HL 1 Taste of turtle

Taste of turtle—Where
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@@LEGALITÀ...asimmetria info subdunber superdunbar...scaling conflitto d interesse....metrica

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You who caught the turtles better eat them,
Note:L ADAGIO IN COMMENTO

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a group of fishermen caught a large number of turtles. After cooking them, they found out at the communal meal that these sea animals were much less edible than they thought:
Note:ORIGINE

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the principle that you need to eat what you feed others.
Note:IL PRINCIPIO DIETRO L ADAGIO...PARABOLA DI MERCURIO CHE FORZA IL PESCATORE AD ASSAGGIARE IL CIBO SOSPETTO CHE OFFRONO

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A CUSTOMER IS BORN EVERY DAY
Note:Tttttttttt

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The asymmetry is when said advice applies to you but not to him—he
Note:ASIMMETRIA

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what is presented as good for you is not really good for you but certainly good for the other party.
Note:CAPITA SEMPRE NEL MONDO DEGLI AFFARI

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“Do you have an ax?” (meaning an inquiry whether you have a certain interest).
Note:LA DOMANDA DA FARE

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Avoid at all costs those who call you to tout a certain product disguised with advice.
Note:QUELLI DA EVITARE

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Salespeople are experts in the art of psychological manipulation, making the client trade, often against his own interest, all the while being happy about it and loving them and their company.
Note:ASIMMETRIA DEL VENDITORE

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THE PRICE OF CORN IN RHODES
Note:Ttttttttttt

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problem in the course of the transactions: how much should the seller reveal to the buyer?
Note:PROBLEMA

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“Is it ethical to sell something to someone knowing the price will eventually drop?”
Note:ESEMPUO

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Diogenes of Babylon and his student Antipater of Tarsus,
Note:CHI NE HA DIBATTUTO

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Cicero in De Officiis.
Note:FONTE

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Assume a man brought a large shipment of corn from Alexandria to Rhodes, at a time when corn was expensive in Rhodes because of shortage and famine. Suppose that he also knew that many boats had set sail from Alexandria on their way to Rhodes with similar merchandise. Does he have to inform the Rhodians?
Note:IL CASO

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“stuffing”—selling
Note:I GERGO L ATTO DI VENDERE SENZA INFO

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The penalty was ostracism.
Note:SE UN TRADER LO FA A UN TRADER

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But it was sort of permissible to do it to the anonymous market and the faceless nontraders, or those we called “the Swiss,” some random suckers far away.
Note:QUANDO È CONCESSO

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There were people with whom we had a relational rapport, others with whom we had a transactional one.
Note:LA DIFFERENZA

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Diogenes held that the seller ought to disclose as much as civil law requires. As for Antipater, he believed that everything ought to be disclosed—beyond
Note:DIATRIBA PRESSO I CLASSICI...LEGALITÀ CONTRO ETICA

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The ethical is always more robust than the legal. Over time, it is the legal that should converge to the ethical, never the reverse. Hence: Laws come and go; ethics stay.
Note:INTERMEZZO ETICA E LEGALE

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counterintuitively, the more regulations, the easier it was to make money.
Note:LA MIA ESPERIENZA COME TRADER

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EQUALITY IN UNCERTAINTY
Note:Tttttttttt

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The ancient Mediterranean and, to some extent, the modern world, seem to have converged to Antipater’s position. While we have “buyer beware” (caveat emptor) in the Anglo-Saxon West,
Note:LE POSIZIONI

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Sharia establishes the interdict of gharar, drastic enough to be totally banned in any form of transaction.
Note:UN ESEMPIO....SOLUZIONE SHARIA

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it means both uncertainty and deception—my personal take is that it means something beyond informational asymmetry between agents: inequality of uncertainty.
Note:UN TERMINE PARTICOLARE

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RAV SAFRA AND THE SWISS
Note:Tttttttt LA SOLUZIONE DEL TALMUD

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Rav Safra, a third-century Babylonian scholar who was also an active trader, was offering some goods for sale. A buyer came as he was praying in silence, tried to purchase the merchandise at an initial price, and given that the rabbi did not reply, raised the price. But Rav Safra had no intention of selling at a higher price than the initial offer, and felt that he had to honor the initial intention. Now the question: Is Rav Safra obligated to sell at the initial price, or should he take the improved one?
Note:IL PROBLEMA..TOTAL TRANSPARENCY

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what if he sold to one client at the marked-up price, and to another one the exact same item for the initial price, and the two buyers happened to know one another?
Note:METODO INSOSTENIBILE SENZA SAFRA

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It may not be ethically required, but the most effective, shame-free policy is maximal transparency,
Note:Cccccccccccc

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However, the story doesn’t tell us whether the purchaser was a “Swiss,” those outsiders our ethical rules don’t apply to.
Note:PICCOLO PARTICOLARE

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Kant: theory is too theoretical for humans.
Note:ECCEZIONI SEMPRE

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MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS
Note:Ttttttftff

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Things don’t “scale” and generalize, which is why I have trouble with intellectuals talking about abstract notions.
Note:DON'T SCALE

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the world is not a large village.
Note:Ccccccccc

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When Athenians treat all opinions equally and discuss “democracy,” they only apply it to their citizens, not slaves or metics
Note:STORIA

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Today’s Roma people (aka Gypsies) have tons of strict rules of behavior toward Gypsies, and others toward the unclean non-Gypsies called payos.
Note:ESEMPIO

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This scale transformation from the particular to the general is behind my skepticism about unfettered globalization and large centralized multiethnic states.
Note:GLOBALIZZAZIONE...PALESTINA

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Yaneer Bar-Yam showed quite convincingly that “better fences make better neighbors”—something
Note:CONFINI

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Putting Shiites, Christians, and Sunnis in one pot
Note:L ERRORE IN MEDIO ORIENTE

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Blaming people for being “sectarian”—instead of making the best of such a natural tendency—is one of the stupidities of interventionistas.
Note:L ACCUSA DI TAZZISMO

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from the well-known behavior of crowds in the “anonymity” of big cities compared to groups in small villages.
Note:DUNBAR

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NON MIHI NON TIBI, SED NOBIS (NEITHER MINE NOR YOURS, BUT OURS)
Note:Ttttttttt

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“tragedy of the commons,”
Note:Ttttttttttt

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what plagues socialism:
Note:TRAGEDIA DEI BENO COMUNI

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it is a critical mistake to think that people can function only under a private property system.
Note:OSTROM

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there exists a certain community size below which people act as collectivists, protecting the commons, as if the entire unit became rational.
Note:SUBDUNBAR

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municipal is different from the national.
Note:Cccccccc

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tribes
Note:Ccccccccccc

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ARE YOU ON THE DIAGONAL?
Note:Tttttttttttt

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I am, at the Fed level, libertarian; at the state level, Republican; at the local level, Democrat; and at the family and friends level, a socialist.
Note:DETTO DI VINCE GRAHM

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fatuousness of left vs. right labels,
Note:Ccccccccccccc

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Swiss are obsessive about governance—and indeed their political system is neither “left” nor “right,” but governance-based.
Note:ESEMPIO

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things worked well in Switzerland and other Germanic countries, it is not because of accountability so much as scaling, which makes them very prone to accountability: Germany is a federation.
Note:SVIZZERA

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ALL (LITERALLY) IN THE SAME BOAT
Note:Ttttttttttt

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The Acts of the Apostles describes a voyage of St. Paul on a cargo ship from Sidon to Crete to Malta. As they hit a storm: “When they had eaten what they wanted they lightened the ship by throwing the corn overboard into the sea.” Now while they jettisoned particular goods, all owners were to be proportioned
Note:UN CASO EVANGELICI DI RISK SHARING

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For it turned out that they were following a practice that dates to at least 800 B.C.,
Note:LEX RHODIA

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where merchandise is thrown overboard for the purpose of lightening a ship, what has been lost for the benefit of all must be made up by the contribution of all.
Note:CONTENUTO

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TALKING ONE’S BOOK
Note:Nttttttt TTtt

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Everyone, including the anchor, chipped in. My turn came: “I own no Microsoft stock, I am short no Microsoft stock [i.e., would benefit from its decline], hence I can’t talk about it.”
Note:AL DIBATTITO SU MICROSOFT TALEB NN RISPOSE

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Don’t tell me what you think, tell me what you have in your portfolio.
Note:...RICORDIAMO IL PORTAFOGLIO

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Another is buying a stock so you can advertise the qualities of the company, then selling it, benefiting from the trumpeting—this is called market manipulation,
Note:IL PERICOLO DI SKIN IN TEHA GAME

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We removed the skin in the game of journalists in order to prevent market manipulation,
Note:Cccccccccccc

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the former (market manipulation) and conflicts of interest are more benign than impunity for bad advice.
Note:LA TESI DEL LIBRO

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in the absence of skin in the game, journalists will imitate, to be safe, the opinion of other journalists, thus creating monoculture
Note:LA RAGIONE

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In general, skin in the game comes with conflict of interest.
Note:PURTROPPO

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A SHORT VISIT TO THE DOCTOR’S OFFICE
Note:Tttttttttttt Un caso specif

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The legal system and regulatory measures are likely to put the skin of the doctor in the wrong game.
Note:TESI

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metrics.
Note:PROBLEM

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say a cancer doctor or hospital is judged by the five-year survival rates of patients,
Note:ESEMPIO DI MEYRICA

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There is a tradeoff between laser surgery (a precise surgical procedure) and radiation therapy,
Note:LE CURE POSSIBILI

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laser surgery may have worse five-year outcomes than radiation therapy, but the latter tends to create second tumors in the longer run
Note:PROBLEMA

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A doctor is pushed by the system to transfer risk from himself to you,
Note:FINALE...RADIAZIONE A GO GO

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he has no direct emotional loss should your health experience a degradation.
Note:IL DOTTORE...UNO SCONOSCIUTO...

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His objective is, naturally, to avoid a lawsuit,
Note:IL DOTTORE NN È UN TUO FAMILIARE

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Now, say you happen to visit a cardiologist and turn out to be in the mild risk category,
Note:SEI UNO CHE NN RISCHIA INFARTI

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But the doctor is pressured to treat you
Note:PROCESSI IN VISTA...

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Should you drop dead a few weeks after the visit, a low probability event, the doctor can be sued for negligence,
Note:Cccccccccc

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he may know that statins are harmful, as they will lead to long-term side effects.
Note:CONSEG NEGATIVE MA INVISIBILE

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the long-term medical risks are hidden; they will play out in the long run, whereas the legal risk is immediate.
Note:ASIMMETRIA NEL RISCHIO

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avoid treatment when he or she is mildly ill, but use medicine for the “tail events,” that is, for rarely encountered severe conditions.
Note:CONSIGLIO

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both the doctor and the patient have skin in the game, though not perfectly, but administrators don’t—and
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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NEXT
Tttttttttttt

HL 2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?

2. ARE BUSINESSES MORE FRAUDULENT THAN THE REST OF US?
Note:2@@@@@@@@ no profit

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a lot of people just don’t trust business.
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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put profit ahead of acting ethically.
Note:IL PROBLEMA

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Volkswagen’s blatant circumvention
Note:ESEMPIO

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and Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts

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Wells Fargo employees creating phony accounts
Note:ALTRO ACCOUNT

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ALTRO CASO

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It is widely understood that the profit motive can lead people to take bad actions,
Note:ASSUNTO

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We must first acknowledge the bad news—namely, that entire sectors of our corporate economy are based primarily on ripping off consumers.
Note:RICONOSCIMENTO ENLARGEMENT PENIS

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PENIS ENLARGEMENT

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customers for these items spend their money to buy false hope,

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spend their money to buy false hope,
Note:Ccccccccccccx

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FALSE SPERANZE

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Many dentists insist you get X-rays every year,
Note:ALTRO CASO

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IN CASO

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Doctors get kickbacks for overprescribing antidepressants
Note:ALTRO CASO

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ALTRO CASO

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I would start with the assumption that the sellers are trying to rip me off.
Note:SIA CHIARO

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33 percent of packaged fish in the supermarket was inaccurately labeled regarding type or origin.
Note:SI SA

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Another study showed that between 15 and 75 percent of the salmon claimed as wild actually was farmed;
Note:ALTRO CASO

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The propensity of business to commit fraud is essentially just an extension of the propensity of people to commit fraud.
Note:TESI

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To paraphrase Cassius from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our corporations, but in ourselves.”
Note:CLASSICO

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Businesses often limit fraud by creating institutional structures to constrain the worst sides of their managers
Note:SENONCHÈ....REPITAXIONE

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digital communication has raised the price of corporate dishonesty,
Note:OGGI

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You’re more likely to be ripped off by your local TV repairman, your local doctor, or maybe even your cousin than you are likely to be cheated by McDonald’s or Walmart.
Note:TESI

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Big businesses have more to lose from fraud,
Note:LEGGE

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HOW FRAUDULENT IS BUSINESS IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE?
Note:Tttttttt

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internet dating profiles.
Note:INIZOAMO CON UN ATEA RICCA DI FRODI

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53 percent of people admitted to having lied in their online dating profiles.

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Cccccc c

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If you think of love, romance, and sex as especially important matters—
Note:GRAVE

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60 percent of adults will lie at least once within the course of a ten-minute conversation,
Note:PIÙ IN GENERALE

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And that is only what people admitted to.
Note:Ccccccccc

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And how good should we feel about customer applications? What percentage of mortgage applications contain lies or half-truths?
Note:ALYRO CAMPO

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How many resumes present an accurate picture?
Note:CIRRICULUM

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at least 40 percent of resumes contained outright falsehoods.
Note:Ccccccc

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According to one estimate, retailers lost $32 billion to shoplifting and employee theft in 2014, and often it is the consumer who ultimately pays the bill,
Note:FIRTO DIPENDENTI

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In 2014, 4.7 percent of American workers failed to pass their workplace drug tests,
Note:Ccccc

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Personally, I would be hard-pressed to find a big business that lies to me as much as—presumably—my friends, family, and closest associates do.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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The books that are most likely to be stolen from libraries are books on ethics, especially those that are likely to be read by faculty and advanced students in moral philosophy.
Note:NN LIBRI DI BUSINESS

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Nietzsche are among the most likely to be snatched,
Note:RECORD

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businesspeople are not the most dishonest group after all.
Note:CONCLUSIOE

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The participants at the ethics sessions are just as likely to talk audibly while the speaker is presenting, let the door slam shut while entering or leaving a session, and leave behind clutter or garbage at the end of a session.
Note:COME TUTTI GLI ALTRI

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Stephens-Davidowitz: Everybody Lies.
Note:TESTI CHIAVE

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THE TAX GAP
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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to look at tax fraud.
Note:UNA COMPARAZIONE CORPORSTE VS VPERSONE

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For the category “individual income tax,” the average tax gap for those years is $264 billion.
Note:X LE CORP 41 BILLION

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the personal income gap is more than six times larger than the corporate gap.
Note:Ccccccccc

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if we look at total revenue collected from personal income tax and from corporate income tax for 2010, the ratio is about 4.7 to 1.
Note:RATIO

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CEOS IN LABORATORY GAMES
Note:Tttttttttt

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Ernst Fehr and John A. List,
Note:GURU

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set up what is called a “trust game” and compared the performance of CEOs to non-CEOs.
Note:I CEO SONO PIÙ AFFIDABILI E MOSTRANO PIÙ FIDUCIA

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CROSS-CULTURAL GAME THEORY
Note:TTTTTTTTTTTT

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how people from different cultures behave in economic games based on the choice to cooperate or not.
Note:ALTRO DATO

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Joseph Henrich,

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GURU

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the ultimatum game.
Note:LO STRUMENTO

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conclusion is that well-developed market societies have the strongest norms for fairness and sharing,
Note:I PIÙ COLLABORATIVI

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people from the more commercialized societies are much more willing to cooperate
Note:Ccccccccc

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Frenchman Montesquieu, and others who were observing the rise of commercial society
Note:PRECEDENTI ILUSTRI

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the most effective way to boost profits in a business is to have employees who believe in working toward something other than pure profit maximization.
Note:MA DA DOVE VIENE QS INCLINAZIONE?

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If you deliberately set out to be happy, you’ll probably end up less happy than if you focus on concrete achievements and building human connections. If you try to relax, or try too hard to fall asleep, or try too hard to fall in love, you may find those ends harder to accomplish.
Note:PARADOSSO BEN NOTO NEL MONDO AFFARI

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optimization is done indirectly,
Note:REGOLA

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When business puts some social goals ahead of profit, at least for some particular decisions, business itself is often the biggest beneficiary.
Note:QUINDI

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corporate culture is a major driver of corporate success
Note:CORPORATE => CULTURE

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corporate culture as the ultimate source of competitive advantage
Note:LO RICONOSCONO I CEO

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DOES TRUST RISE WITH WEALTH?
Note:Ttttttttt

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There is yet further evidence that wealthier, more business-oriented nations are more likely to induce higher levels of trust.
Note:TESI

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Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack,
Note:GURU

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which nations’ citizens demonstrate the most trust, using questionnaire answers from the World Values Survey.
Note:COSA

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study shows a clear relationship between levels of trust and per capita income.
Note:CORRELAZIONE

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Norway, Sweden, South Korea, and much of the Anglo-American world are relatively high-trust
Note:CHI

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difficult to disentangle cause and effect.
Note:MA...

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Most likely, both effects operate in a mutually reinforcing fashion,
Note:FEEDBACK

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NONPROFITS VS. FOR-PROFITS
Note:Ttttttttttt

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If you think profits induce corruption, you might then conclude that nonprofits should be especially trustworthy.
Note:PREMESSA

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for-profits and nonprofits, at least if we are comparing enterprises in the same basic economic sector, usually operate in pretty similar ways
Note:INVECE

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charities typically are funded by wealth earned through business and donated by businesspeople.
Note:PRIMA OSSERVAZIOKNE

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dishonesty and fraud are rife at nonprofits.
Note:MA POI..

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many nonprofits manipulate metrics so that the resources devoted to fundraising or to overhead appear lower than they really are.
Note:TIPICO

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Plenty of charities and nonprofits don’t actually change or improve the world or deliver any useful product at all,

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SECONDO...EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM

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If we look at hospitals, we see that for-profits and nonprofits just aren’t that different,
Note:SETTORI COMUNI

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after one set of hospitals switched to for-profit status, their mortality rates did not change,
Note:Ttttttttt

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There is one area where the for-profits appear to be considerably more fraudulent than the nonprofits, and that is higher education.
Note:PUNTO DOLENTE

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OUR OWN UNDERSTANDING OF BUSINESS LACKS BALANCE
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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British physician and science writer Ben Goldacre’s well-known book Bad Pharma.
Note:ESEMPIO DI CRITICISMO ECCESSIVO

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Pharmaceutical companies often promote drugs that in specific situations are unlikely to help; they bribe doctors, either explicitly or implicitly, to overprescribe medications; they keep trial results secret when they should not;
Note:MOLTE VERITÀ

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Not Nearly as Good as It Could Be Pharma: How Corruption Is Diminishing One of Our Great Benefactors.
Note:UN TITOLO ALTERNATIVO ALL OPERA

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Frank Lichtenberg
Note:IL GURU

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drug companies are saving human lives at remarkably low cost—roughly $12,900 per year of life gained.
Note:PRIMO

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two-thirds of the life expectancy boost for elderly Americans over the period 1996–2003 was due to prescription drugs
Note:POI

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Just ask the HIV-positive people who were preparing to die in the early 1990s when a new class of drugs allowed those receiving timely treatment a life expectancy close to the average for all people.
Note:ESSEMPIO DEL BENE FATTO

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researchers Nathan Brooks and Katarina Fritzon, rates of psychopathy among business leaders may range from 4 to 20 percent compared with a possible estimate of about 1 percent for the population as a whole.
Note:RISULTATO PRESENTATO COME MINACCOA QUANDO NN LO È

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leader can be put into the diagnostic category of psychopath without being harmful or dangerous in any way. It suffices, for instance, for a business leader to show signs of “grandiosity, glibness, and entitlement.”
Note:Ccccccc

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THE GOOD NEWS
Note:Tttttttttttttt

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with the rise of the internet and social media they have had an increasing incentive to behave honestly.
Note:LA NOVITÀ

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high reputational penalties.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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As for professional services, the spread of information previously only available to experts has made it harder for dentists to push unneeded treatments. If you Google “Do I really need that root canal?”
Note:ESEMPIO

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ask whether government has become more honest in recent times.
Note:ABBIAMO GIÀ CFR CON IN NNPROFIT...ALTRO TERMINE DI PARAGONE

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Approval ratings for Congress have been at all-time lows, often below 10 percent.
Note:INDIZI

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Overall, I see that the trustworthiness of mainstream business is going up and that of government is going down.
Note:INTUIZIONE

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3 Why Most Academic Advertising Is Immoral Bullshit

3 Why Most Academic Advertising Is Immoral Bullshit
Note:3@@@@@@@@

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Wharton, Harvard Business School, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Georgetown’s McDonough School of Business,
Note:IN COMPETIZIONE X IL MBA

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EMBA programs are highly profitable. They’re expensive, but the students’ employers often pay their tuition.
Note:RESA

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Many universities advertise to enhance their prestige. As an analogy, you might be surprised to see BMW, Mercedes Benz, or Rolex advertise to audiences that cannot afford their products.
Note:ANALOGIA

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All things equal, the lower a university’s acceptance rate, the more prestigious it is.
Note:LA STRANEZZA

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They want to trick the students into applying, so they can reject them, thus ensuring that the schools maintain a lower acceptance rate.
Note:HARVARD E YALE E LA PRESSIONE SUI DISPERATI

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we’ll examine how they promise (or at least strongly insinuate) that they will transform students, teach them to think, and turn them into leaders.
Note:LE PALLE

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They are not exactly lying, but selling snake oil.
Note:INTENDIAMOCI

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Transformative Experience!
Note:Ttttttttttt

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Harvard University offers a “transformative education.”
Note:IL MOTTO

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“helping students grow intellectually, spiritually and emotionally
Note:AGEORGETOWN U

Yellow highlight | Location: 908

“develops principled leaders committed to serving both business and society.”
Note:GEORGETOWN

Yellow highlight | Location: 910

is committed to the idea of a liberal arts education through which students think and learn across disciplines, literally liberating or freeing the mind to its fullest potential.
Note:YEALE AH AH AH

Yellow highlight | Location: 915

you will learn to read critically, write cogently and think broadly.
Note:PRIVETON

Yellow highlight | Location: 923

You’ll be ready to live, work, and lead across global borders.”
Note:AMHREST COLLEGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 929

At Northwood University, leadership isn’t simply taught, it’s instilled.
Note:ES

Yellow highlight | Location: 933

at the “edge of possible . . . also known as the University of New Hampshire . . . there’s a new opportunity around every corner,
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 935

George Mason University offers “a college experience like no other.” Their “top priority is to provide students with a transformational learning experience
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 937

Two hours away, competitor James Madison University offers “A Better You.”
Note:Cccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 945

Southern Methodist University proclaims, “World Changers Shaped Here.”
Note:ES

Yellow highlight | Location: 950

Hillsdale College “offers an education designed to equip human beings for self-government.
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 963

US college spends about $472,000 a year on marketing advertisements.
Note:MARKETING

Yellow highlight | Location: 969

a growing minority have started outsourcing their marketing to public relations firms,
Note:OUTSOURCI G MARKET

Yellow highlight | Location: 971

While some marketing may be necessary to sustain recruitment, every dollar spent on marketing has any number of other potential uses:
Note:LO SPRECO

Yellow highlight | Location: 976

The Wonder of the Liberal Arts!
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 977

Even engineering and business schools require students to spend far more time learning theory and abstract concepts
Note:SCUOLE NN PROFESSIONALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 978

focus on the liberal arts.
Note:IL CENTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 979

Why study the liberal arts?
Note:LA DOMANDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 983

the intellectual skills of critical thinking, analysis of information, and effective expression of ideas.
Note:COSA INSTILLA L ARTE LIBERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 987

how to think.
Note:PRI.MO BENEFICIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 988

how to learn.
Note:SECONTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 989

see things whole.
Note:TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 990

enhances students’ wisdom
Note:QUARTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 992

contributes to the students’ happiness.
Note:QUINTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 994

To be liberally educated is to be transformed.
Note:ALTRA SLOGAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 994

frees your mind and helps you connect dots
Note:ALTRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 998

how to communicate your ideas; find and analyze information and data; adapt to new technology and professional trends; work with others to solve problems; and make confident, knowledgeable decisions.
Note:ALTRA ESPOSIZ VIRTÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,008

appreciation for critical inquiry and independent thought and reasoning.
Note:COSA ENFATIZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,023

help students write and communicate clearly; assist students in thinking through hard problems; and make students morally better and more aware, with a wider perspective. The word “transform” appears again and again.
Note:ALTRO ELENCHINO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,028

Why Study Philosophy?
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,029

To parents, philosophy may sound useless:
Note:IL PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,032

Studying philosophy improves your writing, communication, thinking, finding connections, evaluating ideas, and so on. It prepares you for everything.
Note:TENTATIVI DI RIMEDIARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,034

philosophy itself brings unique benefits, especially in terms of standardized test preparation.
Note:IN PIÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,037

Philosophy majors have the fourth highest overall GMAT scores of any major,
Note:I CAVALLI DI BATTAGLIA UNO...

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,038

Philosophy majors have the highest average LSAT
Note:SECONDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,039

Philosophy majors have the highest average GRE verbal and analytic writing scores
Note:TERZO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,042

Philosophy majors have the highest midcareer salaries of all non-STEM majors,
Note:QUARTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,047

Philosophy students learn how to write clearly, and to read closely, with a critical eye; they are taught to spot bad reasoning, and how to avoid it in their writing and in their work.
Note:Cccccfcf

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,052

Studying philosophy can also help you get into graduate school. Philosophy majors excel on standardized tests like the GRE, GMAT, and LSAT.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,074

The study of philosophy develops one’s abilities to read and understand difficult material,
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,084

they claim that studying philosophy makes you not only better at, well, doing philosophy, but also it trains you to be good at critical thinking in any and every walk of life. They do not just claim that the skills could be transferred to any area, but that studying philosophy, in fact, will induce you to transfer and apply those skills elsewhere.
Note:Ccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,092

Selection versus Treatment Effects
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,093

“Drink this tea concoction every day for seven to ten days, and the cold is certain to go away.”
Note:A ROCETTA DELLA NONNA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,095

colds generally disappear after seven to ten days anyway.
Note:EFFETTO SELEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,098

Aiden’s teacher said, “We know we’re doing great work when we see them like this. They’re so much more mature now than they were three years ago.” Once again, Jason bit his tongue, but later said to his wife: “Yes, of course, they’re more mature. They started the program at age 3, and now they’re 6.”
Note:ALTRP ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,111

People with bachelor’s degrees are generally smarter and more successful than people without bachelor’s degrees.
Note:COME INTERPRETI?

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,118

we would need to determine if A) philosophy makes people smarter, B) the people who study philosophy are, on average, smarter, or C) both statements are true.
Note:INDETERMINATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,119

When laypeople see graphs showing that philosophy majors have high GRE and LSAT scores, they tend to assume, “Wow, philosophy must make you smart, or at least teach you how to do well on such tests.”
Note:LAYPEOPLE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,123

Treatment Effect: People who study philosophy become smarter
Note:1

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,125

Selection Effect: The people who choose to major in philosophy and who obtain a degree in philosophy are already smarter
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,145

Obviously, a great deal of it is selection. After all, Harvard is exceptionally selective.
Note:CONGETTURA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,157

classics are hard and require a lot of work and effort.
Note:IL LICEO CLASSICO...NN TI PREPARA MA SELEZIONA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,170

Universities, liberal arts divisions, and philosophy departments generally aren’t in a position to justifiably make such claims. They don’t know if these claims are true. Thus, we’ll argue, they’re engaging in what we’ll call “negligent advertising.”
Note:IL PUNTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,173

Negligent Advertising: The Pfizer Analogy
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,174

Introducing Collegra! Collegra is a drug unlike any other. If you take Collegra 256 times a year for four years, Collegra will improve your critical reasoning, moral reasoning, analytic, and quantitative skills. It will transform you into a better person with a global mindset. It will make you able to face any challenge. It will prepare you for any job. It will dramatically improve your cognitive skills. It will make you score higher on standardized tests, such as the LSAT or GMAT. Furthermore, it will help you make more money! Indeed, Collegra users, on average, earn an extra million dollars of lifetime income compared to nonusers. The cost of Collegra varies from person to person. Collegra is not covered by your insurance.
Note:PYBBLICITÀ DELLA PFIZER

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,182

Warning: Taking Collegra is more like undergoing chemotherapy than taking a pill. Users need to spend at least thirty hours a week for thirty weeks a year over four years for it to be effective. Most users will be unable to work at a job while taking Collegra. Side effects include increased tendency to engage in binge drinking and to acquire tens of thousands of dollars in debt. If
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,188

Now imagine that Pfizer sincerely believes everything it says. But suppose Pfizer has not engaged in any of the standard testing that drug companies must conduct in order to sell drugs in the US or Europe. They have conducted no clinical trials. They have done no randomized controlled experiments.
Note:CONTROFATTUALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,190

All they have, at most, are various statistics showing that drug users outperform nondrug users. Suppose, also, that they have good reason to suspect that their “findings” are the result of a selection effect, because Pfizer itself has explicitly chosen to only administer their drug to smart, conscientious, perseverant, and already successful people.
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,193

would Pfizer’s advertisement be unethical?
Note:DOMANDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,197

Negligent advertising: Selling a product based on the claim that the product delivers certain benefits, despite lacking evidence that the product, in fact, delivers those benefits.
Note:LA PAROLA GIUSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,208

Negligent advertising is bad, but just how bad depends, in part, on the cost of the product.
Note:INOLTRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,224

If Pfizer engaged in any of this behavior, our academic colleagues would be up in arms.
Note:FONTE DELL INDIGNAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,227

But, perhaps not surprisingly, we college professors hold ourselves and our employers to far lower moral standards than we hold others.
Note:IPOTESI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,230

Problem 1: Universities Do Not Test Their Products
Note:Ttttttttrrrr

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,256

Problem 2: Evidence of Selection Effects
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,284

fact, we already have strong evidence of a selection effect. High school students who say they intend to major in philosophy have significantly higher than average SAT scores.
Note:INDIZIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,293

In general, studies on the positive benefits of philosophy are inconclusive; some show no effect, some show a negative effect, and some find a weak positive effect.
Note:LA REALTÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,305

writing skills, lifetime income, employment rates, marital satisfaction, health, and whatnot.
Note:SUCCESSO =

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,309

“If 1,000 people with an IQ of 130, identical socioeconomic backgrounds, etc., go to Harvard, and 1,000 otherwise identical people go to a no-name school, how much better, on average, will the Harvard graduates do in life, if at all?”
Note:LA DOMANDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,311

Stacy Dale and Alan Krueger
Note:GLI ESPERTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,314

Bill Easterly
Note:ALTRO GURU

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,322

Krueger and Dale studied what happened to students who were accepted at an Ivy or a similar institution, but chose instead to attend a less sexy, “moderately selective” school. It turned out that such students had, on average, the same income twenty years later as graduates of the elite colleges.
Note:SINTESI DEGLI STUDI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,331

Problem 3: Evidence of Signaling
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,334

The “Harvard” name adds a little in the short run, but not much in the long run.
Note:ATENZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,336

why, in general, college students make more money than others? There are two basic theories that could explain this: •Human capital theory: Wages are determined by productivity, and productivity is determined by skills.
Note:PRIMA DOMANDA E PRIMA RISPOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,341

Signaling theory: It’s difficult and costly for employers to sort good potential employees from bad ones. However, to complete a college degree, especially from an “elite” school or with a “difficult” major, requires students to pass a lengthy and difficult admission process, and then survive four years of jumping through hoops, pass mentally difficult (even if useless) classes, and so on.
Note:SECONDA TEORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,347

Academic marketing pushes the human capital theory. But it’s possible that the signaling theory explains some, most, or even all of the gains college graduates receive.
Note:LA SFIDA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,352

Bryan Caplan’s The Case Against Education
Note:L ESPERTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,363

Problem 4: Evidence Most Students Don’t Learn Soft Skills
Note:TtttttttttttSoft...critical thinking analitical thinking problem solving writing

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,364

nonrandom selection is at play
Note:IL PROBLEMA DEI TEST

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,366

In principle, we could test majors by testing students’ skills before college, randomly assigning thousands of students to different majors, and then test them again after they complete their majors.
Note:IL TEST IDEALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,369

However, it’s easier to measure whether college as a whole adds value.
Note:AV

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,372

it’s possible these skills fade away after students leave college.
Note:DISSOLVENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,374

Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa published Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses.
Note:OPUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,375

depressing statistics.
Note:Cccccccx

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,383

critical thinking, analytical reasoning, problem solving, and writing.”
Note:SOFT SKILL

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,386

the CLA tests the soft skills that liberal arts curricula are supposed to “instill,”
Note:Ccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,407

our best available long-term, comprehensive study found no evidence that most students learn much.
Note:CONLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,408

Problem 5: Students Don’t Seem to Transfer Soft Skills
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,412

these classes teach students how to think.
Note:ASSUNTO DELLE LIBERAL ARTS....FILOSOFIA CLASSICI LEYTERATURA...

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,413

logic, analysis, conceptual clarification, and interpretation.
Note:LE SKILLS SELLE LIBRAL ARTS

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,413

isolate cause and effect, to assess reasons, and to evaluate arguments.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,415

A liberal arts major can learn “hard skills” specific to this or that job in a few weeks,
Note:LE VIRTÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,419

Most professors continue to take it for granted;
Note:DOGMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,424

Liberal arts schools do not merely claim that their students will be interpreting Shakespeare, reading difficult historical texts, or finding holes in philosophical arguments. They assert that students can and will use those “skills” to interpret the stock market, devise better marketing methods, read difficult corporate memos, or find holes in a strategic business plan.
Note:TRANSFERT LEARNING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,435

As Caplan summarizes: Can believers in the power of learning-how-to-think back up teachers’ boasts with hard evidence? For the most part, no.
Note:LETTERATURA TRANSFERT LEARNING

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,438

As a rule, students only learn the material you specifically teach them
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,440

Richard Haskell
Note:GURU

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,441

research findings over the past nine decades clearly show that as individuals, and as educational institutions, we have failed to achieve transfer of learning on any significant level.
Note:CONCLUSION

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,443

Douglas Detterman
Note:GURU

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,445

there is very little empirical evidence showing meaningful transfer to occur
Note:CONC

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,447

Terry Hyland and Steve Johnson
Note:GURU

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,448

we believe that the pursuit of [general transferable] skills is a chimera-hunt,
Note:ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,450

How do educational psychologists know? One way is to run experiments.
Note:PRIMA VIA DI CONOSCENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,456

Another investigative strategy is to ask students to apply their classroom skills outside the classroom, and then see if they’re any good at it. In general, they’re not.
Note:ALTRA VIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,457

Barry Leshowitz
Note:IL GIR

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,470

Leshowitz gave students an easy question. These students had spent years training to answer questions like this, but couldn’t do it.
Note:I SUOI ESPERIMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,478

Summary
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,489

What Should We Do about It?
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,500

While drug companies are subject to FDA regulations and can be sued
Note:LA DIFFERENZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,505

Regulate academic marketing the way we regulate other forms of marketing,
Note:PRIMA SOLUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,506

Launch and succeed in a class-action lawsuit
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,508

Face competition from alternative forms of education
3

HL 1 Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists

1 Neither Gremlins nor Poltergeists
Note:1@@@@@Istituzione

Yellow highlight | Location: 50

gremlins, as you know, are horrid little beasts. At night, they creep around and sabotage your stuff.
Note:G

Yellow highlight | Location: 52

Poltergeists are incorporeal spirits that possess your home.
Note:ANCORA PIÙ INSIDIOSI XCHÈ SENZA CORPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 54

mythical saboteurs.
Note:ENTRAMBI

Yellow highlight | Location: 55

most people have trouble understanding how an event could happen without someone or something making it happen.
Note:FACILE CAPIRE XCHÈ SI INVENTANO QS LEGGENDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 57

god or spirit
Note:LEGGENDE

Yellow highlight | Location: 59

blame Wall Street.
Note:ALTRA CAPRI

Yellow highlight | Location: 60

harder time comprehending how many things that happen in society could be the product of human action but not human design.
Note:LA FATICA DEL PROFANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 63

some powerful person or group chose to create the change.
Note:SOLUZIONE COMPLOTTISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 64

Blame George Soros, or Charles Koch, or the Russian hackers, or the Rothschilds, or the.
Note:SPIRITELLI COME G E P

Yellow highlight | Location: 69

If lots of people do something bad, it’s probably because the incentives induce them to do it.
Note:LA SCOPERTA DEGLI ECONOMISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 70

we can explain the incentives people face by examining the institutions
Note:DOVE GUARDARE...NN SPIRITELLI NÈ COMPLOTTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 71

Nobel laureate and economist Douglass North
Note:IL PADRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 71

“the rules of the game in a society
Note:ISTITUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 73

often appear by accident, or emerge spontaneously from previous trends,
Note:ORIGINE ISTITUZ

Yellow highlight | Location: 80

Against Gremlins and Poltergeists in Higher Education
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 84

“Gremlins” are corporeal individuals who sabotage higher education for their own sinister ends.
Note:X ESEMPIO LE LOBBY INDUSTRIALI O I FILANTROPI O I BUROCRATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 86

“Poltergeists” in this case refers to intellectual movements, ideas, ideologies, and attitudes that possess and corrupt academia.
Note:ALTRA SPIEGA....IDEOLOGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 91

Most academic marketing is semi-fraudulent, grading is largely nonsense, students don’t study or learn much, students cheat frequently, liberal arts education fails because it presumes a false theory of learning, professors and administrators waste students’ money and time in order to line their own pockets, everyone engages in self-righteous moral grandstanding to disguise their selfish cronyism, professors pump out unemployable graduate students into oversaturated academic job markets for self-serving reasons, and so on.
Note:I PROBLEMI DELL UNIVERSITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 96

Bad behaviors result from regular people reacting to bad incentives
Note:LA TESI

Yellow highlight | Location: 97

Bad Incentives Explain Bad Behavior
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 100

Breaking the Law, Breaking the Law
Note:Ttttttttt ESEMPI DI STORIE A SUPPORTO DELLA TESI

Yellow highlight | Location: 102

the department voted to hire a particular candidate, who happened to be a white male. Their second choice candidate was a white woman. On paper, the man’s résumé was superior to the woman’s.
Note:A CHI ASSEGNARE IL RUOLO?

Yellow highlight | Location: 108

The department asked to hire the male candidate. The provost—let’s call him Jeff—said no.
Note:UN RETTORE IMPEGNATO NEL NN DISCRIMINARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 111

He would carefully craft statements about hiring that would induce professors to inadvertently violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
Note:IL RETTORE FA PRESSIONI IN UN CERTO SENSO...PERCHÈ?

Yellow highlight | Location: 118

Why did Jeff do this?
Note:DIETRO CI SONO CATTIVI INCENTIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 121

The department in question was mostly male. According to federal and local regulations, the department could thus be presumed guilty of discrimination by disparate impact. If someone sued the university, it would automatically be considered guilty
Note:PRIMO INCENTIVO NASCOSTO...SCILLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 124

Jeff wanted to avoid a disparate impact suit, so he had an incentive to actively discriminate in favor of women. But this is also illegal, as it is a form of disparate treatment.
Note:CARIDDI

Yellow highlight | Location: 128

Today, the male candidate is a full professor and endowed chair at a research university; the female candidate is an untenured assistant professor at a liberal arts college.
Note:LA SOLUZIONE ADOTTATA...ASSUMERE TUTTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 132

Nancy at the Aspen Institute
Note:SECONDO CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 133

Jason asks students to complete the “Ethics Project.”
Note:1000 EAURO DATI A CISCUN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI X FARE DEL BENE

Yellow highlight | Location: 135

Students are free to do almost anything: Start a business, run a fundraiser,
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 141

Nancy, a former high-level administrator at Georgetown’s business school, invited Jason to present on Ethics Projects to the Aspen Undergraduate Business
Note:DOPO IL VGRANDE SUCCESSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 142

Jason mentioned that one group of first-year undergraduates had created and sold “Hoya Drinking Club” t-shirts for a hefty $700 profit.
Note:IL CASO ILLUSTRATO ALLA PLATEA

Yellow highlight | Location: 151

“What if something bad happened? What if another bad thing happened? You should require students to tell you ahead of time what they will do and how they’ll do it.
Note:LA PREOCCUPAZ DI NANCY ESPRESSE A J

Yellow highlight | Location: 153

“Sorry, Nancy, but what you see as dangers and flaws I see as the very point of the project.”
Note:RISPOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 157

“If students do something that bothers parents, such as selling beer pong shirts, the parents won’t call you, Jay. They’ll call me.
Note:LA PREOCCUPAZ DI N ESPRESSA FUORI DAI DENTI...GENITORI DALLA DENUNCIA FACILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 163

to explain Nancy’s bad behavior, we need not posit that she’s a bad person. Rather, her job was not to educate students or produce scholarship. Her job was to raise money, manage lower-level administrators,
Note:L AFFOSSATRICE DEL PROGETTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 166

No Cookies for You Unless I Get Some, Too
Note:ttttttttttt TERZO CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 166

Brown University’s president and engineering faculty wanted to convert the “division” of engineering into a distinct school of engineering.
Note:UNA DISTINZIONE RILEVANTE X I REGOLAMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 170

engineering needed a majority approval vote from Brown’s assembled faculty.
Note:DIFESA DELLA LORO CAUSA

Yellow highlight | Location: 172

creating such a school would help them but not come at anyone else’s
Note:OTTIMO PARETIANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 175

she said she opposed allowing the change unless the new school agreed to devote at least one faculty line to hiring a sociologist who would study engineers and engineering from a social scientific perspective.
Note:IL RICATTO DI UN OROF DI SOCIOLOGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 178

Brown engineering was understaffed in genuine engineering professors. It needed engineers, not a sociologist of engineering.
Note:PURTROPPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 181

“I won’t let you bake cookies for yourself unless you give me some.”
Note:UNA TENTAZIONE TROPPO FORTE ANCHE X LE BRAVE XSONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 182

Great Teaching! Now Shape Up or You’re Fired
Note:4 CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 183

Years ago, a national magazine extolled a colleague’s exceptional teaching.
Note:IL GRANDE INSEGNANTE SENZA CATTEDRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 186

Research brings the school prestige. Teaching does not.
Note:ECCO XCHÈ

Yellow highlight | Location: 188

we faculty—the ones who vote on tenure—don’t personally benefit from our colleagues being good teachers.
Note:IL RICERCATORE CI AIUTA A PUBBLICARE..L INSEGNANTE NN CI INSEGNA NULLA

Yellow highlight | Location: 190

If our colleagues are smart, people assume we’re smart.
Note:L INTELLIGENZA DELL INSEGNANTE È SCONOSCIUTA...GLI ALLIEVI NN VOTANO X LE CATTEDRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 191

Why Jason Bought a Standing Desk
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 193

Jason automatically receives at least $7,500 a year to spend on books, travel, data, copy-editing fees, or anything else related to his work,
Note:ANCHE GLI AUTORI HANNO INCENTIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 195

university doesn’t allow him to roll over any unused funds to the next year. If he’s frugal or conservative, other people benefit, not him.
Note:SPESSO DISTORTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 197

when Jason still had $2,000 left in his account, he decided to experiment with a standing desk. Guess how much he spent?
Note:UN ANNO PARTICOLARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 202

Academia without Romance
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 202

romantic view
Note:TIPICO DEGLI ACCADEMICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 203

noble purposes.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 203

discovers new truths and transmits
Note:Ccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 204

fights hunger and disease.
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 204

fights oppression and poverty.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 205

advances social justice
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 210

As the psychologists Nicolas Epley and David Dunning have discovered, most people have an inflated view of their own moral character.
Note:SOPRAVVALUTAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 213

hardwired to deceive ourselves
Note:SIMLER HANSON

Yellow highlight | Location: 218

you’ll want to blame outsiders—gremlins and poltergeists—for disrupting the system.
Note:QUANDO TI SENTI BUONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 221

economists would often just assume that government agents or people working in non-profits would always be competent and motivated to do the right thing.
Note:PRIMA DELLA PUBLIC CHOICE

Yellow highlight | Location: 222

governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are made up of saints and angels rather than real people.
Note:PER SCRIVERE MDELLI SENZA FEEDBACK

Yellow highlight | Location: 232

As we’ll demonstrate throughout this book, many of the tools Buchanan and other economists use to explain political behavior also explain higher ed.
Note:IL LIBRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 235

people are people.
Note:NN ESTREMIZZARE NEL SENSO OPPOSTO

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there are good people and bad people. Bad things happen when bad people rule;
Note:ALTRA FORMA DI ROMANTICISMO

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When you see bad behavior, you ask: •What incentives do the rules create?
Note:L ALTERNATIVA

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Imperfect rules create bad incentives that, in turn, create bad behavior.
Note:DI SOLITO

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development economists both Left and Right largely agree that certain institutions—stable governments, open markets, robust protection of private property—are necessary for sustained economic growth and to end extreme poverty.10 But economists don’t know how to induce the countries that lack these institutions to adopt them.
Note:TIPICO STALLO

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the romantic theories make saving the world look easy.
Note:UN GUAIO DEL ROMANTICISMO

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Seven Big Economic Insights
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There are no free lunches. Trade-offs are everywhere.
Note:PRIMA PILLOLA ECONOMICA

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There are always budget constraints.
Note:SECONDO

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Incentives matter.
Note:TERZO

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The Law of Unintended Consequences
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People often break the rules when they can.
Note:CcccccENFORCEMENT

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Rules shape the incentives,
Note:6

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good rules economize on virtue.
Note:7

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The Bad Business Ethics of Higher Ed
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little serious work has been done on the “business ethics” of universities.
Note:BUSINESS ETHIC

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To whom is an organization responsible? Whose interests must it serve? 2.What moral limits do organizations face in the pursuit of their goals?
LA DOMANDE DI B E