa sana? Ditemelo voi.

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COME NEL 1972 PETER SINGER SCONVOLSE IL MONDO DELL’ETICA

PETER SINGER E' PERICOLOSO?

Di certo è stimolante ma potrebbe essere anche una mina vagante. Peter Singer è un filosofo utilitarista coerente. L'utilitarismo, se seguito in modo coerente, giunge a conclusioni dubbie se non inquietanti. Per esempio, ci chiede di donare tutto il superfluo ai poveri, un po' come fece Francesco, senonché considera questo un dovere che autorizza pratiche coercitive. Inoltre, ci chiede di sacrificare una persona, prelevarne cuore, fegato, reni per salvare la vita ad altre 4 persone: una vita vale meno di quattro vite, e per un utilitarista questo è decisivo. Tuttavia, Peter Singer, pur non rinnegando tutto cio', sostiene a chiare lettere che politiche del genere non vadano dichiarate esplicitamente perché, al momento, spaventerebbero la "persona comune". Sostiene cioè un "utilitarismo esoterico". Ora avete qualche elemento in più per rispondere alla domanda di cui al titolo: Peter Singer è un filosofo pericoloso?

******

COME NEL 1972 PETER SINGER SCONVOLSE IL MONDO DELL’ETICA
Con una semplice osservazione: “Se noti un ragazzo che affoga in uno stagno poco profondo di fronte a te, hai l'obbligo morale di cercare di salvarlo”.
Fin qui tutti d’accordo. Ma proseguiva: “… hai lo stesso identico obbligo morale di salvare i bambini che stanno morendo di fame nei paesi poveri, almeno finché la cosa non implica da parte tua uno sforzo maggiore”.
Il fatto che un bambino stia morendo nel nostro cortile o in Malawi non cambia le cose.
Ogni volta che fai una vacanza, compri un’auto o ristrutturi casa, stai lasciando affogare una massa di bambini nel laghetto di fronte a casa tua.
E’ stato calcolato che rinunciare all’università puo’ consentirti di salvare 50 vite di bambini.

Eppure, nessuno di noi sembra curarsi di questa cosa? Perché?

IL PROBLEMA DEI POTENTI

IL PROBLEMA DEI POTENTI

Gruppi storicamente potenti come i Patanowä-teri hanno un particolare tipo di problema: diventano potenti intimidendo e molestando i loro vicini... questi vecchi nemici non dimenticano mai e non perdonano mai: fingono semplicemente amicizia e fiducia quando si incontrano sporadicamente. Nel momento del bisogno, per esempio quando si combatte con un'altra tribù numerosa, su di loro sarà ben difficile contare.

LA POSSIBILITA’ DI UNA VISITA ALIENA

Sembra che il solo ipotizzarlo possa pregiudicare la tua carriera politica. E’ davvero così folle pensarci?

Qualche considerazione per giustificare chi lo fa.

1)      L’esercito americano ha osservato un aumento di quelli che chiama "fenomeni aerei inspiegabili".

2)      Piloti militari ben addestrati hanno più volte affermato di osservare piccoli oggetti sferici che volano in formazione.

3)      Avi Loeb, presidente del dipartimento di astronomia di Harvard, ha recentemente suggerito che un oggetto transitato recentemente nello spazio, noto con il nome di Oumuamua, potrebbe essere il satellite di una civiltà aliena avanzata.

4)      Da tenere sempre a mente la storia del Nuovo Mondo prima dell'arrivo e dei “conquistadores”. Erano diffuse leggende di “visitatori” dalla pelle chiara provenienti da lontano, forse dovuti alle sortite dei vichinghi. Ma un giorno questo "contatto alieno" si rivelò molto reale: Colombo, Cortés e molti altri.

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MULTE-ASSICURAZIONI-TAGLIE

MULTE-ASSICURAZIONI-TAGLIE

Considera un sistema giuridico in cui: 1) le sanzioni sono multe, 2) l'applicazione delle norme è fondata sulle taglie e 3) esiste un' assicurazione penale obbligatoria.

Inconvenienti?

LE NOTEVOLI SKILLS DELL'ADDETTO ALLE LATRINE INDIANO

LE NOTEVOLI SKILLS DELL'ADDETTO ALLE LATRINE INDIANO

Basta dare un’occhiata ai gabinetti dell’aeroporto internazionale di Nuova Delhi. Gli indiani defecano dappertutto, sul pavimento, negli orinali maschili (grazie a misteriose contorsioni yoga). Temendo contaminazioni, preferiscono accosciarsi che sedersi, e ogni gabinetto reca traccia dei loro errori di tiro. Nessuno vi bada.

2. Romani Law

2. Romani Law
Note:2@@@@@@@@@@@zingari

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from three to fifteen million.
Note:QUANTI SONO

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a population that left northern India about a thousand years ago.
Note:INDIANI

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claiming to be from Lesser Egypt in Greece on pilgrimage as penance for the temporary abandonment of Christianity by their ancestors.
Note:APPPARIRONO IN EU NEL 1400

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bearing letters of safe conduct from Sigismund giving them judicial autonomy, the right to be punished only by their own authorities.
Note:ATTRAVERSARONO L EU

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Polylegal systems, systems in which different people in the same country were under different legal authorities,
Note:TIPICO DEL MEDIOEVO...VEDI EBREI

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Romani x 3: Vlach Rom, Romanichal, Kalle
Note:Ttttttttt

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Vlach Rom
Note:Tttttttttttt

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After serfdom was abolished in Romania in the 19th century many of the Vlach Rom emigrated.
Note:PRIMA SCHIAVI

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Anne Sutherland
Note:L EPERTA

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The basic unit is the familia: a couple, their adult sons,
Note:1

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Above the familia is the vitsa, a larger kinship group descended from an ancestor some generations back.
Note:2

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Above the vitsa is the Natsiya, nation.
Note:3

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Machwaya, Lowara, Kalderasha and Churara.
Note:LE 4 NAZIONI

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Marriage is by purchase,
Note:QUALCHE MIGLIAIO DI DOLLARI SBORSATO DALLE FAMIGLIE

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While consent of bride and groom is required, it is up to a man’s parents to find him a wife and negotiate
Note:PRECSAZIONE

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she is expected to do much of the work of the household.
Note:RUOLI

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As she produces children, her status in the household gradually rises.
Note:STATUS

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parents retain the ability to cancel the marriage and retrieve their daughter;
Note:LA RESA DEL DENARO È OGGETTO DI CONFLITTI INFINITI

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The geographical unit above the Familia is the kumpania. The original meaning seems to have been an encampment,
Note:LA NAZIONE È LEGATA ALLA PARENTELA

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A Kumpania usually has a Rom Baro, a “Big Man,” who plays an important role in interactions
Note:IL BOSS CHE TRATTA CON LA POLIZIA

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It may contain households of several vitsa, in which case its leader will probably be the leading figure of whichever vitsa has the most households.
Note:IL CAMPO

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An unwelcome family can be reported to the police for crimes they did or did not commit,
Note:CAMPO CHIUSO

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Legal System
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

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Obligations apply to fellow Rom not to outsiders, Gaje.
Note:DIRITTI E DOVERI

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Swindling or stealing from a fellow Romani is an offense to be dealt with and uncommon,76 swindling or stealing from an outsider comes under Romania only to the extent that it creates problems for other Rom.
Note:FURTO E TRUFFA

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There is no word for all men and women.
Note:ROM E NN ROM

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Romani view the non-Romani population not as part of their society but as part of their environment.
Note:NATURA

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Romani acted in a way that offended the locals and then left; the locals responded by punishing a second group of Romani for the offenses of the first. The second group’s response was to claim damages via a kris, a Romani court, from the responsible parties—not the locals who attacked them but the first group of Romani.
Note:UN CASO INTERESSANTE

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an elaborate system of purity and pollution, Orthodox Judaism on steroids.
Note:MA LA CARATTERISTICA PRINCIPALE

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clean from the waist up, unclean from the waist down.
Note:IL CORPO UMANO

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different wash tubs are supposed to be used for men’s lower garments, men’s upper garments, women’s lower garments, women’s upper garments,
Note:LVATRICI DIFFERENZIATE

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marimé is really two things, the state of being polluted and the status of ostracism due to being polluted.
Note:LA SPORCIZIA È CONTAGIOSA E IMPLICA ESCLUSIONE

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Because pollution is contagious and Gaje neither know nor follow the rules to prevent it, association with them is sharply limited.
Note:GAJE

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A pregnant woman is expected to eat alone, consume food cooked in her own pots, and after childbirth destroy the garments she wore while pregnant.
Note:SESSO E ESCREMENT SONO ASSOCIATI COL BASSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 551

skirt tossing—exposing her genitals—obliging the victim to engage in costly procedures of purification.
Note:LA MALEDIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 553

Enforcement
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 554

feud and the threat of ostracism
Note:LA PUNIZIONE PRINCIP

Yellow highlight | Location: 561

He retaliated with an approach common in Vlach Rom feuds, using the gaje authorities to impose costs on his opponent.
Note:LA DELAZIONE COME VENDETTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 565

The Rom often lie to each other about everyday matters, but they almost always lie to the gaje. There is no particular shame attached to lying to each other
Note:LA MANIPOLAZIONE COME ABILITÀ PRINCIPALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 573

My cross-checking technique was all the more acceptable since the Rom employ the same tactics with each other.
Note:LA TECNICA DELLE TRE CONFERME

Yellow highlight | Location: 576

When one party to a conflict is unable to force the other to yield, an alternative approach is avoidance.
Note:NOMADISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 584

had two judges, selected for their reputation, and a jury of twenty-five.
Note:KRIS....LA CORTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 591

When a person is declared marime publicly, whether by a group of people (such as families in the kumpania) or more formally in a kris romani (trial), he is immediately denied commensality with other Rom.
Note:OSTRACISMO UNICA PENA

Yellow highlight | Location: 597

Ostracism is a way in which an embedded legal system, one that exists under the rule of a state with much greater resources of coercion than the community possesses, can function. Refusing to associate with someone is not illegal, so the marimé penalty can be enforced without coming into conflict with state law.

Note | Location: 599

GIUSTIZIA EMBEDDED

Yellow highlight | Location: 599

Status
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 600

Age is directly correlated with power and respect —
Note:ETÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 604

Within the kumpania, the sexes are largely segregated, males interacting with males, females with females.
Note:SESSISMO SPINTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 605

While both men and women may bring in money, women are viewed as the primary earners, often through fortune telling, men as their assistants.
Note:FONTI DEL PANE

Yellow highlight | Location: 606

Outside of the family structure, the Romani are strikingly unwilling to engage in hierarchical relationships.
Note:EGALITARISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

Legislation
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

Romania is a combination of law, religion, and medical belief—violation
Note:LA LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 610

violation brings social sanctions but also bad luck and ill health.
Note:SANZIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 617

Romanichal
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 628

Kaale
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 629

carry the Vlach Rom attitude towards the lower half of the body even further than other Romani, refusing to openly admit the facts of human reproduction.88
Note:RIMOZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 630

They have no institution of marriage. Couples that wish to reproduce are expected to first leave their family households, flee far enough away so that the woman’s kin cannot find them and retrieve her, and return only when their child is weaned
Note:MATRIMONIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 636

There can be no restrictions associated with menstruation since enforcing them would require recognition of the fact of menstruation, and similarly with pregnancy.
Note:EFFETTI DELLA RIMPZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 647

There is no equivalent of the court procedures or arbitrated settlements that terminated Icelandic feuds.
Note:INFINITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 648

feud mostly takes the form not of violence but of avoidance—of
Note:FAIDE NN VIOLENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

Explaining the Differences
Note:Ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 656

Thomas Acton, Susan Caffrey, and Gary Mundy, the authors of Chapter 3 of Gypsy Law
Note:ESPERTI SOTTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 658

the ability, when all else fails, of one party to walk out on the other and their dispute; absent that, the risk of serious violence becomes too large.
Note:UNA DIFFERENZA CHE SI RIPERCUOTE SULLA TRADIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 660

the period of four centuries during which the Vlach Rom were enserfed in Romania.
Note:STORIA...ECCEZIONE AL LORO ENDEMICO NOMADISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 661

the feud system represents the original institution, the kris and associated institutions an adaptation to the special circumstances of serfdom
Note:PROBABILMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 663

Marushiakova and Popov,
Note:NN SONO D ACCORDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 672

Some Romani were tied to the land but others remained mobile, owing annual dues to their owner91 but with a considerable degree of both freedom and legal autonomy.
Note:DURANTE LA SCHIAVITÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 684

The Vlach Rom law enforcement system depends on a crucial feature of the marimé rules: contagion. The fact that marimé is contagious makes it in the private interest of each individual Rom to shun anyone infected with it.
Note:IPOTESI LEESON X SPIEGARE LE DIFFERENZE

Yellow highlight | Location: 687

Since all non-Rom are carriers of marimé, the fact that it is contagious also blocks interaction with non-Rom and so makes the individual Rom dependent on his ability to associate with his fellow Rom. Thus contagious marimé solves, for the Vlach Rom, some of the problems of enforcing rules
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 691

There are, Leeson argues, two major sources of intra-Rom conflict among the Vlach Rom—marriage relations, in particular disputes over the return of bride price when a marriage fails, and economic associations beyond the familia, the extended family. Neither exists among the Kaale. With no institution of marriage there is no issue of bride price. With economic interaction almost entirely within, not across, households, there are few opportunities for disputes across households.

Note | Location: 694

LA SITUAZIONE KAAL È BEN DIVERSA...PRESSO DI LORO NN ESISTE CONTAGIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 697

The Kaale, with less need for mechanisms to enforce rules outside the household, have no institution of kris.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 700

“In private a woman may step over her husband’s clothes, pass in front of him, or touch him with her skirts, but she would be very ashamed to do this in public,
Note:IL CONTAGIO NN SEMBRA CREDUTO REALMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 707

Defensive Strategy
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 710

Romani do not wish to be controlled by gaje.
Note:IL SEGRETO È X LORO UNA FORMA DI PROTEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 712

Romani, at least the Vlach Rom, the largest and most studied group, treat a name used in dealing with outsiders as fungible,
Note:IL NOME USATO X NN FARSI MONITORARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 715

although the Nazis targeted Romani as well as Jews for extermination, they seem to have been considerably less successful in the former case.
Note:QUESTA CAPACITÀ DI SFUGGIRE SPIEGA MOLTE COSE....OLTRE 3/4 DI LORO SI SALVARONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

centuries of experience in avoiding the prying questions of outsiders,
Note:LA VIRTÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

They delight in deceiving the gajo, mostly for a good reason, but sometimes just for the fun of it or to keep in practice.
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 721

Anonymity and invisibility combined with intense secretiveness
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 723

officially they do not exist.
X MOLTI REGISTRI

CIVILTA' DELL'URBE

CIVILTA' DELL'URBE

"Ho evitato deliberatamente di stabilirmi in piccoli villaggi perché erano pieni di persone molto aggressive e spiacevoli da frequentare. Era il loro modo per compensare la debolezza militare".

LA SCALA DEI VALORI

TRA I NOSTRI FRATELLI MAGGIORI

L’infamia più spregevole: la codardia.

Ovvero, l’esitazione nel vendicarsi o vendicare i propri cari.

RATTO

Riccardo Mariani

Adesso · 

Amazon

 · 

“I miei libri di testo di antropologia e i miei professori mi avevano insegnato che nelle "rare" occasioni in cui le tribù combattono, era per per assicurarsi alcune scarse risorse materiali come la terra coltivabile, l'acqua, eccetera… Questa verità è ora profondamente rivista, anche nella mia esperienza le tribù sono quasi sempre impegnate in faide e quasi sempre con l’obbiettivo di rapire le donne degli villaggi altrui.”

#Amazon

AMAZON.IT

Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes -- the Yanomamo and the Anthropologists (English Edition)

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS OF OUR TIME When Napoleon Chagnon arrived in Venezuela’s Amazon region in 1964 to study the Yanomamö Indians, one of the last large tribal groups still living in isolation, he expected to find Rousseau’s “noble savages,” so...

LA LOBBY DEGLI AFFARI
Non esiste. Non ci credo. 
O quanto meno è sopravvalutata. 
Di solito entra in azione giusto per ridurre al minimo il rischio legale o per decifrare regolamentazioni governative complesse. Roba da poco, spesso più che legittima.
Recentemente si è parlato di di quell’Arata che avrebbe fatto pressioni foraggiando un certo Siri per ottenere un emendamento a sostegno delle energie alternative. Capirai che impressione mi fa, mi viene da ridere. Con la marea montante di “grete” e “gretini” un emendamento del genere rappresenta una medaglia da sfoggiare per qualsiasi governo, non certo una pratica da tenere nascosta nell’armadio degli scheletri.
Sono invece sottovalutati i meriti storici della lobby affaristica, eccone tre, giusto per gradire:
1) Piani regolatori. Se il settore delle costruzioni non si stancasse di perorare il diritto a costruire, la regolamentazione avrebbe da tempo soffocato lo sviluppo e fatto esplodere i prezzi delle case (già oggi molto alti!). L’uomo della strada giudica male la costruzione di nuovi edifici: più traffico, più rumore, svalutazione delle altre case, danni all’ambiente…
2) Lo stesso vale per la regolamentazione del mercato del lavoro. L’uomo della strada stravede per salari minimi, restrizioni di licenziamento, sussidi obbligatori, eccetera. Ma queste imposizioni hanno effetti collaterali terribili, specialmente in termini di disoccupazione. Lo sa bene l’Europa che indulgendo in tentazioni del genere ha perso da 30 anni i suoi primati economici a danno degli USA.

3) Infine, non dimentichiamo l'immigrazione. Mentre il mondo degli affari di rado si batte apertamente per aprire le frontiere, nemmeno si oppone all'immigrazione esistente, di solito portando argomenti solidi.

Conclusione: in una democrazia il parere degli elettori pesa immensamente più di quello delle lobbies!

Ahimè, viene da dire in questo periodo.

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