“… nel corso di un incendio il panico potrebbe fare 100 vittime tra il pubblico, solo i primi a correre guadagnerebbero l’uscita in tempo per mettersi in salvo. Un deflusso ordinato, per contro, limiterebbe le vittime a 10. Purtroppo, se questa realtà dei fatti fosse nota a tutti l’esito inevitabile sarebbe il panico e quindi la strage (tutti comincerebbero a correre). Qualora invece una figura autorevole dicesse: “piano, piano, non c’è pericolo…”, il bilancio delle vittime sarebbe minimizzato. Insomma, bisogna dire una bugia per il bene di tutti. Ma attenzione: bisogna dirla senza apparire bugiardi, altrimenti la necessaria autorevolezza per far fronte all’emergenza – se non a questa a quella successiva - si sgretolerebbe… la cosa migliore sarebbe quella di dire una bugia santificando la virtù della sincerità come norma sociale fondamentale…”
sabato 23 aprile 2016
A che serve la privacy? SAGGIO
venerdì 22 aprile 2016
What Virtue Privacy? By Robin Hanson
- On first glance the homo hypocritus hypothesis, that humans had huge heads to subtly evade social norms while pretending to enforce them, seems supported by our love of privacy. The argument “Why oppose transparency unless you have something to hide
- I pondered Thomas Nagel’s famous ’98 defense of privacy... ………..The point of polite formulae and broad abstentions from expression is to leave a great range of potentially disruptive material unacknowledged and therefore out of play. ... In some cases, perhaps, good manners do their work by making it possible for us to believe that things are not as they are,
- Critica a Nagel...Nagel says privacy norms function to avoid “conflict”, but it seems to me that the conflicts that privacy avoids come mainly from other social norms! For example, if norms require a cheating victim to end their marriage... a cheating victim who does not want to end her marriage, but who does want to inform her spouse she knows about the cheating, must be careful to send this message in a way observers can’t see. Hence the clever trick with the broken bowl...In Nagel’s other examples, people also conspire to avoid various acts in order to avoid the strong reactions that common norms would require to such acts. Social norms require people to react strongly to publicly visible acts of strong accusation, sexual leering, exposed adultery, or sexual harrassment. Social norms are also the source of our strong reactions to exposed sex, a problem Nagel says the privacy of intimacy helps to solve...
- This all raises the question: If social norms serve the interests of all, then why do we have social norms pushing people to induce the conflicts that privacy norms may then help avoid?
- People were expected to punish norm violators... If such norms had been consistently and fairly enforced, humans wouldn’t have needed huge primate brains. But humans quickly learned how to coordinate behind the scenes to selectively evade social norms,
- Once enough people knew, the norm would have to be enforced, no matter how it was that folks came to know.
- hypocrisy –avoiding the application of norms one endorses to oneself, and yet privacy norms may tend to be helpful in preventing enforcement of excessively strong norms.
- privacy is far –we care about privacy as a high noble social concern, but not as a personal practical matter.
- Friedman
- ipotesi dello scudo impenetrabile
- tesi: il mondo migliore è quello in cui tutti hanno lo scudo
- rapinare una banca è + facile in un mondo senza scudi che con gli scudi
- non è vero che il buono non ha niente da nascondere: non mostrare ciò che potrebbe essergli rubato è un esigenza primaria
- in un mondo libero gli incovenienti della privacy sono controbilanciati dal fatto che l altro può nn credermi e nn chiudere l affare.
- Privacy rights and cognitive bias By Norman Siebrasse
- It seems clear that there is a general presumption in favour of privacy,
- there is a mismatch between the strength of feelings regarding privacy and the strength of the substantive arguments.
- One good policy argument in favour of privacy rights is procedural: it helps prevent arbitrary enforcement of laws by police.
- Another common position is the ‘bad laws’argument... The easy response to this is that the presumption of privacy also reduces enforcement of good laws
- the thinness of the arguments that are most often raised in favour of privacy inclines me to look for an explanation of the privacy presumption based on cognitive biases.
- We’ve all done something wrong that we would like to keep hidden
Ahi! Ovvero il dio dei nichilisti
Relativismo estetico
Tizio è ammalato, assume una pillola e guarisce. Ma è veramente guarito?
Per appurarlo Caio si concentra su Tizio, lo visita ripetutamente e lo frequenta. Poiché per Caio la sanità è uno stato oggettivo si puo’ capire se Tizio lo sia veramente. A Caio non interessa la pillola che ha assunto Tizio, c’è chi guarisce con la pillola blu e chi con quella rossa. Rispetto alle pillole Caio è un relativista ma rispetto alla guarigione è oggettivista: non basta che Tizio dica “sono guarito”.
Sempronio invece si concentra sulle pillole: sa che quella giusta è quella blu, se Tizio ha assunto quella allora è guarito, altrimenti no.
Pincopallino invece considera Tizio guarito perché è lui stesso a dirsi guarito, se così stanno le cose studiare le pillole o visitare Tizio è tempo perso: tutto è relativo. Che pillola abbia assunto e che persona sia diventata Tizio dopo quella assunzione è del tutto indifferente visto che lui si sente guarito.
***
Il "sono guarito" equivale al "mi piace". Caio ritiene che se una cosa piace veramente comporti un reale appagamento, un elevazione spirituale in teoria verificabile.
Problema: la posizione di Caio è compatibile con l'autonomia del bello?
Autonomia del bello: possiamo ben dire che l'attentato del 9/11 è bello, anche se i suoi contenuti sono atroci. Possiamo dire che i film della Leni Riefenstahl sono belli, anche se inneggiavano al nazismo?
Se il bello ti fa diventare nazista puo' dirsi realmente tale?
In un certo senso no se riteniamo che essere nazisti non comporti alcun innalzamento del proprio animo. In questo senso etica ed estetica sono collegate e l'autonomia della seconda diventa problematica.
Ma c'è anche da precisare che il bello nasce nel nostro cuore, cosicché i film di Leni possono essere all'origine di un bello se nasce nel cuore di una persona che li ammira ripudiando l'ideologia nazista.
giovedì 21 aprile 2016
Il bello x tutti cap 3 SUNTO ITALIANO
L'accusa: una festa per i sensi, una carestia per il cuore. L'abbellimento depotenzia la verità.
La banda dei quattro SAGGIO
- IL PROFETA: per lui tutto ciò che va oltre la sostanza è "spreco".
- L'IDEOLOGO: per lui tutto ciò che va oltre la sostanza è "manipolazione dei poteri forti".
- L'EVOLUZIONISTA: per lui tutto ciò che va oltre la sostanza è "lotta per lo status".
- IL TOTALITARISTA: per lui tutto ciò che va oltre il suo gusto è "cattivo gusto".
lunedì 18 aprile 2016
A note on falsification By Edward Feser
- Antony Flew’s famous 1950 article “Theology and Falsification” posed what came to be known as the “falsificationist challenge” to theology. A claim is falsifiable when it is empirically testable -- that is to say, when it makes predictions about what will be observed under such-and-such circumstances such that, if the predictions don’t pan out, the claim is thereby shown to be false.
- As Popper himself emphasized, it is simply an error to suppose that all rationally justifiable claims have to be empirically falsifiable. Popper intended falsificationism merely as a theory about what makes a claim scientific, and not every rationally acceptable claim is or ought to be a scientific claim... For example, the thesis of falsificationism itself is, as Popper realized, not empirically falsifiable.... Claims of mathematics and logic are like this too. ...
- Now, the fundamental claims and arguments of theology -- for example, the most important arguments for the existence and attributes of God (such as Aquinas’s arguments, or Leibniz’s arguments) -- are a species of metaphysical claim. Hence it is simply a category mistake to demand of them, as Flew did, that they be empirically falsifiable.
- There is also the problem that, as philosophers of science had already begun to see at the time Flew wrote, it turns out that even scientific claims are not as crisply falsifiable as Popper initially thought. Indeed, the problem was known even before Popper’s time, and famously raised by Pierre Duhem. A scientific theory is always tested in conjunction with various assumptions about background conditions obtaining at the time an experiment is performed, assumptions about the experimental set-up itself, and auxiliary scientific hypotheses about the phenomena being studied.
- the characteristically Aristotelian argument for God’s existence -- the argument from change to the existence of an unchanging changer of things (or, more precisely, of a purely actual actualizer of things) is grounded in the theory of actuality and potentiality, and thus in what natural science itself must take for granted
cap 5 gli attacchi contro papa francesco Papa Francesco questa economia uccide Giacomo Galeazzi, Andrea Tornielli
cap 5 The Substance of Style Virginia Postrel SUNTO ITALIANO
domenica 17 aprile 2016
Bias Against Torture
- Suggest adding the whipping post to America’s system of criminal justice and most people recoil in horror. But offer a choice between five years in prison or 10 lashes and almost everybody picks the lash. What does that say about prison? -
- Not even the most progressive reformer has a plan to reduce the prison population by 85 percent. I do: Bring back the lash. Give convicts the choice of flogging in lieu of incarceration...
- Of course some people are simply too dangerous to release — pedophiles, terrorists and the truly psychopathic, for instance. But they’re relatively few in number. … Incarceration destroys families and jobs, exactly what people need to have in order to stay away from crime.
- 12% of its “detained” kids are sexually abused each year, versus 4% of adult prisoners. 0.3% of US non-prisoners report rape each year, versus a world median of ~0.05%. -
- I might rather be branded with an iron, or hang in a stockade for a few days, than suffer at large chance of rape. Branding or stockades seem less cruel than rape in pretty much any book. -
- Compared to prison, punishments like torture, exile, and execution are not only much cheaper (the US spends $68B/yr on prisons), but they can also be monitored more easily, letting citizens better see just how much punishment is actually being imposed
- This also seems a sad example of empire bias. We assume prison rape is the sort of thing a large organization should be able to control, so we presume modest “reform” is sufficient. It’s not.
- Stunning stat:... 95 percent of the youth making such [sex abuse] allegations said they were victimized by female staff.
- Torture has two benefits over imprisonment. It’s cheaper for the state to impose and it doesn’t prevent the criminal from engaging in useful labors (such as parenting and working at a job) for long periods of time. -
- The primary disadvantage of torture is that it doesn’t result in the incapacitation of criminals and so leaves them free to strike again....Many convicted criminals, however, don’t pose a risk to society. Men convicted of securities fraud, for example, are frequently barred from the stock market and so their freedom won’t endanger society. Because of its far lower cost, the U.S. should torture rather than imprison criminals who don’t need to be removed from society.
- Imagine a society like ours, but with a moral norm against ever using a right hand to hurt anyone. They kill, rape, torture, and so on, but always with their left hand, never with their right. They are proud to live in a civilized society, and are disgusted by barbaric societies where right-handed harm is common. Their disgust sometimes makes them war against barbarians, to civilize them. But even in war they are careful to show their moral superiority by only killing with their left hands. Are these people as moral as they believe? -
sabato 16 aprile 2016
Una critica ad Alex Epstein
Epstein powerfully argues that the total benefits of fossil fuels are enormous. Most people in our society need to hear this. But this doesn't imply that the marginal benefits of fossil fuels are enormous, or even positive. This is textbook environmental economics: Most human beings blithely pollute even when the personal benefit of extra pollution is small and the cost to strangers of extra pollution is high. The textbook solution, of course, is to raise the price of pollution. In the long-run, this spurs industry to search for cleaner technologies. In the short-run, though, it deliberately does something rhetorically uncomfortable for Epstein: discourage energy consumption.
Truth, Lies, and Authenticity in Politics Timur Kuran Paul Starr Sean Trende Bradley J. Birzer
The Authenticity Deficit in Modern Politics By Timur Kuran
In many democracies, established parties have been losing ground to populist, anti-establishment movements on the right or the left. Greece, France, and Austria offer a few examples....Syriza in Greece, the National Front in France, and Austria’s Freedom Party, rests partly on their claims to authenticity.... more honest.
If random individuals were asked to describe the typical politician, they would speak of an elected official who is smooth with words, knows how to please disparate audiences... Succesful politicians manage to give people hope through agendas that they know they cannot achieve... They can disarm skeptics by speaking endlessly without answering questions.
Having multiple narratives in favor of a given program serves to make coalition members
Consider a bill to improve the schools in low-income neighborhoods. It will appeal to some people out of a sense of fairness, to others because the labor force will become more productive, or to still others because crime will fall.
Politicians epitomize deceit because they can put their own interests above those of their constituents while appearing to be motivated only by lofty principles and the common good.
Individual voters cannot always separate truth from fiction, or sincere advocacy from contrived pleading... But they understand the role that money plays in campaigning, the pressures that induce politicians to falsify their knowledge
The frustrations rooted in the dishonesty of politics have fueled the popularity of outsiders...In unprecedented numbers voters have embraced candidates who refuse to play by the established rules of American politics. Insisting that they will not be “bought,”Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders have eschewed donations from corporate lobbies.
Trump voices anti-immigrant sentiments directly and unapologetically...He uses vulgar language, both to distinguish himself from career politicians and to shock the political establishment.
For his part, Sanders blames “Wall Street” for the stagnation of middle-class incomes, vows to break up big banks, and refuses to take contributions from the financial sector.
triumph of authenticity over politics as usual,
Demonizing immigrants, Muslims, Wall Street, the trade partners of the United States, pharmaceutical companies, or the top one percent serves to oversimplify realities and to make intricate problems involving many complex constituencies appear to have easy and widely acceptable solutions.
Trump conceals that expelling 11 million immigrants would harm a subset of his followers who depend on immigrant labor,
Sanders disguises that making college free for everyone would transfer huge resources to the upper middle class, whose children attend college disproportionately.
They speak as though the United States has the power to reset the rules of international engagement unilaterally,
it appears unlikely that either Sanders or Trump will become President. But if one of them does make it to the White House, many of his campaign promises will come to nought. He will undoubtedly attribute any implementation failures to vested interests.
How could Sanders have escaped the corrosiveness of Washington politics in over a quarter-century of service in Congress? How could his legislative service have been free of the sorts of compromises
Trump is a showman whose trademark has been bluster, exaggeration, and egocentrism. Besides, he has already demonstrated a lack of political principles by making campaign donations to candidates all across the American political spectrum.
politicians operate within a society that discourages truthfulness. They are surrounded by innumerable lobbies, each prepared to pulverize any candidate who strays from its orthodoxy.
Americans have long believed in freedom of organization and freedom of speech. By the same token, wide majorities will make exceptions when faced with a clear and present danger. Thus, during the Cold War most Americans were ready to deny suspected communists the right to teach; and today most favor the surveillance, if not the incarceration or expulsion, of Islamists.
Consider any one of the many controversies that divide Americans: abortion, gay marriage, Israel and the Palestinians, social security, taxation, guns, racial inequality, or immigration, to name a few. On each of these issues, there are activists who consider their opponents illegitimate.
To avoid being harassed, treated as immoral or ignorant, and denied opportunities, people with opinions that fall between clashing extremes falsify their preferences, or else stay silent and hope that no one asks. In essence, they give up personal authenticity for the sake of accommodating social pressures. A consequence is that public discourses cease to reflect what people want and know.
The politicians of a society composed of inauthentic individuals are certain to be as inauthentic. They cannot reach the pinnacles of power by being themselves, by sharing freely their reservations about established orthodoxies,
The authenticity deficit in American politics is very real. But it is not a product of politicians alone. It is a social ill whose perpetrators are also its victims, and vice versa. People astonished at why Sanders and Trump have resonated with huge blocs should look in the mirror
venerdì 15 aprile 2016
Cosa deve succedere perché si perda la fede?
Per contro, chi ha una fede che parte dai fatti - per esempio io - ha anche una fede "ostaggio" dei fatti, nel senso che quel che accadrà potrebbe azzerare o esaltare la sua fede.
E andrei oltre: in via di principio qualsiasi cosa succeda al mondo fa aumentare o diminuire la mia fede (se solo avessi tempo di meditare su quell'evento). Alla fine di ogni giornata il termometro della mia fede segna una temperatura differente. Quando sono in vena di reminiscenze bibliche chiamo tutto cio' "la lotta con l'Angelo"
- discutere con un ateo ragionevole indebolisce la mia fede;
- il male naturale indebolisce la mia fede;
- riscontrare che nell'élite della società ci sono pochi credenti indebolisce la mia fede.
- quanto più tarda la fine del mondo, tanto più la mia fede vacilla;
- la teoria evoluzionista indebolisce la mia fede;
- Papa Francesco indebolisce la mia fede;
- la teoria inflazionistica dell'universo indebolisce la mia fede;
- la dottrina sociale della Chiesa indebolisce la mia fede;
- il potente influsso della genetica indebolisce la mia fede;
- constatare quanto sia utile le mia fede, finisce per indebolirla;
- la prospettiva di una "droga perfetta" indebolisce la mia fede;
- la stasi della scienza indebolisce la mia fede;
- alcune scoperte scientifiche (per esempio questa) indeboliscono la mia fede, altre (per esempio questa) la rafforzano;
- continua.