Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom
Citation (APA): Levy, J. (2016). Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom By Jacob Levy
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 6
Can rationalism and pluralism be reconciled in the liberal tradition?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
How much authority is proper for intermediate groups?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
central tension you’ve identified within the liberal intellectual tradition
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
rationalism or pluralism.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
competing traditions within liberal thought.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
rationalizing state form as a way of bringing equality before the law
Nota - Posizione 20
PRIMA
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liberation from local tyrannies
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through centralization and uniformity,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 21
more confidence in the freedom that is to be found in voluntary associations,
Nota - Posizione 21
SECONDA
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churches, in cultural groups and in local and provincial levels of government,
Nota - Posizione 24
T
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rationalism
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protect the rights of individuals
Nota - Posizione 25
T
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pluralism
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freedom of association.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
The rationalist tradition though would look at a church and worry about the authority
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power that a priest might hold over parishioners
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religious tradition as such holds over say women
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want the state to act against the religious tradition
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I kept thinking of the Amish.
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they’re not libertarian. They’re not democrats. They’re not socialists. They have a bunch of different things
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stop them from being oppressive
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just let them flourish
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We have a concern
Nota - Posizione 40
....
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they’ve been indoctrinated
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That’s what it means to be Amish, to live a life according to a very elaborate set of rules
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expressed as chosen by the adult
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You have to freely choose your way into baptism after you’re 18.
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the rules are very, very stringent.
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If they were the laws of the state, we would say that it was an extremely oppressive, tyrannical state.
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“This is really a very illiberal, conservative, restrictive society. These aren’t fully free people,”
Nota - Posizione 48
X LIBRRAL E AMISH
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“These are people choosing a thing to do with their lives and the thing they’re choosing to do with their lives involves following norms, living according to values, and that’s one of the things that free people can do.”
Nota - Posizione 49
X CONSERVATORE AMISH
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people are born into the community who come to know fewer and fewer choices over time.
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choose to leave well into adulthood is significantly compromised.
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Now what makes them both liberal then?
Nota - Posizione 55
LE DUE TRADIZ
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They’re both concerned with the freedom of their members.
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It’s not the case that only if you recreate your life every day are you a free person. Free persons can make commitments.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 58
This is true in elementary of cases as free persons can sign contracts.
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There’s a sense in which the liberal looks at the Amish and says, “You’re not wholly free
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How do we distinguish an intermediate group?
Nota - Posizione 63
ROSS
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why do liberals say the state is not allowed to be oppressive potentially in these certain ways but the Amish are?
Nota - Posizione 66
ROSS
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A lot of traditional answers here have to do with the coerciveness of states’ abilities to punish. An intermediate group normally within a liberal society, when faced with a member who refuses to obey the rules, has no punishment more extreme than say expulsion and shunning.
Nota - Posizione 67
x RISPOSTA
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expel a member.
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excommunicate
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they don’t have prison sentences
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the view that says states are just morally, magically, completely other.
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local governments and provincial governments are even closer to intermediate groups
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a concern about where the slippery slope lies,
Nota - Posizione 89
COS È PIÙ PERICOLOSO
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lies with the pluralistic tradition
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lies with centralized power
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just an emphasis about the dangers
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we should think of the traditions in terms of where they view dangers.
Nota - Posizione 92
APPROCCIO 1
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treat the two views as coming from utterly different value systems. One of them is individualistic and one is collective
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TRAD 2
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 94
that’s a serious mistake.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 94
Association is generated out of individual free choices
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
radical version of individual autonomy
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......
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is ultimately incoherent because we are– none of us creating ourselves
Nota - Posizione 97
L ERRORE
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We’re all socialized.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 98
idea of autonomy is wielded in very opportunistic and hypocritical ways
Nota - Posizione 98
IPOCRISIA
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you seem not to be autonomous because you’re doing what your parents
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L ACCUSA A TERZI
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most of us do what our parents did most of the time.
Nota - Posizione 100
TRA PARENTESI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 101
there aren’t different fundamental values.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
Under what kinds of social conditions you would expect to find really significant abuses
Nota - Posizione 103
LA VERA VERIFICA
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It’s not the case that states are always smaller or it’s not the case that states are always larger
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lot of intermediate groups are transnational. The Roman Catholic Church is very much larger
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exit is hard from the Catholic Church too. If you’re still a believer,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 111
Well, what you do is voice.
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I don’t like Burger King. I leave Burger King. I go to McDonald’s.
Nota - Posizione 114
L EXIT DI HIRCHMAN
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They don’t try to change Burger King
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my relationship to my church isn’t really like that
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We do try to exert some voice. We do try to change our intermediate organizations.
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do think it’s important to treat the state as being continuous with other kinds of groups
Nota - Posizione 126
STATO E GRUPPI GREPPIA OCIALI
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It’s important not to treat it as a lot of philosophers often have, as being a kind of disembodied machine for the dispensing of justice
Nota - Posizione 127
CONCEZIONE DELLO STATO
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states have patterns and dysfunctions
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They’re populated by real people and they have histories.
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They haven’t always existed.
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significant bureaucratization and a significant push toward universalism
Nota - Posizione 132
TIPUCO DELLO STATO
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Catholic Church is not prone to the same dysfunctions
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We want to worry about excessive conservatism.
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trend toward radical centralization,
Nota - Posizione 135
DIFETTI DELLO STATO MA NN DELLA CHIESA
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radical uniformity
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deep determination to know everything about the members
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 144
We need to have a rational order that guarantees a floor for everyone.
Nota - Posizione 144
IL TREND DELLA PREFERENZA
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feminist tradition has long attacked the family as the source of the problem.
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there’s something in philosophy in particular that tends to be attracted to the model of the state
Nota - Posizione 148
X LA TENTAZIONE DL NIRVANA
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they think of it as is the articulation of right reasons and we can’t give up on the enterprise of finding the right
Nota - Posizione 149
AYTRAZIONE DEL GIUSTO
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They take the state for granted as being a transparent way to get the right
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pluralist tradition has always emphasized is when states go wrong,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 152
existence of a plurality of groups and sites and locations and organizations within society can provide a variety of kinds of counterbalancing, a variety of kinds of experimentation to find out what better rules are.
Nota - Posizione 154
x RESILIENZA DEL DIVERSO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 154
an emphasis on pluralism as a discovery procedure.
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plenty aware of the pathologies of states and we treat them as part of the analysis.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 172
If you think that your side controls the central government and is going to go on controlling the central government, then you tend not to be supportive of federalism. You tend to think the central government will give us the answers
Nota - Posizione 174
x LA POLITICA OPPORTUNISTICA DI OGGI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 175
Within a generation, we’ve gone from the federal Defense of Marriage Act and social conservatives who actively supported a constitutional amendment to ban same sex marriage even in states where DOMA hasn’t been passed at the state level to the reverse where now the conservative argument is well, let the last few states that haven’t legalized same sex marriage go on their way.
Nota - Posizione 177
x CONSERVATORI CENTRALISTI
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conservatives will in particular be sympathetic to the claims of churches and religious groups
Nota - Posizione 179
CONSERVATORI PLURALISTI
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Universities are an important kind of intermediate group.
Nota - Posizione 180
GRUPPI POCO CONSIDERATI
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laws that are passed in a few states to mandate that universities allow people with concealed harry handgun permits to carry their guns
Nota - Posizione 181
ESEMPIO DI INTERFERENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 184
Like the Amish agree to not exercise a variety of their liberties, we could say in the classroom, we’re not going to exercise our liberty to carry handguns.
Nota - Posizione 185
AMISH E UNIVERSITÀ
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I’m interested in first showing that medieval Europe,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 189
generated a lot of what we now think of as intermediate institutions
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before the state, there was quite a lot and quite a lot that we now think of as the pluralistic intermediate sphere.
Nota - Posizione 194
PRECEDENZA
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There wasn’t a state over it but those institutions did exist
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What they want to do is to subjugate all of the other orders of society,
Nota - Posizione 197
COMPARSA DEGLI STATI
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orderly and rational and taxable
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eliminate the traditional rights to govern themselves
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universities
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cities
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church
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fight between the absolute monarchs and their critics.
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Such as the Stuart kings and the Whigs.
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constitution is the common law
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in continental Europe, it is grounded obviously not in the common law but just in the traditional rights
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This brings together groups that had not seen themselves as allies
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The church and the cities
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they discovered they have common cause
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Hobbes
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Locke
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offering in different ways accounts of the justification of the state and of the modern state
Nota - Posizione 209
LO STATO GIUSTIFICATO
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they wipe out everything else that isn’t normatively derived from the agreement
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A church or a city or a university isn’t derived from that universal national agreement. It’s built on what its members have done. Their critics, the Whigs, the common lawyers, the ancient constitutionalists
Nota - Posizione 210
X GLI ESCLUSI DEL CONTRATTUALISMO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 212
critics of the social contract
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Each of these things has its own history
Nota - Posizione 214
NN TUTTO SI GIUSTIFICA NELLA STESSA MANIERA
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it is the duty of kings to respect the traditional laws
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IL PROTAGONISTA
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Montesquieu
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Hobbes thinks that he has discovered a political science
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HOBBES E LA SCIENZA
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A lot of The Spirit of the Laws and history in sociology– and if you don’t know the proper nouns that he’s throwing around, if you don’t know the eras that he’s talking about, then some of it won’t make any sense and a part that do make sense, you won’t always understand why he’s talking about it at such length.
Nota - Posizione 225
x LO S DELLE L È INVECE UN ESPLORAZIONE EMPIRICA
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one of the most influential books
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More than Leviathan,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 228
Montesquieu is interested in is the constraints that states face in trying to govern complicated societies.
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kings, they try to make their states simpler than they are.
Nota - Posizione 229
SEMPLIFICAZIONE DEL POTERE
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he’s constantly making reference to complexity.
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thesis that commerce tends to soften barbaric mores and encourage peace
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there’s an area of human activity that isn’t just the creation of deliberate decisions by state lawmakers.
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the book is about how the religious habits of the people, how the cultural habits of the people, how the traditions of the people, how the geography and climate of the society, how all of these things put constraints on what it is the lawmaker can hope to create
Nota - Posizione 238
x TESI DEL LIBRO
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Scottish Enlightenment
Nota - Posizione 241
T
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Adam Ferguson or Adam Smith
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 244
the debt that they owed to Montesquieu.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 260
He says over and over again of monarchies that they are constituted by their intermediate bodies.
Nota - Posizione 260
MONARCHIA
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church
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cities
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provinces
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guilds
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nobility.
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If you don’t have those in a monarchy, the monarchy will become a despotism.
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He doesn’t say this will happen when we get a bad monarch.
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in standing up for their rights, they help protect the law
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 263
the idea that there are legal limits
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 266
account of how Louis the XIV had brought France to the brink of despotism.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 267
and Voltaire hated him for it and spent decades afterwards writing defenses of Louis the XIV
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 269
Louis the XIV was arrogant and a simplifier.
Nota - Posizione 269
L ACCUSA DI M
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centralizing the nobility at Versailles,
Nota - Posizione 271
ACCUSA
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the state continues to consolidate as an organizational form over the course of modernity.
Nota - Posizione 277
DOPO M
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they didn’t have the technology
Nota - Posizione 278
AI TEMPI DI M
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they also didn’t have the social technology.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 280
There were all kinds of sociological obstacles
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these were obstacles that the Jacobins and the French revolution were going to run
Nota - Posizione 281
GIACOBINI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 284
I don’t want it to be understood just as a story about, well, reactionaries and Jacobins
Nota - Posizione 285
LOTTA TRA LIBERALISMI
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Jacobins were not liberals. They were extreme rationalists
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 287
Revolution accelerates the growth of central state
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 289
mass conscription
Nota - Posizione 289
MEZZI DI CENTRALIZZAZIONE
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ongoing tax base.
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Revolution also changes the base of legitimation
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monarchs hadn’t been [0: 40: 00] able to say the reason why I should rule
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people should govern itself as a singular.
Nota - Posizione 297
LEGITTIMAZIONE RIVOLUZIONARIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 297
That gives the centralizing state tremendously more normative legitimacy and more popular appeal
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 299
the primary preoccupation of liberal political theorists
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Alexis de Tocqueville
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Benjamin Constant
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 301
“Under democracy, how would I ever be able to resist the power of the centralizing state?”
Nota - Posizione 301
PREOC TOCQ
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One of the things he’s looking for when he comes to America and talks about the rise of voluntary associations is how a free and equal democratic people can still be pluralists, how they can be pluralism without privilege.
Nota - Posizione 304
X L AMERICA DI TOXQ
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Americans
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township government
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churches
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tendency to associate
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 314
United States hasn’t maintained its federal form as well as some other federations partly because most other federations have at least one province or state that has a really robust sense of pre-political identity.
Nota - Posizione 315
x CONDIZONI DEL FEDERALISMO AMERICANO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 317
Quebec is exactly what I had in mind.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 318
What about Texas?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 321
southern white conservatism
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 321
Quebec or Catalonia in Spain or Scotland in the UK or Bavaria in Germany
Nota - Posizione 322
......
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 322
distinct states in India,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 323
part of the left-right coalition at the national level.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 327
the deliberation that was made in the 19th century in the United States that says no state will be admitted to the union until there’s a white English-speaking majority.
Nota - Posizione 328
X PUNTO DELENTE FED USA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 328
are not going to let Oklahoma be a state when Oklahoma is an Indian country.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 329
We’re not going to let Hawaii be a state until there’s a white settler majority
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 330
Or we’re not going to let Utah be a state under a theocratic type of…
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 331
We’re really going to break the power of the Mormon Church
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 331
We’re going to demand the Mormon Church, abandon polygamy.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 336
But what about the threat between groups
Nota - Posizione 336
OBIEZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 337
prevent one religious denomination
Nota - Posizione 337
SERVIZIO DEL CENTRO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 338
it’s going to act as a referee.
Nota - Posizione 339
IPOTESI DELLI STATO ARPITRO
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intermediate bodies are better off and are better for us once we become genuinely intermediate.
Nota - Posizione 342
IN CONCORRENZA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 343
The religious wars were very bad
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 349
You seem to have a preference for the pluralism
Nota - Posizione 349
TRA PARENTESI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 352
more from within the rationalist.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 356
I genuinely don’t think, really, really genuinely don’t think that the pluralist, rationalist distinction maps on to for example the distinction between libertarian and egalitarian
Nota - Posizione 357
LA DISTINZIONE PIÙ IMPORTANTE È TRA LIBERALI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 359
who owes a greater debt to Hayek and who to Nozick?
Nota - Posizione 359
DUE GENEALIGIE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 359
Hayek is a pluralist.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 359
Hayek mistakenly thought that his pluralism was what market liberalism was all about
Nota - Posizione 360
L ERRORE DI HAYEK
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to express the view that libertarian liberalism is continuous with liberalism.
Nota - Posizione 367
TESI DELLA CONTINUITÀ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 374
We talked about the irreconcilability. So you think these two things are irreconcilable.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 376
The rationalist and pluralist views if I’m right are based on accounts of what can go wrong in states and intermediate social groups.
Nota - Posizione 377
ORA LE COSE VANNO MAKE QUI ORA LÌ
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 380
The thing that we do to check the intermediate group from repressing its members might be justified and yet might leave us with a stronger state
Nota - Posizione 381
NON C È SOLUYZIONE
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John Stuart Mill
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 384
especially important in seeing the ways that the family and the traditional culture can be oppressive.
Nota - Posizione 384
RISCHIO GRUPPO
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critique of the cultural conservatism of Victorian England
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 386
Lord Acton,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 387
He rightly saw what Mill did not see, that the emerging European nation state, to drive to nationalism
Nota - Posizione 388
ACTON
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 391
He was very, very good on understanding religious freedom and the freedom of churches
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 392
correspondence that Acton entered into after the US Civil War with Robert E. Lee.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 394
I mourn more the stake which was lost at Richmond than I celebrate that which was protected at Waterloo.
Nota - Posizione 394
LE SBALORDITIVE PAROLE DI ACTON
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 396
It’s not that Acton didn’t know that slavery was wrong.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 397
he thought that the protection of federalism was so important for protecting human liberty going forward in the era of mass democracy
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 401
Mill’s abilities. He was wrong with the family and his inability to see what’s wrong with nationalism.
Nota - Posizione 401
L ERRORE ANCHE DI MILL
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 402
If Mill and Acton who I regard as both having been great, tremendous, important, brilliant thinkers, if they could both go so far wrong, then I’m inclined to say there’s a reason to doubt that we’re going to get it right. If they couldn’t see both truths at the same time, then even though I tend to– to where the pluralists side, I’m not willing to hubristically think I’m going to be the one to get it right and to square the circle and to solve all the problems at once.
Nota - Posizione 404
x SE HANNO SBAGLIATO LORO FIGURIAMOCI NOI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 405
pluralism undoubtedly generates blind spots of its own.
Nota - Posizione 406
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