spreading_the_wealth_around greg mankiw
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). spreading_the_wealth_around greg mankiw [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
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Spreading the Wealth Around: Reflections Inspired by Joe the Plumber N. Gregory Mankiw
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essay discusses the policy debate concerning optimal taxation
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It then considers the normative question of how the tax system should be designed.
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conventional utilitarian framework is found to be wanting,
Segnalibro - Posizione 28
Segnalibro - Posizione 55
Segnalibro - Posizione 78
Segnalibro - Posizione 116
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
What can economists contribute to the policy debate over inequality and the distribution of the tax burden?
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One plausible answer is, not much.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 118
is really a question only for political philosophers.
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tradeoff between efficiency and equality
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L UNICA COSA MISURABILE
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we, as economists, must be agnostic.
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The academic literature on optimal taxation, however, takes a different tack.
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work in this area adopts a particular philosophical 291 perspective— utilitarianism [see, e.g., Mirrlees 1971].
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society should choose a tax-and-transfer policy to maximize the sum of utility over all individuals
Nota - Posizione 123
ASSUNTO UTILITARISTA
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utilitarians and economists share an intellectual tradition.
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FILOSOFIA FACILE
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John Stuart Mill, were also among the early economists.
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utilitarian political philosophy allows economists to use the tools of analysis
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Nonetheless, the utilitarian approach is fraught with several problems.
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interpersonal comparability of utility.
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PROBLEMA 1
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Undergraduate philosophy courses are filled with hypothetical examples to test the limits
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trolley tracks,
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I am wary of hypothetical examples so far outside of any actual experience.
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the facts of the case are too outlandish
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UTILITARIANISM ON A GLOBAL SCALE
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t
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Imagine a candidate for president campaigned on a platform of imposing a one-third tax on the average American’s income and transferring the entire proceeds of the tax to poor nations around the world. Would you be inclined to support this candidate? I am confident that most voters would not.
Nota - Posizione 142
x ALTRO ESEMPIO
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But if we were truly utilitarian in our policy design, why not?
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utilitarianism as a theory of justice provides no reason to give a special role to national boundaries.
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THE OPTIMAL TAXATION OF HEIGHT
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t
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another example
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Francis Y. Edgeworth
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equalize the marginal utility of all members of society;
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William S. Vickrey [1945] and James A. Mirrlees [1971] emphasized a key practical difficulty with Edgeworth’s solution.
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government cannot observe innate productivity.
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Vickrey– Mirrlees approach to optimal nonlinear taxation is now standard
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income was the only piece of data the government could observe
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according to the theory of optimal taxation, any exogenous variable correlated with productivity should be a useful indicator for determining an individual’s optimal tax liability.
Nota - Posizione 168
x TEORIA
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The empirical leg is that a person’s height is strongly correlated with his or her income.
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x PRATICA
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Anne Case and Christina Paxson [2008]
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Many people, however, will not quickly embrace the idea
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people either recoil or express amusement.
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JUST DESERTS
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t
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our moral intuitions are not, fundamentally, utilitarian.
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Robert Nozick
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We are not in the position of children who have been given portions of pie by someone who now makes last minute adjustments to rectify careless cutting. There is no central distribution, no person or group entitled to control all the resources, jointly deciding how they are to be doled out. What each person gets, he gets from others who give to him in exchange for something, or as a gift. In a free society, diverse persons control different resources, and new holdings arise out of the voluntary exchanges and actions of persons.
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x NOZICK
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it is hard to see much influence of this philosophical perspective
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viable alternative to utilitarianism is far from obvious.
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People should get what they deserve.
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PRINCIPIO ALTERNATIVO
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A person who contributes more to society deserves a higher income
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Society permits him that higher income not just to incentivize him,
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INCENTIVI E MERITI
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This perspective is, I believe, what Robert Nozick, Milton Friedman, and other classically liberal writers have in mind.
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My sense is that people are rarely outraged when high incomes go to those who obviously earned them.
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Steven Spielberg make blockbuster movies, Steve Jobs introduce the iPod, David Letterman crack funny jokes, and J.K Rowling excite countless young readers with her Harry Potter books, we don’t object to the many millions of dollars they earn in the process.
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x MILIARDARI CHE VNN SCANDALIZZANO
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focus not on the marginal utility of different individuals but on the congruence between their contributions and their compensation.
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NUOVO FUOCO
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normative interpretation of the equilibrium
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consider an exchange economy.
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OPTIMAL TAXATION REVISITED
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t
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Pigovian taxation fits naturally into the Just Deserts Theory.
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If a person earns income in part by imposing negative externalities on bystanders, there is little doubt that he is getting more than he contributed.
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Next, there is the issue of public goods, such as national defense, police, and the court system.
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these public goods should be paid for by those people who benefit most from them.
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What about transfer payments to the poor?
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antipoverty programs are a type of public good.
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That is, under this view, the government provides for the poor not simply because their marginal utility is high but because we have interdependent utility functions.
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x PERCHÈ AIUTARE I POVERI
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care more about their own neighbors than they do about the poor abroad.
