mercoledì 11 aprile 2018

PEANA DELLO STEREOTIPO

Gli stereotipi sono ovunque e ci facilitano la vita facendoci risparmiare tempo e denaro. I vecchi pagano più cara la loro assicurazione sulla vita, i tassisti prendono su gente in giacca e cravatta lasciando a piedi i neri col giubbotto della gang… non si potrebbe vivere senza stereotipi, non ci sarebbe conoscenza del mondo reale senza stereotipi.
Gli stereotipi sono ovunque, anche nei colloqui di lavoro, specie quando il datore soppesa i titoli di studio anteponendo la laurea al diploma.

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Why we need to stop wasting public funds on educationDespite being immensely popular--and immensely lucrative—education is grossly overrated. In this explosive book, Bryan Caplan argues that the primary function of education is not to enhance students' skill but to certify their intelligenc...

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IL CONFORMISTA

I datori di lavoro cercano i conformisti.
Il conformista non è affatto privo di creatività come si pensa comunemente ma, diversamente dal tipo trasgressivo, la tira fuori solo quando gli viene richiesta ed entro i limiti che gli vengono messi. Il conformista si applica ferocemente al problema che gli viene sottoposto dall’alto; anche se non è di suo interesse fa in modo che lo diventi ed è così in grado di aggredirlo con tutte le sue energie intellettuali. Spesso, per agire in questo modo, si tiene libero da ogni interesse a priori, nella sua testa fa un vuoto pronto a raccogliere ogni domanda, il suo interesse è rappresentato da cio’ che gli richiedono gli altri. Senza una missione o un incarico vaga nel vuoto spaesato.

AMAZON.COM
Why we need to stop wasting public funds on educationDespite being immensely popular--and immensely lucrative—education is grossly overrated. In this explosive book, Bryan Caplan argues that the primary function of education is not to enhance students' skill but to certify their intelligenc...

L'ABITO, IL MONACO, LA LAUREA

Il tipo con la tonaca sarà un monaco mentre il tipo in borghese un laico. Non è detto ma è probabile. Un vecchio morirà prima di un giovane. Non è detto ma è probabile. Una tipa in tailleur è meno pericolosa di un nero col giubbotto della gang. Non è vero ma è probabile. Gli stereotipi sono veri. Non è una verità assoluta ma è una verità probabile.
Allo stesso modo chi è laureato è più in gamba di chi è diplomato, almeno sul lavoro. Non è vero ma è probabile. E’ probabile anche se il corso di laurea non ha insegnato nulla di utile, anche se il laureato si è dimenticato tutto, anche se i professori non insegnano affatto “come si pensa in modo corretto

AMAZON.COM
Why we need to stop wasting public funds on educationDespite being immensely popular--and immensely lucrative—education is grossly overrated. In this explosive book, Bryan Caplan argues that the primary function of education is not to enhance students' skill but to certify their intelligenc...

La periferia di Papa Francesco

Negli anni sessanta l’America latina sembrava essere avviata verso processi di secolarizzazione, fino ad allora la Chiesa Cattolica aveva sempre flirtato col potere, e dove si erano registrate rotture – come a metà del XIX secolo, nel periodo della de-colonizzazione – erano venute dalla politica anti-clericale di molti governi del sub-continente. Ma da quel decennio fatidico qualcosa è cambiato, da un lato la Chiesa Cattolica rompe con le élites conservatrici sue tradizionali alleate facendosi addirittura sponsor dell’innovazione sociale, dall’altro subisce l’invasione dei Protestanti nordamericani resa possibile dalle nuove norme sulla libertà religiosa già attive da inizio secolo ma solo ora realmente sfruttate. La competizione religiosa ha portato nella Chiesa cattolica più autonomia: quando c’è poco da proteggere i protettori non servono. Non c’era infatti più nulla da “rendere a Cesare”, non esiste più un diritto alla decima (o all’8 per mille), non c’era più una torta da spartirsi tra Cesare e Dio ora che gli Dei erano tanti.
In passato la Chiesa Cattolica aveva fornito ai conquistatori un’ideologia capace di pacificare gli indigeni, e per questo servizio reso aveva avuto garanzia di monopolio sulle anime. Ma ora le anime vanno strappate una ad una ai pentecostali e senza una buona dose di populismo empatico, senza una critica serrata ai governi in carica e una retorica della povertà (le anime dei poveri sono le uniche disponibili) è difficile farsi sentire dalla gente. Da questa periferia del mondo giunge a noi un tipo singolare come Papa Francesco.
AMAZON.COM
Nowhere has the relationship between state and church been more volatile in recent decades than in Latin America. Anthony Gill's controversial book not only explains why Catholic leaders in some countries came to oppose dictatorial rule but, equally important, why many did not. Using historical a...

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Storia Sudamerica: Chiesa sempre vicina al govrno

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Latin America until the 1960s appeared to confirm the predictions of secularization theory.
Note:PIÙ MODERNI MENO RELIGIOSI

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The Catholic episcopacy continued its policy of accommodating the political elite
Note:FINO AGLI ANNI SESSANTA....LA POLITICA CAMBIA LA CC RESTA E BENEDICE

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it was typically government officials that initiated hostility, not the bishops or clergy.
Note:NELL OTTOCENTO

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the predictions of secularization theory have proven inaccurate, to say the least (Stark and Bainbridge 1985; Finke and Stark 1992; Warner 1993; Casanova 1994).
Note:LA RECENTE CRISI STATO CHIESA IN LA È INTERESSANTE X VARI MOTIVI

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growth in Protestantism since 1930 and the subsequent revitalization of the Catholic Church
Note:SECONDO FENOMENO

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Furthermore, the Catholic Church, at least in several countries, is now a source of innovation and social change,
Note:MODERNISMO

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it is now the Catholic Church that has challenged governmental authority.
Note:CHI HA INIZIATO

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the implementation of laws guaranteeing religious freedom in the late 1800s opened the gates to a surge in competition
Note:L EVENTO CHIAVE

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in the 1930s.
Note:ARRIVANO I PROT

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Church-State Relations in Historical Context
Note:Ttttttttt

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four general phases
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the colonial era,
Note:PRIMA

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(1493 to early 1 800s),
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close relations between church and state;
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Independence
Note:SECONDO

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(early to late 1800s),
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hostility between Church and state
Note:STATO ANTICLERICALE

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neo-Christendom (late 1800s to 1950s),
Note:TERZO

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tried regaining the privileges lost
Note:LA CHIESA IN RIMONTA

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progressive Church (1960s to present),
Note:QUARTA

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a break with traditional political allies.
Note:INIZIA LA CHIESA

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Church under democracy (mid-1980s
Note:QUINTA FASE

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a return to Catholic conservatism and greater accommodation
Note:RIFLUSSO

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Colonial Period: Christendom (1493 to Early 1800s)
Note:Le decime: la Chiesa si appoggia allo stato

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A letter written by Queen Isabella of Spain to the governor of Hispaniola in 1503 indicates how economic and spiritual conquest were part and parcel of one another:
Note:UN LEGAME STRETTO FIN DA SUBITO

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Christianity provided colonial rulers with an ideology capable of pacifying the indigenous population
Note:LA FUNZIONE

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protected access to a new source of souls.
Note:LA GARANZIA DELLO STATO

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Church paid a significantly higher price by giving up most of its institutional autonomy.
Note:IL PREZZO

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el patronato real
Note:L ACCORDO STATO CHIESA

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selection of all persons for ecclesiastical office
Note:PREROGATIVA DELLA CORONA...PRIMA

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right to collect all ecclesiastical tithes
Note:SECONDA

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why the pope would ever surrender autonomous control
Note:LA VERA DOMANDA

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Vatican simply lacked the resources needed to undertake a massive missionizing effort overseas.
Note:IN CONDIZIONI DI DEBOLEZZA

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bishops and religious orders took their missionizing task quite seriously
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defending them against ill treatment by the secular colonizers,
Note:SFORZI X GUADAGNARE LA FIDUCIA DEI SELVAGGI

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convince the Spanish crown to enact legislation easing exploitative conditions.
Note:IL PICCO DELLA DIFESA...1550

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Leyes Nuevas (New Laws)
Note:CONFLITTO TORA CAMPANILE

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defenders of the native populations were bishops Bartolome de las Casas (Chiapas), Juan de Zumarraga (Mexico City), Vasco de Quiroga (Michoacan), and Antonio de Valdivieso (Nicaragua).
Note:I DIFENSORI

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Protection from enslavement and abuse was an attractive incentive for Amerindians during colonial times.
Note:INCENTIVI ALLA CONVERSIONE

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settlers had an incentive to keep as much as they could of the wealth they created (or stole) for themselves.
Note:LA MONARCHIA VUOLE LIMITARE GLI ABUSI DEI VICERÈ E SI SERVE DELLA CHIESA CPME POTERE AUTONOMO

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Viceroys andgovernors were rotated frequently
Note:PRIMO SISTEMA

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Regular judicial reviews
Note:SECONDO

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random audits
Note:TERZO

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The Church was also an indispensable part of the crown's strategy to control the colonists.
Note:MA SOPRATTUTTO QUARTO

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"the Inquisition came to be used more and more for political ends.
Note:X ES CENSURARE LIBRI LIBERALI NELLE AMERICHE

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its control over religious education.
Note:UN ASPETTO DI AUTONOMIA DELLA CC...EDUCA I PRETI...TUTTI

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the pool of nominees was rather small and the Vatican closely supervised the education of potential candidates
Note:ANXHE SE LA NOMINA DEI VESCOVI ERA MONARCGICA...

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lifetime tenure for bishops
Note:L EDUCAZIONE SI FA SENTIRE NEL LUNGO.PERIODO

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the episcopal power of excommunication represented a sizable deterrent for those afraid of burning in hell.
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI AUTONOMIA

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continually sought to renegotiate the terms of the patronato to their advantage.
Note:DURANTE TUTTO IL XIODO

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The Jesuits, in particular, were aggressive proselytizers setting up their own reducciones-settlements
Note:PIÙ PROSELITISMO.. PIÙ SIRITTI AGLI INDIGENI

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expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759
Note:UN CONFLITTO FAMOSO

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the jealousy of civil authorities
Note:VERSO I GESUITI

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Jesuits refused to pay tithes on their large land holdings and capitalistic enterprises thus diminishing the shares of King and Pope"
Note:MOTIVO DELLO SCONTRO

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Church being as glad to be rid of them as the civil authorities,
Note:LO SGOMBERO DEI G.NN INNESCÒ CONFLITTI CON IL VATICANO

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Independence and the Breakdown of Christendom
Note:I benefici dell' esproprio dei beni ecclesiastici:1 somma unatantum (ricavi)2 rendita (tasse sui redditi)X' i conservatori erano spesso alleati della chiesa? Perchè il sequestro dei registri rendeva il fisco + eficientettttttttttttttttttt

Note | Location: 377
Esigenze di bilancio portano agli espropriEspropri: 1 somma immdiatamente disponibile 2 flusso di tasse negli anni

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determining the sociopolitical status of the institutional Church-became
Note:UNA BELLA QESTIONE X GLI INDIPENDENTISTI

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prelates instead chose to focus on "high politics" to either restore or preserve colonial privileges (sans patronato).
Note:LA MOSSA DELLA CHIESA

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sympathies of the bishops lay with the royalist forces
Note | Location: 385
X L ASSOC DA SEMPRE FORTE

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Emancipation offered no guarantees about the financial security of the Church.
Note:UNA PREOCCUP ANCHE ECONOMIC

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a leadership vacuum in the Church at the time.
Note:ALTRA RAGIONE APPOGGIO AI REALISTI

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France's occupation of Spain
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO DI CONFUSIONE

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Pope Pius VII imprisoned by Napoleon from 1810 to 1814,
Note:ALTRA DEBOLEZZA DELLA CH

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parish priests generally supported the patriot cause
Note:DIVERSAMENTE RISPETTO AI VESCOVI

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national governments would be more likely to draw bishops from a local pool
Note:PRETI INDIGENI E CALCOLO

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padres Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos in Mexico).
Note:I CAPPELLANI DEI RIBELLI

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After 1815,
Note:PARTE L INDI

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most vocal in their support for the royal cause feared for their lives and fled theAmericas
Note:FUGONE DEI REALISTI

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opportunistic behavior of the bishops who remained.
Note:VARIANTE

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to coopt, or be coopted by, potential enemies.
Note:LA STRATEGIA DELKA CHIESA

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early surrender and accommodation
Note:NO SCONTRO FRONTALE

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support for the rebellion remained tepid,
Note:TUTTO SOMMATO

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political strategy remained elite based, allying them with the most conservative social sector-the
Note:CHIESA ED ELITE

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Church's extensive landholdings.
Note:IL PUNTO COMUNE

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Society remained essentially unchanged for the majority of the population
Note:DISCRETO SUCCESSO

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anticlerical ideas,
Note:UNA NUOVA MODA PRESSO LE ELITES

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intensive lobbying efforts
Note:LA VIA LOBBYSTICQA

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the primary source of tension became the status of the patronato.
Note:PUNTO CRUCIALE

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When it became apparent that all forces-Conservative and Liberal-wanted to exert control over the Church, the episcopacy opted for the Conservatives.
Note:L OPZIONE

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The situation changed with the success of Liberal parties in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Note:NUOVA ERA

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Church became a prime target
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Liberal governments wanted to break the power of the Conservatives.
Note:COLPIRE LA CH PER COLPIRE LA DESTRA

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Perhaps more important, Liberal actions against the Church also served to strengthen the financial status of the state.
Note:PECUNIA

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bankruptcy and default
Note | Location: 441
MOLTI PAESI A METÀ 800

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extensive landed estates owned by the Church
Note:FACEVANO GOLA

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Under clerical ownership, fertile land often went fallow
Note:MAGGESE

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expropriating these lands
Note:MOSSA

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secularizing cemeteries and marriages, each of which was associated with user fees.
Note:ESPROPRIO ISTITUZIONALE

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Expropriating the power to keep records on births, deaths, and property
Note:ESPROPRIO DEI REGISTRI

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capacity to tax the population.'
Note:SCHEDE E TASSAZIONE

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build an efficient bureaucratic
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scholars frequently overlooked these material incentives
Note:TRASCURATEZZA

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ideological battles
Note:C ERA DELL ALTRO

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modernizing Latin American society along the lines of the United States
Note:PROGETTO IN CONTRASTO CON IL CATTOLICESIMO

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influence of the ultramontane Pope Pius IX (1846-78),10
Note:SILLABO

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ideas of the English Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Note:IL NEMICO

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In the end, the modernizing forces typically won.
Note:CAPITOLAZIONE

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reducing financial support
Note:MISURE

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removing its constitutional status
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expropriating
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secularizing education,
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freedom of worship.
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expansion of economic relations with Protestant North America
Note:ELEMENTO DI APERTURA

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Protestant missionaries began to devote serious attention to proselytizing.
Note:SOLO MOLTO DOPO...ORA APERTURA FORMALE

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supporting the Conservative
Note:RISPOSTA DELLA CH

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only fueled the fires of anticlericalism,
Note:REAZIONE

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accepted and accommodated Liberal rule,
Note:ESITO...LA CH ACCETTA

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Conservatives were unwilling to reverse many Liberal reforms
Note:D ALTRONDE

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Church generally received a greater degree of control over its internal affairs:
Note:IN CAMBIO

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some
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