martedì 9 febbraio 2016

Parfit on brute facts By Edward Feser-ITA+HL+FACE+SAGGIO

NICHILISMO TAPPABUCHI

Perché esiste l’universo? Tre risposte:
(1) Fatto bruto: l’esistenza del nostro universo è una coincidenza inspiegabile.
(2) Teismo: l’universo è creato da Dio.
(3) Molti universi: poiché gli universi sono molti, il fatto che ci sia anche il nostro non deve sorprendere.
Derek Parfit, il più grande filosofo a mia conoscenza, difende (1), e la cosa mi induce a pensare. Riguardo a (1) vorrei solo precisare che sostiene la non-esistenza di una spiegazione, non il fatto che non la conosciamo o non possiamo conoscerla.
L’ipotesi (1) ha il vantaggio di essere semplice (non deve postulare Dio) ma d’altra parte nega il “principio di ragion sufficiente” (PRS), quello per cui tutto ha una spiegazione, anche se non le conosciamo tutte. Se tutto ha una spiegazione, possiamo dire che la “coincidenza” non è mai una buona spiegazione. Si tratta infatti di una soluzione “tappabuchi” buona per tutte le occasioni, il che la scredita in partenza.
Dio toglie di mezzo la coincidenza: se Dio esistesse le probabilità che esista anche il nostro universo s’impennano. D’altra parte Dio complica il quadro aggiungendo un’entità che nell’ ipotesi (1) non era necessaria. Qualcuno potrebbe obbiettare che nel passaggio dal fatto bruto a Dio l’assenza del PRS non viene sanata ma solo traslata: anziché sospendere la spiegazione dell’universo, infatti, dovremmo sospendere quella di Dio. Questo è vero: se prima rinunciavo a spiegare un fatto fisico, ora rinuncio a spiegare un fatto metafisico. Tuttavia, la traslazione non è neutrale: ci sono più probabilità che una proprietà singolare si applichi ad un ente singolare che non a un ente comune. Perché mai l’universo materiale non dovrebbe avere una spiegazione visto che tutte le cose materiali ce l’hanno? Dio, invece, è qualcosa di molto diverso dall’universo, e il fatto che sia incausato rientra nella sua definizione. A questo punto Parfit potrebbe dire che anche il comportamento delle particelle elementari (realtà materiali) è in gran parte senza spiegazioni, ovvero casuale. Questo è vero ma è anche vero che considerare la meccanica quantistica come una teoria è alquanto avventato, meglio considerarla come un mero algoritmo per risolvere problemi pragmatici.
Ma torniamo al confronto tra (1) e (2). Perché mai dovrei passare dalla prima ipotesi alla seconda, perché mai dovrei sanare la presenza di un caso tappabuchi perdendo in semplicità?
A mio avviso perché la semplicità deve essere al sevizio della probabilità, e non un valore in sé. La semplicità è importante in quanto indizio di maggior probabilità, quando cessa di essere tale perde gran parte del suo valore. Esempio: postulare che la mente non esista ma esista solo il cervello semplifica la descrizione della realtà. Ma nessuno – a parte i bizzarri “eliminativisti” – adotta questo punto di vista, il motivo è chiaro: per quanto l’ipotesi semplifichi, non ci sembra probabile. Facciamo esperienza tutti i giorni della nostra mente e non siamo disposti a dire che sia una mera illusione. Ancora: il fatto che il colore giallo coincida con una lunghezza d’onda semplifica la descrizione della realtà. Tuttavia, sono in pochi coloro che considerano illusorie le esperienze che abbiamo tutti i giorni con il colore giallo. Per noi il colore giallo esiste. [ avevo indagato la relazione semplicità/probabilità in questo articolo].
Ma se la probabilità domina la semplicità, allora passare dal fatto bruto (1) a Dio (2) è opportuno. Dio riduce le coincidenze (ovvero aumenta le probabilità) al costo di perdere parte della semplicità; tuttavia, se la semplicità è solo un mezzo al servizio della probabilità, questo inconveniente cessa di essere tale.
Per chiudere vorrei solo dire che il concetto di “semplicità” resta comunque piuttosto ambiguo e c’è anche chi mette in discussione che il passaggio da (1) a (2) complichi realmente il quadro. Dio, innanzitutto, è un’entità semplice da descrivere, una mera intelligenza che possiede tutti gli attributi positivi in quantità infinita. L’infinito è molto più semplice del limitato, poiché il limitato implica una descrizione, talvolta estremamente complicata, delle soglie. L’universo pensato senza creatore, d’altro canto, è più complicato di quel che si pensi. Faccio un esempio: come mai lo stagno conserva le sue proprietà di oggi anche domani? Si risponde: perché è così, punto. E il carbone? Perché è così, punto. E la bauxite? Perché è così, punto. Non esiste cioè un singolo sorprendente fatto bruto da assumere ma una miriade. Non potendo generalizzare, devo moltiplicare l’assunzione di “fatti bruti” Ogni singola particella dell’universo richiede un’assunzione ad hoc. L’assunzione di un Dio, per contro, assorbirebbe tutte queste assunzioni che non sarebbero più necessarie: il fatto che esista un ordine nell’universo non sorprenderebbe più nessuno e non richiederebbe spiegazioni in termini casuali. Questo esito assomiglia molto a una semplificazione piuttosto che a una complicazione. Il concetto è che l’universo pensato da solo è inutilmente complicato rispetto all’universo pensato come creato.
Risultato immagini per universe
NICHILISMO TAPPABUCHI
Perché esiste l'universo? Tre risposte:
(1) E' una coincidenza che non ha cause.
(2) E' creato da Dio.
(3) Ne esistono molti, ed esiste anche il nostro.
Derek Parfit, il più grande filosofo di mia conoscenza, difende (1): non è che noi non sappiamo spiegare l'esistenza dell'universo, è che una spiegazione non esiste.
L'ipotesi è semplice (non deve postulare né Dio né molti universi) ma ha un punto debole: nega il principio di ragione sufficiente, quello per cui tutto ha una spiegazione, anche se non la conosciamo. Se tutto ha una spiegazione, possiamo dire che la "coincidenza" non è mai una buona spiegazione.
Dio e i "molti universi" tolgono di mezzo la coincidenza ma complicano il quadro aggiungendo entità di dubbia utilità.
La mia opinione è che il rasoio di Occam di cui si avvale chi sostiene (1) sia un po' sopravvalutato, innanzitutto non è ben chiaro cosa sia la "semplicità". In secondo luogo la semplicità è solo un indizio di maggior probabilità. Nel momento in cui il legame tra semplicità e probabilità si rompe, la seconda prevale sulla prima.
Ma anche far fuori il principio di ragion sufficiente non è prudente, si rischia di fare del caso un dio-tappabuchi.

PDFS.SEMANTICSCHOLAR.ORG

Parfit on brute facts By Edward Feser

  • Derek Parfit’s article “The Puzzle of Reality: Why Does the Universe Exist?”... It’s an admirably clear and comprehensive survey of the various answers that have been given to that question,
  • Parfit appears to sympathize with the “Brute Fact View”according to which the universe simply exists without explanation, and that’s that. The claim here is not that there is an explanation but that we don’t and even can’t know what it is. It is rather that there is no explanation at all,
  • This is , of course, implicitly to deny the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), according to which everything does have an explanation,
  • Parfit describes and defends the Brute Fact View in the following passage:
  • there would exist an arbitrary set of messily complicated worlds. That is what, with a random selection, we should expect. It is unclear whether ours is one such world... It would be in one sense inexplicable why the Universe is as it is. But this would be no more puzzling than the random movement of a particle. If a particle can simply happen to move as it does, it could simply happen that reality is as it is...
  • For one thing, he seems to allow at least for the sake of argument that there might be a kind of “process”which “selects”whether anything exists etc. but in a “random”way that is not ultimately explicable.
  • If you’re going to commit yourself anyway to the idea that the universe is just an unintelligible Brute Fact, why not simply say that the universe just exists and that’s all that can be said and leave it at that? Why posit, between the universe on the one hand and sheer Bruteness on the other, some intermediate “process”of “selection”
  • Aquinas argues, chance always presupposes the convergence of lines of causation: example, when a farmer finds buried loot while he is out plowing his field, that is a chance occurrence. But that a robber decided to bury his loot there and that the farmer decided to plow the field that day were not chance occurrences.
  • Analogia. To see what is wrong with this, suppose police come across a dead body and start batting around possible explanations -- murder, suicide, accident, heart attack, etc. Suppose one of the policemen who has heretofore been silent interrupts and says: “I don’t know why you guys are wasting time considering these different explanations. I say it’s just an unintelligible, inexplicable brute fact that this corpse turned up here and now. Case closed, we can go home now... No one would accept this for a moment, of course.
  • A third issue raised by Parfit’s remarks is the stuff about the random behavior of particles,
  • No one claims that the motion of the particles in question is simply unintelligible... random motion of particles is something which it makes sense to think of as occurring given quantum mechanics. The theory provides an explanatory context
  • If you’re giving a theoretical description of some “random”phenomenon which gives it a kind of intelligibility, then you are ipso facto using “random”in a qualified sense.)
  • There is no larger background theory in the context of which such a “random” occurrence makes sense. So there just isn’t any parallel here with quantum mechanics.
  • Parfit’s remark that “randomness may even be less puzzling at the level of the whole Universe, since we know that facts at this level could not have been caused.”
  • he is blatantly begging the question when he says that “facts at this level could not have been caused.”For isn’t the claim that such facts are caused precisely what theism says? But Parfit is not ruling out theism a priori here.
  • he is saying that even if God is the cause, God’s own existence would not have a causal explanation and thus would have to be explained in some other way.
  • So far so good, then. The problem is with what Parfit seems, at the end of the essay, to think follows from this point... from the premise that “X does not have a causal explanation”it simply doesn’t follow that “X is random,”
  • Something that lacks a causal explanation could have an explanation instead in terms of its own nature, say, or by virtue of being a necessary truth. The fact that 2 + 2 = 4 does not have a causal explanation but it is hardly “random” that 2 + 2 = 4.
  • Anyway, even apart from the problems with Parfit’s account of it, we can know the Brute Fact View is false, because we can know that PSR is true.
continua

Edward Feser: Parfit on brute facts
Edward Feser
Citation (APA): Feser, E. (2016). Edward Feser: Parfit on brute facts [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Parfit on brute facts By Edward Feser
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 6
Derek Parfit’s article “The Puzzle of Reality: Why Does the Universe Exist?”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 8
It’s an admirably clear and comprehensive survey of the various answers that have been given to that question,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
the “Brute Fact View” according to which the universe simply exists without explanation,
Nota - Posizione 11
Le simpatie di P
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
The claim here is not that there is an explanation but that we don’t and even can’t know what it is. It is rather that there is no explanation
Nota - Posizione 12
Detto meglio. Nichilismo tappabuchi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
This is, of course, implicitly to deny the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), according to which everything does have an explanation,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
Parfit describes and defends the Brute Fact View in the following passage:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
The Brute Fact View may seem hard to understand. It may seem baffling how reality could be even randomly selected.
Nota - Posizione 22
Si ammette la sorpresa
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 27
this would be no more puzzling than the random movement of a particle. If a particle can simply happen to move as it does, it could simply happen that reality is as it is.
Nota - Posizione 28
Analogia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
he seems to allow at least for the sake of argument that there might be a kind of “process” which “selects”
Nota - Posizione 31
Ammissione
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
why not simply say that the universe just exists and that’s all that can be said and leave it at that?
Nota - Posizione 34
Primo dubbio
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 37
why call something a “process” which functions to “select” the universe if one thinks it is not something whose operation is ultimately intelligible?
Nota - Posizione 38
Secondo dubbio
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 44
when a farmer finds buried loot while he is out plowing his field, that is a chance occurrence. But that a robber decided to bury his loot there and that the farmer decided to plow the field that day were not chance occurrences.
Nota - Posizione 46
Caso e necessitá. Esempio.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 54
To see what is wrong with this, suppose police come across a dead body and start batting around possible explanations -- murder, suicide, accident, heart attack, etc. Suppose one of the policemen who has heretofore been silent interrupts and says: “I don’t know why you guys are wasting time considering these different explanations. I say it’s just an unintelligible, inexplicable brute fact that this corpse turned up here and now. Case closed, we can go home now.
Nota - Posizione 57
Analogia del nichilista tapoabuchi
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 60
No one would accept this for a moment, of course.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 63
does the universe exist?” than it is when we are asking “How did this corpse get here?”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
A third issue raised by Parfit’s remarks is the stuff about the random behavior of particles,
Nota - Posizione 73
L analovia con la meccanica quantistica
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 77
No one claims that the motion of the particles in question is simply unintelligible.
Nota - Posizione 78
Disanalogia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 79
random motion of particles is something which it makes sense to think of as occurring given quantum mechanics. The theory provides an explanatory context
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 81
If you’re giving a theoretical description of some “random” phenomenon which gives it a kind of intelligibility, then you are ipso facto using “random” in a qualified sense.)
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 85
There is no larger background theory in the context of which such a “random” occurrence makes sense. So there just isn’t any parallel here with quantum mechanics.
Nota - Posizione 86
Disanalogia
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 89
he is blatantly begging the question when he says that “facts at this level could not have been caused.” For isn’t the claim that such facts are caused precisely what theism says? But Parfit is not ruling out theism a priori here.
Nota - Posizione 91
La rassicurazione di Parfit: tanto nn esistono buone teorie sulla causa dell universo.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 96
he is saying that even if God is the cause, God’s own existence would not have a causal explanation and thus would have to be explained in some other way.
Nota - Posizione 97
Forse quello che intende P
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
is God’s nature
Nota - Posizione 97
La tradizionale risposta
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 99
Parfit’s point is that causal explanations, specifically, cannot be the ultimate sort of explanation,
Nota - Posizione 99
Riformulazione di P
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 107
from the premise that “X does not have a causal explanation” it simply doesn’t follow that “X is random,”
Nota - Posizione 108
Obiezione a P
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 109
Something that lacks a causal explanation could have an explanation instead in terms of its own nature, say, or by virtue of being a necessary truth. The fact that 2 + 2 = 4 does not have a causal explanation but it is hardly “random” that 2 + 2 = 4.
Nota - Posizione 111
Caso e natura
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 117
Anyway, even apart from the problems with Parfit’s account of it, we can know the Brute Fact View is false, because we can know that PSR is true.

YOU ARE NOT SO SMART di David McRaney - selling out

YOU ARE NOT SO SMART di David McRaney - selling out
  • Teoria standard: il capitalismo è sostenuto dalla creazione di bisogni indotti da parte delle multinazionali...
  • Comportamento classico: prendiamo le misure al mondo dove siamo capitati e ci "ribelliamo" ad esso x costruire la ns identità...
  • Il ribelle è la linfa del consumismo: senza stili altrrnativi il magazzino non si rinnova
  • ......
  • THE MISCONCEPTION: Both consumerism and capitalism are sustained by corporations and advertising. THE TRUTH: Both consumerism and capitalism are driven by competition among consumers for status.
  • Il ciclo. you started to realize who was in control, and you rebelled.
  • you sought out something real, something with meaning.
  • Think about an archetypal punk rocker with chains and spikes, gaudy pants and a leather jacket. Yeah, he bought all of those clothes. Someone is making money off of his revolt.
  • Every niche opened by rebellion against the mainstream is immediately filled by entrepreneurs
  • Fight Club, American Beauty, Fast Food Nation, The Corporation, etc. The creators of these works may have had the best intentions, but their work still became a product designed for profit.
  • Michael Moore, Noam Chomsky, Kurt Cobain, Christopher Hitchens— once their output fell into the marketplace, it found its audience, and that audience made them wealthy.
  • Il libro. Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter, The Rebel Sell.
  • Tesi: you can’t rage against the machine through rebellious consumption.
  • La posizione ortodossa: All the interconnected institutions in the marketplace need everyone to conform in order to sell the most products to the most people... you must turn your back and ignore the mainstream culture.
  • The problem, say Heath and Potter, is the system doesn’t give a shit about conformity. In fact, it loves diversity and needs people like hipsters and music snobs so it can thrive.
  • Now people are hired by corporations to go to bars and clubs and observe what the counterculture is into... The counterculture, the indie fans, and the underground stars—they are the driving force behind capitalism.
  • This brings us to the point: Competition among consumers is the turbine of capitalism.
  • You attain status by having better taste in movies and music, by owning more authentic furniture and clothing... 
  • so you reveal your unique character through your consumption habits.
  • your desire for authenticity is what moves these items and artists and services and goods up from the bottom to the top— where they can be mass-consumed.
  • trying to run counter to the culture is what creates the next wave of culture people
  • The value, then, is not intrinsic. The thing itself doesn’t have as much value as the perception of how it was obtained or why it is possessed.
  • Competition for status is built into the human experience at the biological level. Poor people compete with resources. The middle class competes with selection. The wealthy compete with possessions.
continua

Stuffing Envelopes By Steven Landsurg

Stuffing Envelopes By Steven Landsurg

  • This is a story about some economists who set out to study altruism and ended up discovering something very frightening about human nature.
  • Adam Smith. who needs altruism when we've got greed?... greed can be far more efficient than altruism. An altruistic butcher can't serve his neighbors well unless he knows how many want beef on the table and how many want chicken.
  • Edempio. If you happen to like this article so much that you decide to buy a lifetime subscription to REASON, some Asian farmer has to grow another linseed plant. That's because the ink in this magazine is made from linseed oil. How does the Asian farmer know you need more linseed? Because rising subscription numbers set off a chain reaction: They raise the demand for ink, which raises the price of ink, which raises the demand for linseed, which raises the price of linseed.
  • economists spend a lot of time theorizing about both the prevalence and the consequences of altruism. Enter Vernon Smith.
  • Here's one of Smith's experiments: Two total strangers are placed in separate rooms. They never meet, they never learn each others' names, and they come and go by separate entrances. One of them is selected randomly to receive 10 one-dollar bills and an envelope. He can put any number of bills in the envelope and send it by messenger to the other subject. Then everyone takes his money and goes home. Simple economics predicts that no money ever goes in the envelope. 1/3 dà.
  • Not even Mother Teresa was in the habit of sending money to total strangers about whom she knew nothing.
  • Why, then, does any money ever get passed to the other room? My guess is that it has nothing to do with altruism or charity and everything to do with the subjects' suspicion that they're being observed
  • La seconda inquietante versione dell'esperimento. subjects know that everything they put in the envelope will get tripled by the experimenter before it's sent to the other room... virtually all of the subjects put at least a dollar in the envelope... In other words, subjects give more generously when they can get a bigger bang for their buck.
  • La scoperta: they're paying for the privilege of taking money away from one total stranger -- namely the taxpayer
  • Da notare: the subjects do all this without knowing anything at all about either stranger or having any reason to believe that one is more deserving than the other... It's not like they're taking from the rich to give to the poor; they're just randomly taking from some people so they can give to others.
  • they just plain enjoy the capricious exercise of power, bestowing good fortune on some and bad fortune on others
  • Conclusione. the reason we have a redistributive tax system is not because people want to help the poor or the unfortunate or the incapacitated; it's because people enjoy moving other people's money around just to make mischief.
  • Tentativo di assolvere: They're just not conscious of the fact that the money they transfer has to come from somewhere."
  • Replica: These subjects are mostly university students, and they don't realize that when you give away money, it has to come from somewhere? And we allow these people to vote?
continua

lunedì 8 febbraio 2016

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mA-cNbZ80fM

Giorgio Israel: Per una medicina umanistica - cap1 l'oggettivismo scientifico e la medicina

Giorgio Israel Per una medicina umanistica Apologia di una medicina che curi i malati come persone 1 L’oggettivismo scientifico e la medicina

  • La scienza moderna è nata e si è sviluppata attorno allo studio dei problemi del moto dei corpi condotto con il metodo matematico. La giustificazione del ricorso a questo metodo non era pragmatica bensì metafisica. Essa si fondava sull’idea di Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) secondo cui il mondo è strutturato in forma matematica:
  • Riduzionismo. presto la fisica-matematica, le cui conquiste si accumulavano l’una sull’altra in un progresso inarrestabile, divenne “il” modello di ogni forma di conoscenza oggettiva. Pertanto, essa divenne il modello di ogni forma possibile di scienza, anche di quelle che si occupavano di ambiti della realtà completamente diversi, come i fenomeni vitali e i processi sociali.
  • La piramide rovesciata del meccanicismo. i fenomeni chimici debbono essere ricondotti a fenomeni fisici, i fenomeni biologici a fenomeni chimici e quindi fisici.
  • Un ramo storto... Tuttavia, era inevitabile chiedersi come mai nella sfera umana non si manifestasse quell’ordine e quell’armonia che sembravano invece reggere il mondo dei fenomeni inanimati. La risposta fu che il disordine era causato dall’uomo, dalla sua ignoranza delle leggi della natura, dalle sue rozze interferenze.
  • ... che si può raddrizzare. Ad esempio, per realizzare la salute individuale o il benessere del corpo sociale, si tratterebbe di comprendere quale sia l’essenza di un individuo sano o che cosa sia un comportamento socialmente corretto.
  • Fallimenti del riduzionismo. Koyré osserva ancora che questo programma non ebbe il successo sperato, ed anzi diede quasi ovunque cattivi risultati, perché ci si rese conto che «il compito di definire l’uomo era molto più difficile di quello di definire la materia».[
  • Monod: postulato dell'oggettività della natura.  la natura è un insieme di fatti aventi realtà indipendente da qualsiasi soggetto e suscettibili di una descrizione univoca e “vera”.
  • Monod ne identifica il nucleo concettuale con il principio fondamentale della meccanica classica, il principio d’inerzia Si tratta di un principio assolutamente indimostrabile... è tutt’al più l’estrapolazione concettuale di una serie di osservazioni empiriche...
  • si parte da principi astratti o metafisici, come il principio d’inerzia, per discendere verso il mondo empirico e verso la fisica.
  • La voglia di far sparire ogni traccia del soggetto... ha una conseguenza di grande rilievo: la distruzione di ogni idea di soggettività, di progettualità e di finalismo,
  • Armonia vs equilibrio. Consideriamo, ad esempio, il caso della visione dinamica della malattia che è caratteristica della medicina greca. In questa visione, la malattia è vista come una perturbazione dell’armonia della physis, e non è in alcun modo riducibile all’idea di equilibrio che noi abbiamo ormai assimilato quasi come un luogo comune, e che deriva dal concetto quantitativo di equilibrio meccanico.
  • Natura. profonda diversità tra il concetto greco di “natura” (physis) e il concetto moderno di natura che è plasmato in modo determinante dall’idea di oggettività... physis «indica ciò che si schiude da sé stesso (come ad esempio lo sbocciare di una rosa)»,... In essa si trovano inclusi sia l’essere che il divenire, il fisico e lo psichico, mentre nella visione moderna la natura non include lo psichico...
  • Normalità. un mondo di processi vitali e la sua “normalità” e “salute” non è uno stato di equilibrio caratterizzato dall’assestarsi dell’organismo attorno a determinati parametri quantitativi bensì la coesistenza armoniosa e non conflittuale di quei processi.
  • Georges Canguilhem,: 17] la caratteristica di questa medicina è l’uso sistematico dei prefissi “a” e “dis”, che indicano l’assenza di qualcosa o la negazione di qualcosa.
  • L'avvento del quanrotativo. Nella medicina questo processo si è manifestato attraverso la progressiva sostituzione dei prefissi “a” e “dis” con i prefissi “iper” e “ipo”.
  • Pasteur l'ultimo degli antichi. teorie ontologiche della malattia, come la teoria microbica di Pasteur e tutte le teorie delle malattie intese come provocate da fattori esterni, da oggetti reali e visibili che “entrano” nell’organismo... Per quanto gli enti esogeni che attaccano l’organismo dall’esterno (microbi, virus) siano oggetti reali ed osservabili, e non “influssi”, “agenti”, “miasmi” o “forze”, essi non si conciliano facilmente con una visione puramente quantitativa della medicina
  • assoluta necessità, per introdurre l’approccio quantitativo esatto, di affermare l’omogeneità tra normale e patologico, e di definire gli stati patologici come variazioni quantitative
continua

Il mito della malattia mentale di Thomas Szasz

Il mito della malattia mentale di Thomas Szasz
  • Quel che si dà per scontato:Le azioni morali di taluni soggetti sono dettate da lesioni nel cervello. In qs modo noi conculchiamo diritti e parità di trattamento ai "malati".
  • Se la malattia mentale è u a degenerazio e fisica del sistema nervoso è di co petenza del neurologo, in caso contrario del moralista. Lo psicologo rischia di perdere il posto e si ribella.
  • Come si trasforma un comportamento riprovevole in malattia? Grazie ad un atto legislativo dell' APA che vota in tal senso e decide che, per esempio, scommettere 3 volte al giorno è u a malattia.
  • Medicalizzazione come minaccia del li ero arbitrio.
  • Freud:ha scoperto che normali e anormali sono molto simili. Ha scelto di trascinare i normali verso l'anormalità scrivendo: Psicopatologia della vita quotidiana. Freud avrebbe potuto demolire la psicologia. Non lo fece, al contrario la estese ad ogni aspetto della vita umana.
  • L impresa degli psichiatri: hanno convinto il mo do che certi disturbi mentali siano i dipendenti dal soggetto portatore.
  • Se la malattia medica è una lesione fisica dimostrabile la malattia mentale nn è tale. Ricordiamoci che in passato omosessualità e masturbazione erano malattie votate come tali dall'APA.
  • La diagnostica ottocentesca era un elenco di descrizioni di lesioni fisiche, nel novecento la musica è cambiata e il concetto di mente disturbata la fa da padrone.
  • Le diagnosi psicologiche sono motivate da incentivi economici, legali, personali... quasi mai medici.
  • A Chi critica queste critiche nn si risponde nel merito ma so,o sottolineando quanto siano utili le diagnosi e le terapie criticate.
  • A peggiorare le cose ci sono oggi le conseguenze economiche:oggi ottenere una diagnosi di un certo tipo garantisce fondi pubblici.
  • Ci sono anche le conseguenze legali:considerare reale u a malattia metaforica comporta l'assoluzione dell'assassino.
  • Lo psichiatra isola un comportamento indesiderato e lo bolla come malattia. Si comporta da legislatore più che da scienziato. Così fece Eugen Bleuer quando definì la schizofrenia e la masturbazione.
  • Tesi:la psichiatria è un ramo della legge e non della scienza. Del controllo e nondella cura.
  • Antipsichiatria:consente solo cure volontarie.
  • Perchè medicalizzare? Per non colpevolizzare. Ma qs toglie dignità all'uomo.
  • Le "voci".  Perchè in tutta la letteratura mai nessuno schizo ha detto di aver sentito voci che gli cbiedevano di essere più gentile con la moglie. Forse perchè nn ci interessa medicalizzare qs comportamento.
  • Siamo fieri di aver abolito le differenze tra uomo/donna nero/bianco ecc ma sia o ancora più orgogliosi di aver introdotto quelle tra sano e malato mentale. Solo con quella possiamo dirci davvero buoni.
continua

Generosità di Tibor Machan

Generosità di Tibor Machan
  • Tesi: la generosità è possibile solo in una società libera.
  • Contro Nagel. Tesi di Nagel: la società libera ostacola la generosità
  • Nagel con la sua carità forzosa i duce alla letargia morale.
  • Definizioni.
  • Generosità:inclinazione magnanima.
  • Carità: benevolenza che sorge x senso del dovere
  • Chi vuole abolire il vizio vuole abolire le virtù poichè impedisce alle persone di accreditarsi il giusto
  • La g come virtù nn è mai frutto di calcolo. È invece spontanea. In qs senso è spontanea, incondizionata; nn guarda ai meriti di chi la riceve.
  • Libera scelta vs delibera. Solo la libera scelta nn comporta calcoli.
  • La g nn è mai un dovere. In qs senso nn ha a che vedere con la giustizia. Per Rawls la giustizia è equità e infatto l'equità è un dovere.
  • La generosità - che nn è un dovere - è una natura.
  • Natura di X: è ciò che X deve essere.
  • Natura umana:coscienza. Pensare razionale. 1 la razionalità si esplica al meglio nella vita sociale 2 la g favorisce la vita sociale
  • La generosità può essere viziata,aper es quando si dà senza poterselo permettere. Tesi:le virtù nn viaggiano mai isolate ma si completano tra loro.
  • Hume: la g è un istinto svincolato dalla ragione (non cognitivismo). In qs senso nn può essere una libera scelta e quindi neanche un merito. Per hume nn ci sarebbe niente di male ad essere gretti ecrudeli.
  • Per Smith tutto è calcolo, anche le scelte morali. In qs senso per lui la vera g è i possibile (anche xchè comporta scelte co trarie ai propri interessi.
  • Virtù cardinali: giustizia (ragione giusta, buon senso), prudenza (ragione pratica), fortezza, temperanza (coraggio), (autocontrollo). Senza qs virtù la g è viziata.
  • Assunto: in buona parte siamo noi a formare il ns carattere.
continua

La filosofia politica di Friedrik von Hayek di Gerard Radnitzky

La filosofia politica di Friedrik von Hayek di Gerard Radnitzky 
  • H può essere utile ai liberali?
  • Per h la l è strumentale alla conoscenza. È un liberale soft
  • Problemi col concetto di ordine spontaneo:può evolvere in strutture autoritarie
  • Teoria dello stato come bandito stanziale.  Stato come strumento di sfruttamento
  • Tesi: h ci lascia senza difese contro la teoria dei beni pubblici
  • H combatteva il socialismo fondamentalista. Oggi il nemico è il socialismo strisciante, crisstiano
  • H ha un eica descrittiva. Etica dell onestà vs etica della solidarietà
  • H è un conseguenzialista: l strumentale alla conoscenza
  • Il nemico confonde libertà e potere. Adotta un principio di l positiva
  • L soft: è lk stato che deve fornire una cornice al mercato
  • De jasay co tro h: occorre una teoria valoriale che definisca meglio la libertà (come l negativa) e la ponga come valore.
  • Il problema del danno
  • Tesi: la l è assenza di interferenze volute che producono costi anche in presenza di comportamenti passivi del soggetto
  • Tesi sull onere della prova: nella soc lib tutto è concesso fino a prova contraria.
  • Giustizia: solo una giustizia astratta (che nn distingue per trattare i simile come i simili) è compatibili consoc libera. Contro rawls scanlon barry
continua

Bubble

a beautiful Bubble di Brian Caplan
  • l isolamento dell ottimismo
  • cos è una bolla
  • xchè farsi una bolla
  • autarchia? no
  • bolla e misantropia. diffrenze
  • bolla e guerre
  • come riformare la società dalla bolla
  • 10 passi x costruire la bolla
  • La vita tranquilla di epicuro
  • .......
  • my integration into  society.
  • it my Imaginary Charter City.
  • make sure that I never hear a commercial.
  • In my world, Alex Tabarrok is more important than Barack Obama,
  • don't feel the least bit bad about living in a Bubble.
  • Why put so much distance between myself and the outside world? Because despite my legendary optimism, I find my society unacceptable. The world won't listen.
  • I'm hardly autarchic. I import almost everything I consume
  • I regard misanthropy as a strong sign that you are on the wrong track. Stop dwelling on others' failings, and build a beautiful Bubble for yourself.
  • If I prefer to live in a Bubble, why do I spend so much my time publicly promoting my own ideas?... My answer is that I enjoy sharing my ideas.
  • great Epicurus advised his followers to "Live unknown."... Popularity is a poor test of truth,
  • The Serenity Prayer asks for "the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference."
  • Istruzioni x costruirsi una bolla.
  • 1. Amicably divorce your society. Don't get angry
  • 2 ceasing to follow national and world news.
  • 3 Pay less frequent attention to things that aggravate you
  • 4 Abandon your First World Problems
  • 5 Spend $1 a day to filter out annoying advertising and intrusion.
  • 6 friends with people who share your likes.
  • 7 stop dating outside of your sub-sub-culture.
  • 8 quixotically visit your ex-society.
  • 9 live in tranquility with nothing to fear from other men
continua

F.A. Hayek, Ronald Reagan, Christopher Hitchens, Thomas Szasz, and Timothy Leary: 45 Years of Reason Magazine Interviews - Vol. I (English Edition)

Free Radical  Christopher Hitchen

  • Siparietto divenuto un classico. his contretemps with Charlton Heston during CNN’s live coverage of the Gulf War. Hitchens insisted that Heston list what countries have borders with Iraq. After Heston flubbed the answer, he upbraided the journalist for “taking up valuable network time giving a high-school geography lesson.” To which Hitchens replied: “Oh, keep your hairpiece on.”
  • In books such as The Missionary Position... he has crafted thoughtful and provocative extended indictments of Mother Teresa,
  • Il moralista. Hitchens’ willingness to put moral principles before political alliances has earned him the wrath of ideological compatriots
  • Bastiancontrario. Hitchens’ newest book is Letters to a Young Contrarian: The Art of Mentoring (Basic Books), in which he exhorts youth to remain both principled and oppositional, freethinkers in the best Enlightenment tradition.
  • Hitchens has become increasingly interested in the libertarian critique of state power and its defense of individual liberty.
  • I forget who it was who said that generation — age group, in other words — is the most debased form of solidarity.
  • Antistatalismo giovanile. The state had presented itself to [my fellow protestors and me], particularly through the Vietnam War, in the character of a liar and a murderer. If, at a young age, you are able to see your own government in that character, it powerfully conditions the rest of your life.
  • Oggi. I am much more inclined to stress those issues of individual liberty than I would have been then. And to see that they do possess, with a capital H and a capital I, Historical Importance, the very things that one thought one was looking for.
  • Critica al libertarismo. What is the libertarian take, for example, on Bosnia or Palestine? There’s also something faintly ahistorical about the libertarian worldview... I can’t — and this may be a limit on my own imagination or education — picture a libertarian analysis of 1848 or 1914.
  • I’d say that libertarianism often feels like an optional philosophy for citizens in societies or cultures that are already developed or prosperous or stable.
  • The first political issue on which I’d ever decided to take a stand was when I was in my teens and before I’d become a socialist. It was the question of capital punishment. A large part of my outrage toward capital punishment was exactly the feeling that it was arrogating too much power to the government.
  • 1929 e  la maledizione del breve termine. Right away, one’s in an argument, and there’s really nothing to do with utopia at all. And then temporary expedients become dogma very quickly — especially if they seem to work...
  • Paternalismo. Then there’s the question of whether or not people can be made by government to behave better... a big experience, and this gets us a bit nearer the core of it, a very big influence on a number of people my age was the American civil rights movement, and the moral grandeur of that and also the astonishing speed and exclusiveness of its success. A lot of that did involve asking the government to condition people’s behavior,
  • In my memory, the demand of the student radical was for the university to stop behaving as if it was my parent, in loco parentis... Now you go to campus and student activists are continuously demanding more supervision
  • I certainly wish I wasn’t a smoker and wish I could give it up. But I’m damned if I’ll be treated how smokers are now being treated by not just the government, but the government ventriloquizing the majority... There’s something essentially un-American in the idea that I could not now open a bar in San Francisco that says, “Smokers Welcome.”
  • war against pleasure.
  • The War on Drugs is an attempt by force, by the state, at mass behavior modification. Among other things, it is a denial of medical rights, and certainly a denial of all civil and political rights. It involves a collusion with the most gruesome possible allies in the Third World... One reason the War on Drugs goes on in defiance of all reason is that it has created an enormous clientele of people who in one way or another depend upon it for their careers or for their jobs.
  • I’d been made aware by someone in the Clinton administration of what I thought was criminal activity. At any rate, the administration engaged in extraordinarily reprehensible activity by way of intimidating female witnesses in an important case. I decided that I would be obstructing justice if I’d kept the evidence to myself. That led to me being denounced in The Nation as the equivalent of a McCarthyite
  • In Letters to a Young Contrarian, you talk about how it was libertarians — specifically Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan — who did the most to end the draft
  • No global. In a way I should have been pleased to see that, and I suppose in some small way I was, but a lot of this did seem to me to be a protest against modernity, and to have a very conservative twinge, in the sense of being reactionary.
  • Sinistra arretrata. The Seattle protesters, I suppose you could say, in some ways came from the left. You couldn’t say they came from the right, although a hysterical aversion to world government and internationalism
  • Il paradosso: You’ve called yourself a socialist living in a time when capitalism is more revolutionary.
  • The thing I’ve often tried to point out to people from the early days of the Thatcher revolution in Britain was that the political consensus had been broken, and from the right. The revolutionary, radical forces in British life were being led by the conservatives.
  • I was a member of the Labour Party, I wasn’t going to vote for it. I couldn’t bring myself to vote conservative. That’s purely visceral. It was nothing to do with my mind, really. I just couldn’t physically do it.
  • Marx’s original insight about capitalism was that it was the most revolutionary and creative force ever to appear in human history...  Marx and Engels thought that America was the great country of freedom and revolution and Russia was the great country of tyranny and backwardness.
continua

Future Imperfect SUNTO di DAVID D. FRIEDMAN - realtà virtuale 20


Future Imperfect di DAVID D. FRIEDMAN - realtà virtuale - TWENTY All in Your Mind


  • Videonferenza. what I see is not what is in front of me but what they draw... The image from my video camera is processed by my computer before being sent on to everyone in my audience. That gives me an opportunity to improve it a little first, to replace my bathrobe with a suit and tie, give me a badly needed shave, remove a decade or so of aging.
  • Video games are our most familiar form of virtual reality.
  • However good our screens, this sort of virtual reality suffers from a serious limitation: It only fools two senses... Want to hear things? Vibrate air in the ear. Want to see things? Beam photons at the retina. Applying that approach to the remaining senses is harder.
  • TODAY AND TOMORROW: THE WORLD OF PRIMITIVE VR
  • Ostacoli alla VR. We all, automatically and routinely, judge the people around us not only by what they say but by how they say it - tone of voice, facial expression, gestures.
  • con men. They are people who, through talent or training, have mastered the ability to divorce what they are actually... on the Internet nobody knows you are a dog. Or a woman. Or a twelve year old. Or crippled. In virtual reality, once we have the real-time editing software worked out properly, you can be anything you can imagine... Giochi di gruppo: Have participants write and post physical descriptions of other participants they had never met. I gained almost nine inches. In virtual reality I never have to be short again.
  • My Contribution to Corpore Sano
  • One objection to video games is that they remove one of the few incentives modern people have to exercise.
  • If what you want is exercise, the obvious solution is bigger joysticks... you only notice how tired you are after you have won or lost.
  • Dance Dance Revolution, already exist.'
  • Altra funzione videogiochi. to do dangerous things while only getting virtually killed... Mariana trench... the lunar case,
  • DEEP VR - BEYOND THE DREAMING PROBLEM
  • Suppose we succeed in cracking the dreaming problem, figuring out enough about how the brain works so that we too can create full sense illusions.
  • a useful first step is to distinguish between information transactions and material transactions.
  • The book is a physical object. But reading an illusion of a book, with the same words on the virtual pages, would do just as well... For a material transaction, consider growing wheat.
  • A sufficiently advanced form of virtual reality can provide for all information transactions. It might assist with some material transactions; the wheat harvester could be run by an operator located somewhere else, giving real instructions to a real machine.
  • Beam Me Up, Scotty
  • Cosa conta? Why do I want to visit my friends? To see them, to feel them, to hear them, to do things with them. Unless one of the things is building a house or planting a garden that really has to be built or planted, the whole visit is an information transaction... consider a phone call.
  • Future Fiction
  • Fantasia depauperata? My daughter has so far refused to see the movie version of The Fellowship of the Ring because she prefers the product of her imagination to the product of the director's imagination.
  • Consider in contrast a symphony. It corresponds to nothing in nature. The composer has taken one sense, hearing, and used it to create an aesthetic experience
  • Fantasy: Substitute or Complement
  • Su WW nn c'è distinzione tra sessi, la violenza è anche sulle donne. That raises an obvious question: Having routinely punched out virtual females online, will he be more willing to punch out real females in the real world?
  • George Orwell, writing more than sixty years ago, worried about the corrupting effect on readers of the routine brutality of American crime fiction... Later writers worried about the effect of television. The latest concern is the effect of Internet porn.
  • Is virtual sex and violence a complement to or a substitute for real sex and violence?
  • Tod Kendall.' Correlate growth of access to the Internet, by state, with changes in the frequency of rape. It turned out that the correlation was negative;
  • What Matters
  • Mondo materiale. Stuff must be produced for real, but human beings do not need much stuff to stay alive. To check that for food, price the cheapest bulk flour, oil, and lentils you can find. Calculate how much 2,000 calories a day of each of them would cost... Viewed in realspace, it is not much of a world. Everyone is eating the cheapest food that will keep a human body in good condition, living in the human equivalent of coin-operated airport storage, exercising by moving against resistance machines, perhaps as part of virtual reality games...
  • Mondo virtuale. All women are beautiful, and enough are willing. All men are handsome. Everyone lives in a mansion that he can redecorate at will, gold-plated if he so desires.'
  • Which is true - slum or paradise? It depends on what matters. If all that matters is sensation, what you perceive, it is a paradise,
  • As evidence against, consider a very old form of virtual sex: masturbation. tion. In your mind you can be making love to the woman of your dreams, at least if you have a good enough imagination.
  • Having someone read a book I wrote, enjoy and be persuaded by my ideas, pleases me... But what about only thinking someone read my book?
  • Robert Nozick, in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, put the question in terms of an imaginary experience machine, his version of VR.'
  • You will have to decide for yourself.
continua

domenica 7 febbraio 2016

Chi mantiene il welfare?

Adam Perkins. Over the past five years, he has accumulated a mass of evidence about the personalities of welfare claimants and concluded that individuals with aggressive, rule-breaking and anti-social tendencies — what he calls the ‘employment–resistant personality profile’ — are over-represented among benefit recipients. He also found that their children are likely to share those traits, which helps explain why poverty has a tendency to be passed down from one generation to the next.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/02/04/democrats-love-universal-pre-k-and-dont-seem-to-care-that-it-may-not-work/?tid=hybrid_content_2_na

venerdì 5 febbraio 2016

Acquistare o affittare?

Economics on Buying vs Renting a House - Marginal REVOLUTION:



'via Blog this'



it’s not good to have a significant share of your wealth locked into a single asset. Diversification is better and it’s easier to diversify with stocks - See more at: http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/02/67635.html#sthash.XZcqZorh.dpuf


Indeed, you should expect that as an investment your house will appreciate less than does the stock market - See more at: http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/02/67635.html#sthash.XZcqZorh.dpuf


ownership locks people to location making it harder to move for jobs. - See more at: http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/02/67635.html#sthash.XZcqZorh.dpuf


Houses today also come bundled with a significant side asset – access to so-called public schools - See more at: http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/02/67635.html#sthash.XZcqZorh.dpuf


Most economists, however, think that the United States tax code is inefficiently biased toward housing. There is no good reason to bias people away from renting and towards buying. Germany is a wealthy country and a majority of Germans get by just fine by renting - See more at: http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2016/02/67635.html#sthash.XZcqZorh.dpuf

The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life Robert Trivers - Religione ch 12

The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life Robert Trivers - Religione ch 12

  • CHAPTER 12 Religion and Self-Deception
  • Dawkins. Some people think of religion itself as complete self-deception, all of it nonsense on its face, counterfactual, and in the extreme having nothing but negative side effects.
  • Critica a D.: but these people have no theory for how this malady could have spread so far... What some have is a metaphor. Religion is a viral meme; that is, it is not an actual virus, which can easily bring a population to its knees, but rather it is merely a thought system... This is not a very impressive foundation for an evolutionary theory of religion,
  • First we need to separate the truth value of religious statements from the possible benefits of believing in them,
  • Il credente e il meta ateo convivono. there is often an internal struggle within religions between general truth and personal or group falsehood. That is, the essence of religion is neither self-deception nor deep truth, but a mixture of the two,
  • Esempio do beneficio. Religions tend to increase within-religion cooperation at the cost of lowered cooperation with outsiders. Often this involves a false historical narrative
  • COOPERATION WITHIN THE GROUP
  • the double-edged sword of religion, inside and outside: a religion urges its own members to treat each neighbor as they would treat themselves, yet also to slaughter every nonbeliever and outsider, as is ordered in the good book, for group after group, down to every last man, woman, and child.
  • Dio ti vede: comportati bene. In some religions, people imagine that God is watching and evaluating their every action.
  • One study shows that even a pair of eyelike objects on a small part of a computer screen can unconsciously increase cooperative behavior in an anonymous economic game.
  • Sopravvivenza delle comunità. One interesting fact on the effect of religion on cooperation emerges from comparing small religious organizations—“sects”—with small nonreligious communes. There is a striking tendency for the religious to outlast the secular... So religion provides some kind of social glue that makes organizations based on them more likely to endure
  • Strategie pastorali. Another interesting difference between the two kinds of communes is that the more costly the requirements imposed on group members in a commune (regarding food, tobacco, clothing, hairstyle, sex, communication with outsiders, fasts, and mutual criticism), the longer the survival of a religious commune... Spiegazione: greater cost needs to be rationalized, leading to greater self-deception, in this case in the direction of group identity and solidarity.
  • RELIGION: A RECIPE FOR SELF-DECEPTION
  • A Unified, Privileged View of the Universe for Your Own Group
  • I prescelti. Either you are the founding people and all others degenerate dogs, or else yours are the “chosen people”either by ethnicity (Jewish)
  • There May Be a Series of Interconnected Phantasmagorical Things
  • Once you have signed on to a few of these notions, there are hardly any boundaries left, and very small details can turn out to be critical features of dogma.
  • IMHO: sul punto vedi Plantinga vs Swinburne
  • RELIGION AND HEALTH
  • Religious behavior and practice appear to be positively correlated with health, a well-established fact with dozens of careful studies in support,
  • tendency of religions to establish rules related to health: avoid tobacco and alcohol, pork, top predators such as sharks and lions (which tend to concentrate toxins as they move up the food chain), and generally risky or unwise behavior,
  • Some effects may come from the benefits of positive belief itself—for example, on immune function—as well as benefits that flow from being a member of a mutually supporting group,
  • The exalting, positive music of so many religions is probably on the high end for positive immune
  • Even confessing sins to God and disclosing trauma may have beneficial immune effects.
  • One benefit of religion is that it does provide a framework for understanding and acting within our world, a framework we might expect to provide some psychological and mental benefits.
  • Benefici alla corteccia cetebrale. It was as if religion was providing them a buffer against error.
  • PARASITES AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY
  • Religions have repeatedly split into subreligions that are sometimes at one another’s throats.
  • Recent work suggests that parasites and, in particular, parasite load may drive religions to split... The argument goes as follows: Where parasite load is low, an in-group and out-group member may be almost equivalent where risk of transmitting a new infection is concerned, namely, low. But where parasite load is high, an asymmetry emerges. An in-group member will in general have been exposed to the same set of parasites as the other members and will carry some of the same genes that give at least partial resistance to many of these parasites...From the standpoint of each group, the other is a threat
  • What is the evidence? Two broad factors are of interest: religious and linguistic diversity. That is, how many languages and religions coexist per unit area? With high parasite load, we expect many of each, since splitting into smaller groups facilitates language formation.
  • Il freddo ci rende omogenei. Canada and Brazil are roughly the same size, yet Canada has 15 religions and Brazil, 159. Canada is located in the far north, where parasite load is low;
  • Processo. Presumably, no one is saying, “Look, worm density has increased alarmingly in ourselves in this area for the past ten years. Perhaps it would be wise for us to be more focused on in-group interactions, including mating. Let’s up our racism level.”Instead, as I imagine it, religion provides substitute logics with similar.
  • WHY THE BIAS AGAINST WOMEN?
  • Contro l'argomento prevedente: molti parassiti sino favoriti dalla riproduzione intra druppo. We know that sexual reproduction—and the recombination it promotes—is strongly associated with evolutionary protection from coevolving parasites.
  • Consider greater sexual promiscuity, or diversity of mating partners, well known to be higher in both birds and humans in the tropics, and presumed to represent an adaptive response to parasite load by increasing genetic quality of offspring.
  • Tradimento. women would benefit more from such activity (improved genetic quality of their offspring) and thus provoke greater male countermoves, the kind of behavior we described so vividly in Chapter 5: mutilation, beating, terror, and murder?
  • L'obbligo di castità. There are very few genetic dynasties in the Catholic Church (contrast North Korea, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, India, Haiti, and the United States), so the Church is likely to be corrupt but not nepotistically so.
  • Bioetica cattolica. The Catholic Church outlaws all control by a woman over her own reproduction short of abstinence from sex at the very moment that she is most eager for it. She is not allowed to prevent conception if copulation occurs, and she is not allowed to terminate a pregnancy, however induced (rape and incest included). This appears to be a simple strategy for maximizing group reproduction.
  • POWER CORRUPTS
  • the powerful are less attentive to others, see the world less from their standpoint, and feel less empathy for them.
  • Dimmi con chi vai e ti dirò che dottrina hai. The religious effects are that humility, fairness, forgiveness, and neighborly love are more apt to be virtues preached among the powerless.
  • Religioni di minoranza. Islam’s more peaceful injunctions came when it was an oppressed minority, its more assertive when it reemerged with military power.
  • monotheistic religions: with state power comes a new source of bias.
  • Pope Paul XXIII and Vatican II inspired in the Latin American Church a new “liberation theology”in the 1980s closer to the humble, persecuted church (prior to Constantin), the time when Jesus’s teachings were actually written down.
  • RELIGIONS IMPOSE MATING SYSTEMS
  • Religions tend to impose their own mating systems, and these in turn affect degrees of relatedness within and between religions.
  • inbreeding has well-known effects. Products of inbreeding show less internal variability than do products of outbreeding. This genetic similarity can have two detrimental effects. On the one hand, relatively rare negative traits that require two copies of the same gene for expression (for example, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease) become more common. On the other, greater genetic variability has well-known benefits in defending against rapidly coevolving diseases,
  • Mitigare gli effetti dell' in breeding. The second form of in-migration is simple conversion (initially unconnected to marriage), and religions differ in their rules regarding this. Thus, Christianity has usually been a proselytizing religion,
  • RELIGION PREACHES AGAINST SELF-DECEPTION
  • It is often argued that self-deception interferes with one’s ability to know not only oneself and others but also God herself.
  • Regola aurea come tegola gnoseologica. If you are told to treat others as you wish to be treated, then you have a rule, which, if actually followed, would counter much of your unconscious self-deceptive tendencies.
  • Religions also preach explicitly against self-deception. Consider Jesus’s famous teachings about not judging others (Matthew 7:1–5):
  • Pagliuzze. Why do you see the minor fault in your neighbor but fail to see the major one in yourself?
  • Another argument against the speed—and injustice—with which we judge others comes from the case where Jesus is presented with a woman about to be stoned to death for committing adultery. His reaction? “Let he who is without sin cast the first stone.”
  • one that is opposed to the in-group/out-group bias. In the parable of the Good Samaritan
  • Padre nostro
  • 1 assertion of humility: “hallowed be thy name” and “thy will be done.”
  • 2 you may ask that your own sins be forgiven but only insofar as you forgive those of others. This is critical: no blanket amnesty. You must give to get; you must forgive to be forgiven. This binds you to a psychological
  • 3 ask not to be led into temptation—really an injunction against allowing yourself to be tempted—and to be protected from all evil (self-induced included).
  • Salmo. hard to imagine looking God straight in the face and lying—to
  • Islam. the jihad against oneself, called the greater jihad... This is a personal struggle that requires controlling your bodily desires (for money, pleasure, satisfaction) in order to purify your soul. These desires occlude self-knowledge, in our system of logic, by encouraging self-deception.
  • Greek sage Thales once put the general matter succinctly. “Oh master,”he was asked, “what is the most difficult thing to do?”“To know thyself,”he replied. “And the easiest?”“To give advice to others.”
  • Eastern religions also sometimes urge rather extreme systems of physical self-denial
  • INTERCESSORY PRAYER—DOES IT WORK?
  • Then came a multimillion-dollar study, carefully organized with six hospitals in which groups prayed for given patients from the day before they entered surgery until two weeks later, while another group of patients received no such prayer. Meanwhile, some of those being prayed for were told that they were being prayed... no effect whatsoever of intercessory prayer on the outcome... One hypothesis is that when told people are praying for you, you interpret your situation as being more dire than it really is, with associated stress.
  • IMHO. Per ina confutazione vedi Swinburne sullo studio Benson
  • RELIGION AND SUPPORT FOR SUICIDE ATTACKS
  • Religion has an external, social aspect and an internal, contemplative one. Across a variety of suicidal conditions (Palestinian surveys, a hostile prime for Israeli settlers), religious attendance (the social aspect) is positively correlated with support for suicide bombings, but prayer (the contemplative) is not.
  • RELIGION → SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS → WARFARE
  • Religions tend to contribute to war in several ways. They encourage an in-group mentality,
  • But there is one final gift of many religions: self-righteousness.
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RESPONSE TO PLANTINGA’S ARGUMENT FROM “DWINDLING PROBABILITIES di Richard Swinburne

RESPONSE TO PLANTINGA’S ARGUMENT FROM “DWINDLING PROBABILITIES

  • La contestazione a S. : Plantinga claims correctly, we need first bare natural theology to argue for the existence of God (T) on the basis of all our background knowledge (K). Then, as Plantinga represents my style of argument, we must consider the probability, given (T& K), that (A) “God would make some kind of revelation …to humankind”–P( A/ T& K)... (B), “Jesus’s teachings were such that they could be sensibly interpreted and extrapolated to G”... (C) “Jesus rose from the dead”... (D) “In raising Jesus from the dead, God endorsed his teachings”... (E), “Jesus founded a church
  • Conseguenza. So call the probability that God endorsed the extrapolation of Jesus’s teachings in this way, given the previous evidence, P( E/ K& T& A& B& C& D). But to get the probability that G is true by this route on the only evidence we have (K), it is necessary to multiply these probabilities together
  • Esito: At each stage of multiplication, there will be a diminution of probability. Each individual... So the attempt to establish G by historical argument cannot give it a very high probability, not at all the kind of probability we need if we are “to know the great truths of the
  • Precisazione. Now, strictly speaking –as Plantinga acknowledges, but takes no further –P( G/ K) is the sum of the probabilities of the different routes to it. G might be true without some of these intermediate propositions being true.
  • Esempio. Maybe for example, in raising Jesus from the dead, God was not endorsing his teaching –so not-D; but God was endorsing only the teaching of the church which Jesus founded,
  • Regola generale. The more you say, the more you are likely to make a mistake. Yet G may be true without some of these conjuncts being true.
  • 2 repliche.
  • 1 the argument from dwindling probabilities applies, in so far as it does apply, not only to theological arguments, but to any argument of some length in history or science... consider a single page of a serious work of history, about the life of Julius Caesar for example, containing many propositions.
  • 2. My second point against the significance of “dwindling probabilities”is to note that the “dwindling”arises from the fact that in Plantinga’s discussion he supposes that all the evidence is put on the table at the beginning... Ma: as we add each conjunct to the hypothesis, we also add a new piece of evidence . In this way the probability may increase, not decrease.
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Response to a Statistical Study of the Effect of Petitionary Prayer di Richard Swinburne

Response to a Statistical Study of the Effect of Petitionary Prayer di Richard Swinburne

  • Di cosa parliamo. [A large-scale statistical study purporting to show whether petitionary prayer for recovery from illness has any effect, the ‘Benson study’ was published in April 2006.
  • Descrizione. groups.One patient group received intercessory prayer (for an uncomplicated recovery) after being informed that they may or may not receive prayer; one patient group did not receive prayer after being so informed; and one patient group received prayer after being informed that they would receive prayer. Individuals were prayed for by their first names only, and their identity was not known to those praying.
  • Esito. Compications occurred to 52 per cent of the first patient group, to 51 per cent of the second group, and to 59 per cent of the third
  • Teodicea. Although they are intrinsically bad states, pain and disability often serve good purposes for the sufferer and for others.My suffering provides me with the opportunity to show courage and patience.
  • when we pray for another person, God knows far better than we do whether it will be best for that person and others affected by him,
  • secular orientation of the prayer used by those praying in the Benson study 'for a successful surgery with a quick, healthy recovery and no complications'!
  • Fallimenti evcellenti. After all, Christians believe that the salvation of the world was brought about partly by God's failure to answer the prayer of his Son in the Garden of Gethsemane,
  • sometimes, perhaps often, it is equally good that what we should pray for should occur as it should not occur; and that God wants to interact with us by answering our requests, so long as we ask for a right reason.
  • Il sentimento della preghiera. One right reason is that he prays for a particular sufferer out of love and compassion for that sufferer. In the Benson prayer study, the people praying were NOT praying out of love and compassion for the particular sufferer for whom they were praying- they did not even know who that sufferer was.
  • They were praying in order to test a scientific hypothesis. Why should a good God pay any attention to these prayers?
  • Analogia. Suppose that I am a rich man who sometimes gives sums of money to worthy causes. I receive many letters asking me to give such gifts. Some foundation wants to know if there is any point in people writing such letters to me - do they make any difference to whether I give money to this cause or that? I realise that on this occasion, unlike on other occasions, the letter writers have no deep concern for the causes for which they write. So of course on this occasion I pay no attention to the letters.
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giovedì 4 febbraio 2016

Ingegneri ed economisti

Engineers and economists, creators of the modern world. Without either you are in the Stone Age. Add engineers and you get up to North Korea, with its 300 meter high skyscrapers and its atomic bombs (and starving people.) Add engineers and economists and you get to South Korea. 

HL ITALIANO HOME ECONOMICS The Consequences of Changing Family Structure Nick Schulz

HOME ECONOMICS The Consequences of Changing Family Structure Nick Schulz

  • a volte riesci a dire io solo se hai una famiglia o x la tua famiglia... ciò rende chiaro xchè famiglia ed economia (la scienza dell individualismo metodologico) siano tanto legate
  • solidità dell unione coniugale e solidità dell unione nazionale. xchè oggi attribuiamo una differenza tanto marcata alle due cose?
  • pochi matrimoni molti divorzi
  • tesi: la solidità familiare incide sull economia...
  • di solito si evita l argomento x nn infilarsi nel tunnel delle guerre culturali... si liquida dicendo che si tratta di scelte xsonali
  • es. sensibilità al rischio e nascita fuori dal matrimonio
  • ..........
  • something important was often missing from the broader public discussion of economics and economic outcomes: the effects of enormous changes to the structure of American family life
  • Un caso: the creasing frequency of out-of-wedlock birth
  • Tesi: while intact families have always been economically significant, I will argue that they may be more important than ever.
  • Una distinzione impossibile. Like many people who think about the economy, I considered the debates over family structure a cultural issue distinct from economic issues. But over time this bifurcated view became untenable.
  • Un esempio. It became difficult to discuss depressed wages for low-skilled workers without also bringing out-of-wedlock birth rates among lower-class
  • rates of entrepreneurial risk-taking among those raised in intact families
  • L'equivoco: discussing these issues exclusively in moral terms is part of what has turned many people off from wanting to discuss the centrality of family structure. Great numbers of people simply want to avoid awkward talk of what are seen as primarily personal issues
  • Il problema della famiglia. inextricably tied up with the country’s often bitter politics of race, feminism, and sexual politics.
  • La tipica reazione femminista a qs preoccupazioni: “restore the patriarchy to a perceived ’50s-era heyday
  • ......1 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURE?...
  • quanti cittadini di oggi sono cresciuti in una solida famiglia?
  • il matrimonio è ancora forte tra le elites ma arretra presso i meno abbienti e i meno educati
  • matrimoni... divorzi... nati fuori dal matrimonio
  • In 2011, for the first time, fewer than 50 percent of households were made up of married couples.
  • unmarried couples, childless households and single-person households are growing
  • GOING TO THE CHAPEL?
  • marriage is still quite strong in affluent American precincts, but there has been tremendous erosion as one moves down the income and education scale.
  • While just 6 percent of children born to college-educated American mothers are born out of wedlock, the percentage for mothers with no more than a high school education is 44 percent
  • DIVORCE
  • Un disastro economico. But one reason for the decreasing numbers of children affected by divorce—the most important from our Home Ec standpoint—is the increase in out-of-wedlock births.
  • the decline of religiosity has likely corresponded to a weakening in the family
  • 3  THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGING FAMILY STRUCTURE
  • After all, there are many examples of children who grew up with a single parent but went on to be successful and live normal
  • Whatever anecdotes we may find, broader trends show that most of the consequences of unstable home life are negative.
  • Esperti della bancarotta familiare. Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill are two scholars at the Brookings Institution
  • Un libro. Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur: Growing Up with a Single Parent:
  • David Ellwood and Christopher Jencks put it, From an economic perspective, the most troubling feature of family change has been the spread of single motherhood.
  • HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
  • Becker e Coleman.
  • Much crucial human capital is developed when people are young and throughout their adolescence.
  • The family is among the most important institutions for developing human and social capital. The social critic Christopher Lasch vividly describes how the family functions
  • “The union of love and discipline in the same persons. Parents first embody love and power,
  • Human and social capital—including a person’s character, which is shaped by the family—constitutes a crucial part of the skill
  • THE IMPORTANCE OF NONCOGNITIVE SKILLS
  • James Heckman has spent many years studying the importance to economic success of skills, including noncognitive skills. “Families are major producers of skills,” Heckman says.
  • These include the ability to play fairly with others, to delay gratification, to control emotions, to develop and maintain networks of friends and acquaintances, and much more.
  • Inequality in skills and schools is strongly linked to inequality in family environments
  • It is increasingly clear that some noncognitive skills, such as self-control, are not entirely genetic, inborn, or innate
  • Plasticità della volontà. Roy Baumeister and science writer John Tierney
  • ECONOMIC MOBILITY
  • Thomas DeLeire and Leonard Lopoo: the first study . . . that examines how family structure is associated with the income of children when they reach adulthood, separating out the potential influence of parental income. found that “it is not true that parents’ income alone enables children to succeed
  • THE FAMILY AND THE POOR
  • Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times, who has spent years investigating the lives and material conditions of poor people around the world, writes, “Liberals sometimes feel that it is narrow-minded to favor traditional marriage. Over time, my reporting on poverty has led me to disagree: Solid marriages have a huge beneficial impact on the lives of the poor
  • ......4  THE LONG SHADOW OF THE MOYNIHAN REPORT
  • monyhan: il problema è la famiglia... lui parlava dei negri
  • scoperta: + occupazione ma anche + ricorso al welfare... xchè?
  • nemici della diaagnosi: femministe... si accusano le libertà femminili
  • civil right: ci si distrae dal problema di fondo
  • il problema: tolleranza e librrtà xsonale sono valori irrinunciabili ma  che aggravano la situazione della famiglia
  • Heckman has long been an advocate of large state interventions aimed at helping at-risk children. Specifically, he advocates “large investments in early childhood education
  • Ma l'agensa H.  ha subito duri colpi. those who were part of the program still had out-of-wedlock birth rates well over 50 percent.
  • Inoltre: interventions Heckman and others are talking about are invasive.
  • STRENGTHENING INTACT FAMILIES. POLICY
  • For example, one idea is to tax divorce
  • Another idea is to use policy to delay divorce.
  • Leah Ward Sears and William J. Doherty: New research shows that about 40 percent of US couples already well into the divorce process say that one or both of them are interested in the possibility of reconciliation.
  • To address out-of-wedlock birth rates, what about ensuring that Americans, particularly the poor and middle class, have greater access to pregnancy control technologies? Sara McLanahan
  • McLanahan also advocates marriage education and preparation programs that might help strengthen marriages
  • develop family-friendly tax policies, such as expanding child tax credits. IMHO: diminuire la progressività delle aliquote (al fine di non penalizzare le famiglie monoreddito)
  • THE LIMITS OF POLICY
  • David Brooks: “influence of politics and policy is usually swamped by the influence of culture, ethnicity, psychology and a dozen other factors.”
  • 6  HUMAN CAPITAL, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND CHARACTER
  • How might the government of a free society reshape the core values of its people and still leave them free?
  • one of the chief mechanisms for inculcating that soft capital, the family, has weakened
  • THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
  • To have good character means at least two things: empathy and self-control.
  • James Q. Wilson said:  We see this when parents insist a child do his homework or practice piano instead of watching television, run with a well-behaved crowd
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Avoid News Towards a Healthy News Diet By Rolf Dobelli

Avoid News Towards a Healthy News Diet By Rolf Dobelli

  • Il problema: We are so well informed and yet we know so little. Why?
  • In the past few decades, the fortunate among us have recognized the hazards of living with an overabundance of food (obesity, diabetes) and have started to shift our diets. But most of us do not yet understand that news is to the mind what sugar is to the body.
  • Un'esperienza personale. I have now gone without news for a year, so I can see, feel and report the effects of this freedom first hand: less disruption, more time, less anxiety, deeper thinking, more insights.
  • No 1 –News misleads us
  • systematically News reports do not represent the real world. Our brains are wired to pay attention to visible, large, scandalous, sensational, shocking,
  • Esempio. Take the following event. A car drives over a bridge, and the bridge collapses. What does the news media focus on? On the car. On the person in the car. Where he came from. Where he planned to go. How he experienced the crash (if he survived). What kind of person he is (was). But –that is all completely irrelevant. What’s relevant? The structural stability of the bridge.
  • Terrorism is overrated. Chronic stress is underrated. •The collapse of Lehman Brothers is overrated. Fiscal irresponsibility is underrated. •Astronauts are overrated. Nurses are underrated. •Britney Spears is overrated. IPCC reports are underrated. •Airplane crashes are overrated. Resistance to antibiotics is underrated.
  • No 2 –News is irrelevant
  • Out of the approximately 10,000 news stories you have read in the last 12 months, name one that –because you consumed it –allowed you to make a better decision
  • At its best, it is entertaining, but it is still irrelevant.
  • Esempio. In 1914, the news story about the assassination in Sarajevo dwarfed all other reports in terms of its global significance.
  • The first Internet browser debuted in 1995. The public birth of this hugely relevant piece of software barely made it into the press despite its vast future impact.
  • No 3 – News limits understanding
  • News organizations pride themselves on correctly reporting the facts, but the facts that they prize are just epiphenomena of deeper causes.
  • Il difetto di ciò che conta. The important stories are non-stories:
  • No evidence exists to indicate that information junkies are better decision makers.
  • No 4 –News is toxic to your body
  • Stress cronico. News constantly triggers the limbic system. Panicky stories spur the release of cascades of glucocordicoid (cortisol). This deregulates your immune system and inhibits the release of growth hormones. 
  • No 5 –News massively increases cognitive errors
  • News feeds the mother of all cognitive errors: confirmation bias. We automatically, systematically filter out evidence that contradicts our preconceptions
  • exacerbates another cognitive error: the story bias. Our brains crave stories that “make sense”– even if they don’t correspond to reality.
  • This reminds me of high school. My history textbook specified seven reasons (not six, not eight) why the French Revolution erupted. The fact is, we don’t know why the French Revolution broke out.
  • No 6 –News inhibits thinking
  • Thinking requires concentration. Concentration requires uninterrupted time. News items are like free-floating radicals that interfere with clear thinking.
  • In a 2001 study1 two scholars in Canada showed that comprehension declines as the number of hyperlinks in a document increase.
  • No 7 –News changes the structure of your brain
  • News works like a drug. As stories develop, we naturally want to know how they continue.
  • The human brain is highly plastic. Nerve cells routinely break old connections and form new ones. When we adapt to a new cultural phenomenon, including the consumption of news, we end up with a different brain. Adaptation to news occurs at a biological level. News reprograms us. Most news consumers –even if they used to be avid book readers –have lost the ability to read and absorb lengthy articles or books.
  • Michael Merzenich (University of California, San Francisco), a pioneer in the field of neuroplasticity: “We are training our brains to pay attention to the crap.”Deep reading is indistinguishable from deep thinking.
  • No 8 – News is costly
  • News taxes productivity three ways:
  • First, count the consumption-time that news demands.
  • Second, tally up the refocusing time – or switching cost.
  • Third, news distracts us even hours after we’ve digested today’s hot items. News stories and images may pop into your mind hours, sometimes days later,
  • No 9 – News sunders the relationship between reputation and achievement
  • Fame is misleading because generally people become famous for reasons that have little relevance to our lives.
  • No 10 – News is produced by journalists
  • My estimate: fewer than 10% of the news stories are original. Less than 1% are truly investigative.
  • No 11 – Reported facts are sometimes wrong,
  • Today, the fact checker is an endangered species at most news companies
  • No 12 – News is manipulative
  • Our evolutionary past has equipped us with a good bullshit detector for face-to-face interactions.
  • Stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers (advertising bias) or the owners of the media (corporate bias), and each media outlet has a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone (mainstream bias).
  • No 13 –News makes us passive
  • News stories are overwhelmingly about things you cannot influence. This sets readers up to have a fatalistic outlook on the world.
  • Una teoria della depressione. Viewed on a timeline, the spread of depression coincides almost perfectly with the growth and maturity of the mass media.
  • 14 –News gives us the illusion of caring
  • “We may want to believe that we are still concerned. We sing “We Are the World”
  • No 15 – News kills creativity
  • Things we already know limit our creativity. This is one reason that mathematicians, novelists, composers and entrepreneurs often produce their most creative works at a young age.
  • Fatti. I don’t know a single truly creative mind who is a news junkie. On the other hand, I know a whole bunch of viciously uncreative minds who consume news like drugs.
  • Policy. What to do instead Go without news. Cut it out completely. Go cold turkey. glance through the summary page of the Economist once a week. Go for magazines that connect the dots
  • Morale. Society needs journalism – but in a different way. Investigative journalism is relevant in any society.
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