3. EDMUND BURKE’S ENLIGHTENMENT da finire

3. EDMUND BURKE’S ENLIGHTENMENT
Note:3@@@@@@@@

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EDMUND BURKE AND Thomas Paine—
Note:I DISCEPOLI CONTRAPPOSTI DI SMITH

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standing in the Enlightenment,
Note:UN PDOBLEMA X BURKE

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conventionally associated with the reaction to the Enlightenment
Note:BERLIN

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Some of his admirers have as well, seeing in him a welcome antidote to both the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Note:ANCHE GLI AMMIRATORI

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John Pocock
Note:I PRIMI A SFIDARE LE CONVENZIONI

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defending Enlightened Europe against the gens de lettres and their revolutionary successors”;
Note:PROFILO ALTERNATIVO

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Conor Cruise O’Brien agrees.

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he opposed the French Revolution on liberal and pluralist grounds.
Note:NATURA DELL OPPOSIZIONE

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a child of the early Enlightenment, that of Locke and Montesquieu”;
Note:LE SUE RADICI

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the anti-Christian Enlightenment of Voltaire and the “ambiguous and emotion-led neo-religiosity” of Rousseau.
Note:I SUOI NEMICI

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Gibbon,
Note:UN SUO AFFINE

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the danger of exposing an old superstition to the contempt of the blind and fanatic multitude.”
Note:ALLARME DI GOBBPN

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Burke’s affinity with Smith, when it is recognized at all, is presumed to be confined to economics.
Note:ECONOMIA DI B

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It may have been his partiality to Ireland that made Burke so ardent a supporter of free trade, which was in the interests of Ireland.
Note:SOSPETTO

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the proper role of government was to do nothing. “Charity to the poor is a direct and obligatory duty upon all Christians,” but “meddling with the subsistence of the people” would be a violation of economic laws and an illegitimate intrusion of authority.
Note:LA POSIZIONE ECONOMICA

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homage to “the benign and wise disposer of all things,
Note:LA MANO INVISIBILE

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the laissez-fairism of the Scarcity pamphlet may be thought inconsistent with the traditionalism
Note:POSSIBILE FRIZIONE

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pride in being a disciple of Smith while attacking the “economical politicians,” the “sophisters, economists, and calculators,” in the French Revolution.
Note:ALTRA FRIZIONE

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commercial and economic activities had need of those “natural protecting principles”—nobility, religion, honor, manners—which had traditionally sustained them.
Note:LA LACUNA DEI FRANCESI X B

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trade and manufactures in the absence of those civilizing conditions,
Note:BARBARIE

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the standard both of reason and taste is the same in all human creatures.”
Note:ALTRO PUNTO IN COMUNE CON SMITH

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For Burke as for Smith, this common nature was prior to reason.

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in his first pamphlet, A Vindication of Natural Society, protested against the “abuse of reason.”
Note:L ABUSO

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senses and imagination captivate the soul before the understanding
Note:DIO NN PUÒ AFFIDARSI SOLO ALLA RAGIONE

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“It is by the first of these passions [sympathy] that we enter into the concerns of others;
Note:SMITH ANTICIPATO

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the Wilkes affair
Note:DEPUT ESPULSO X IL LIBELLO VS IL RE

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the
DA FINIRE

0 PROLOGUE

PROLOGUE
Note:PRO@@@@@@@

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critics who decry it and defenders who acclaim it uncritically,
Note:I NEMICI DELL ILLUMINISMO

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the French who have dominated and usurped it.
Note:IL PEGGIORE

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restore it, in good part, to the British
Note:LA MANOVRA...EVODENZIARE UNA RADICALE DIFFERENZA

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the ideas generated by the philosophes and the exportation of those ideas
Note:ORTODOSSIA

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obsolete, an illusion, or delusion, of modernity.
Note:L IDEA ILLUMINISTA SECONDO I POSTMODERNI

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an embodiment of “Western cultural imperialism.”
Note:L ILLUMINISMO SECONDO ALCUNI

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“is to postmodernism what ‘Old Regime’ was to the French Revolution.
Note:L I IN ANALOGIA

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postmodernist finds reason as tyrannical and “totalizing”
Note:NUOVE TIRANNIE

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Enlightenment was a social movement as well as
Note:X ALCUNI TROPPA ENFASI SULLE IDEE

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Robert Darnton

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France, Britain, and America.
Note:APPROCCIO GEOGRAFICO

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these three Enlightenments represented alternative approaches to modernity,
Note:ALTERNATIVI

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French themselves credited that venerable English trinity, Bacon, Locke, and Newton,
Note:TRINITÀ

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reason, rights, nature, liberty, equality, tolerance, science, progress—
Note:VALORI NELLA VULGATA DELLO STEREOTIPO

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Yet it was virtue, rather than reason, that took precedence for the British,
Note:IN GB GERARCHIE ROVESCIATE...

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compassion, benevolence, sympathy—
Note:NUOVA LISTA

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bound people to each other.

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they gave reason a secondary, instrumental role,

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the social ethic
Note:DA RESTAURARE

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“There was only one Enlightenment,” Gay announces
Note:DISACCORDI

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Enlightenment was so varied, among countries as well as individuals, as to belie the singular term,
Note:VARIETÀ

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the paradigm of popular revolution, like the paradigm of Enlightenment, has been that of France.
Note:AMERICANI ESPROPRIATI

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French Revolution, which ended in disaster, has made world history,
Note:ARENDT

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self-conscious, indeed, self-dramatizing character of its proponents—an acute awareness of their own identity and (long before Hegel) their place in world history.
Note:COSA HA FATTO SPICCARE L I FRANCESE

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The titles of these works are themselves significant, the French lacking the national adjective
Note:LE ENCICLOPEDIE

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English thinkers, unlike their French confreres, never thought of themselves as a distinctive class or group.
Note:NO INTELLETTUALI

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Only in Scotland, he said, could be found the essential elements of an Enlightenment,
Note:L ECCEZIONE DI VENTURI

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the Americans had thinkers, writers, preachers, and, above all, statesmen who constituted a distinctive intellectual class—a
Note:CHI RIMPIAZZA GLI INTELLOS NEL MONDO ANGLOSASSONE

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The decisive advantage of France over Britain and America may have been the term “enlightenment” itself.
Note:IL VANTAGGIO DELLE PAROLE

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“Siècle des lumières”

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In Britain, which had the reality of enlightenment but not the appropriate language

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the reality discouraged the abstraction),

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It took more than a century for the noun to make its appearance in English.
Note:RITARDO

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there was so much interaction between French and British thinkers at the time.
Note:STRANA L ESCLUSIONE DELKA GB

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Montesquieu, who was more truly an Anglophile
Note:UN RAPPRESENTANTE DELL I GB IN FRANCIA

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Both Smith and Hume had a lively interest in French intellectual affairs.
Note:ESEMPIO

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In France, the essence of the Enlightenment—literally, its raison d’être—was reason.
Note:IL CUORE DELL I FRANCESE

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declaration of war against the church, “Ecrasez l’infâme,”
Note:DICHIARAZIONE DI GUERRA IN NOME DELLA RAGIONE

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“strangle the last king with the entrails of the last priest.”

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religion, whether as dogma or as institution, was not the paramount enemy.
Note:MA IN GB

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compatible with a large spectrum of belief

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variety of religious sects were themselves an assurance of liberty
Note:AL CONTRARIO

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The driving force of the British Enlightenment was not reason but the “social virtues”
Note:IL CUORE DELL I ANGLOSASSONE

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reason was an instrument for the attainment of the larger social end,
Note:LO STRUMENTO

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American “the politics of liberty.”
Note:AMEEICA

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sociologists as much as philosophers;
Note:GLI I ANGLO

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French had a more exalted mission: to make reason the governing principle
Note:FRANCESI MISSIONARI

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Burke and Paine
Note:DOPPIETTE POCO COMPATIBILI ANCHE SE ANGLO

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Hutcheson and Hume,

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Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton,

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Montesquieu and Rousseau

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ideas surely influenced these experiences and circumstances.
Note:LA SORTE DEI TRE PAESI

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treat the American Revolution, for example, as a prelude to or a minor version of the French Revolution,
Note:GLI ERRORI DI CHI MN DOSTINGUE

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“the creation of the modern world”;
Note:TESI ESYREMA... L I ANGLO COME

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“the Scots invented the modern world.”

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“common sense,”
AL CENTRO

7 THE FUTURE OF THE CHART da finire

7 THE FUTURE OF THE CHART
Note:7@@@@@@@@

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Radio as we know it began with the November 1920
Note:LA RADIO NEL XXI SEC

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radio was to Nazism as the printing press was to the Reformation.
Note:ADORNO

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since about 1990, the amount of time the average American
Note:UN DECLINO CHE ACCELERA

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competing technologies over the period
Note:CAUSA

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CD

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MP3

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not to disappear entirely, but to retain diminished but sizable audiences for decades.
Note:COME DECLINA UNA TECNOLOGIA OBSOLETA

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one of the most important of these alternative promotional media is television.
Note:ALTERNATIVE ALLA RADIO NELA PROMOZIONE MUSICALE

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the titan of the spring television schedule is the program American Idol,
Note:TALENT

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launching the careers

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Idol reinvigorates the sales of the weekly guest coaches,
Note:ALLIEVI E MAESTRI

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Glee. This is not only an hour-long television show depicting a high school choral club, but a reliable powerhouse of the iTunes download
Note:TELEFILM

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much more dramatic changes in the music industry came from the Internet.

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LA VERA SCOSSA

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larger war against file-sharing has proven to be like a game of whack-a-mole, as Napster was replaced by more truly decentralized architectures
Note:UNA GUERRA INFINITA

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industry reluctantly agreed to cooperate with licensed digital music services, most notably iTunes in 2003 and Amazon in 2008,
Note:LA COOPERAZ RILUTTANTE

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selling one or two singles from an album for 99 cents each instead of an entire CD for $14.99.
Note:COSA SIGNIFICAVA...PICCOLE PORZIONI

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the industry first attempts to suppress piracy and then “assimilates” it by adopting a business model closer to that of the pirated editions,
Note:SEMPRE LA SOLITA STORIA

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not grown nearly rapidly enough to replace diminished CD sales.
Note:MA NN C È UNA SOSTITUZIONE

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streaming media services have become important
Note:YT

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YouTube

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assimilation strategy with the sites Vevo and MTV.com, both of which license music videos from record labels for a share of advertising revenues.
Note:YT ASSIMILATA DALLE CASE DISCO

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online advertising.
Note:IL NUOVO BUSINESS CASE DISCO

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Pandora, and Stitcher allow a smartphone to behave like a radio receiver
Note:LA NUOVA RADIO

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innovation challenge the established business model of using broadcasting to promote the sale of recorded music,
Note:SI CAMBIA...

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7.1 General Lessons of the Book for Diffusion of Innovations
Note:Tttttttttt

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Different types of diseases spread by different mechanisms
Note:L ANALOGIA

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Linguistics has a well-developed literature on the diffusion of vocabulary and pronunciation
Note:ALTRA ANALOGIA

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At a methodological level, advances in computing power have made it easier both to collect and to analyze data
Note:UNA FACILITAZIONE

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7.1.1 Particular Lessons for Diffusion in Pop Music Radio
Note:Tttttttttt

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dispel some common expectations (centralized coordination within radio chains, diffusion through social networks)
Note:RISULTATI INATTESI

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(coordination by labels, the importance of genre conventions,
Note:QUEL CHE CONTA NELLA DIFFUSIONE

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we have a portrait of radio where the primary forces are genre conventions and record label promotions, with endogenous field-level dynamics having an occasional role
Note:CONCLUSIONI DELL INDAGINW... IL DOPPIO MOTORE

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social networks between stations and corporate coordination of either adds or censorship are notable for their absence
Note:SORPRESA

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7.2 Centralization and Distribution of Decision-making
Note:Ttttttttttttt

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large corporations will shape their content.
Note:PREOCCUPAZIONE

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their ideas are the ruling ideas of the epoch.”
Note:MARX E IL LAVAGGIO DEL CERVELLO

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ownership of radio will squelch creativity
Note:PREOCC COLLATERALE

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Consider the example of Sony, which bought Columbia
Note:UN ESEMPIO

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avoids any interference with routine creative decisions,
Note:L OSSERVATO

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We in Tokyo don't have competence in film or music.
Note:PAROLE DEL CEO

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more routine decisions about particular songs seem to be made locally.
Note:DOBBIAMO SUONARE QS SONG NELLA NS RADIO?

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made at the station level

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radio chains are not centralizing programming
Note:TESI

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no support for the popular notion that corporate management of Clear Channel blacklisted the Dixie
Note:UN CASO DI CENSURA CONFERMA

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this book has found no evidence for corporate control of routine decisions in radio,
Note:RIPETIZIONE

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continue programming in its format or flip to a new one,
Note:UNA DECISIONE CENTRALIZZATA...IL GENERE

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In the future, both aspects of this pattern should persist
Note:LA SORTE DEI DUE TREND

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open Internet is increasingly being replaced by “walled garden” systems like Facebook
Note:LO SVILUPPO

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they inhibit competition over audience ratings and advertising.
Note:SU FACE NN VEDI LE PUBBL DI I TUNE

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Historically, “[t]he process of media evolution does not occur without substantial resistance,
Note:LA RESISTENZA ALLA DIFFUSIONE

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following its failure to establish Betamax as the standard for videotape in the 1980s, Sony became convinced that its ability to establish future technical standards depended on controlling a substantial content
Note:DA QUI L ACQUISTO DI COLUMBIA E L IMPO DI DVD E BLU RAY

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vertical integration with content

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vertical integration
Note:ALTERNATIVE

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strategic alliances
Note:SECONDA

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we are seeing a system where the core of the culture industries is dominated by large corporations in strategic alliance
Note:IL PANORAMA

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7.3 The Struggle to Control Publicity
Note:Tttttt

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Cultural
DA FINIRE

Ortodossia come fondo indicizzato

http://www.arnoldkling.com/blog/a-metaphor-for-orthodoxy/

IL PUNTO DEBOLE DI TALEB (carattere a parte)

Riccardo Mariani

7 min · 

Amazon

 · 

IL PUNTO DEBOLE DI TALEB

Autore stimolante… tranne quando parla del suo core business: la finanza e la gestione del rischio. Qui non lo capisco.

La sua tesi: le gente sottostima i rischi perché non tiene nel dovuto conto la possibilità di catastrofi (cigni neri).

Sostiene poi la sua tesi con aneddoti, per lo più tratti dalla sua storia di trader di successo.

Ma con gli aneddoti si puo’ facilmente dimostrare anche il contrario. Per esempio, mia moglie ogni sera controlla spasmodicamente la chiusura di tutte le serrature poiché teme l’intrusione di “ladri-assassini” (ha letto sul giornale di casi efferati che l’hanno mandata in fissa). Ma tanta cura meticolosa è chiaramente sproporzionata al rischio effettivo: mia moglie, in poche parole, sembra vedere solo cigni neri mentre invece – stando a Taleb – non dovrebbe vedere nemmeno quelli che esistono veramente!

Volevo solo dire che con gli aneddoti si puo’ sostenere tutto, se si passa poi dagli aneddoti alle verifiche sistematiche allora ci accorgiamo che Taleb ha semplicemente torto. Non sto certo a linkare gli studi, qui dico solo che ci sono trader che adottano una strategia opposta alla sua e hanno avuto ancora più successo. In generale possiamo concludere che non esiste un’attitudine uniforme verso il rischio: in alcune attività prendiamo rischi eccessivi mentre in altre siamo troppo prudenti. Del resto, se in molti casi non fossimo eccessivamente prudenti, come potrebbero campare le assicurazioni?

Inoltre, Taleb vede solo i cigni neri. E i cigni d’oro? Non è detto che su questo punto ci sia asimmetria. C’è la morte (evento rarissimo e catastrofico in negativo) ma c’è anche la beatificazione dell’eroe (evento rarissimo e catastrofico in positivo). Chi non rischia muore meno ma nemmeno diventerà mai eroe. C'è l'annientamento del pianeta per una catastrofe climatica da imputare alla mancanza di provvedimenti presi per tempo ma c'è anche la possibilità di lasciare ai posteri un pianeta dal valore centuplicato grazie ad una tecnologia più facilmente disponibile in assenza di vincoli eccessivamente prudenziali. L’avvento inatteso di AI sui mercati, per esempio, centuplicherebbe il valore delle azioni, si tratterebbe di un cigno d’oro: che se ne farebbe Taleb della massa di opzioni a vendere che nel frattempo avrebbe accumulato in attesa della catastrofe?

#Amazon

Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life

From the New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan, a bold new work that challenges many of our long-held beliefs about risk and reward, politics and religion, finance and personal responsibility In his most provocative and practical book yet,…

AMAZON.COM

UN MONDO SENZA ERRORI

Riccardo Mariani

14 h · 

Amazon

 · 

UN MONDO SENZA ERRORI

Se il nostro fosse un mondo senza errori sarebbe anche un mondo senza la penicillina, la chemioterapia e gran parte dei medicinali che conosciamo.

Anche e soprattutto per questo diffido di chi vuole proibire certi comportamenti solo perchè li ritiene sbagliati.
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Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life

From the New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan, a bold new work that challenges many of our long-held beliefs about risk and reward, politics and religion, finance and personal responsibility In his most provocative and practical book yet,…

AMAZON.COM

SUPERSTIZIONI RTAZIONALI

Riccardo Mariani

14 h · 

Amazon

 · 

SUPERSTIZIONI RAZIONALI

A che serve la superstizione? Ad affrontare i micro-rischi esistenziali che riguardano il gruppo, al limite l'intera umanità.

Pensiamo a certi rischi ambientali, a volte sono talmente minimi che avrebbe poco senso per ciascuno di noi prendere delle precauzioni, ecco allora intervenire la superstizione volta a conferire un significato a quei comportamenti.

Attraversare la strada comporta un rischio talmente minimo di morire che nessuno di noi bada al fatto di attraversarne una in più durante la giornata. Tuttavia, se si diffondesse tra i pedoni la superstizione per cui attraversare la strada porta male si starebbe attenti anche a questo fattore, ovvero a minimizzare gli attraversamenti, e a livello globale le vite salvate sarebbero parecchie.

#Amazon

Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life

From the New York Times bestselling author of The Black Swan, a bold new work that challenges many of our long-held beliefs about risk and reward, politics and religion, finance and personal responsibility In his most provocative and practical book yet,…

AMAZON.COM