Visualizzazione post con etichetta carcere. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta carcere. Mostra tutti i post

venerdì 21 aprile 2017

In galera!

In USA le prigioni scoppiano. Nessun paese occidentale ha tanta gente in carcere, quasi tutti neri.
Che fare?
E’ una fortuna che possa dire la sua uno studioso come James Wilson il cui saggio “Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison” è mirato su queste questioni.
***
Gli americani sono una nazione di “racist jailer”?
Sembrerebbe di sì. Per molti, infatti, gli USA sono un ambiente perverso dove predomina l’avidità che corrompe i caratteri e induce in tentazione. In questo senso le vittime sono colpite da criminali che sono a loro volta vittime del “sistema”.
Uscire da questa situazione è estremamente problematico. Perché? Perché il carcere funziona.
Se c’è un fenomeno sociale  che attrae come mosche criminologi, sociologi ed economisti è il crollo del crimine USA dagli anni novanta in poi.
Ormai è abbastanza pacifico che la carcerazione di massa sia tra la cause principali. Basta il buon senso a capire che se tutti i criminali stanno dentro le strade sono più sicure…
… Let me summarize what Daniel Nagin, David Farrington, Patrick Langan, Steven Levitt, and William Spelman have shown. Other things being equal, a higher risk of punishment reduces crime rates…
Sembra un paradosso ma oggi gli USA appaiono dalle statistiche un paese più sicuro dell’ Europa
… the results of prison in America: It helps explain why this country has a lower rate of burglary than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, Germany, and the Netherlands, and a lower rate of auto theft than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, and Sweden. On the other hand, America’s homicide rate remains much higher than in those nations. America is more punitive, but except for homicide, it is also safer…
Problema morale: ma la sicurezza puo’ essere barattata con la carcerazione di massa?…
… The key moral and political question is whether our greater personal safety is worth our greater use of prison…
C’è poi un problema collaterale, quello razzista. Tuttavia, il movente razzista sembrerebbe da escludere…
… Racism exists here, but it cannot account for the fact that the racial identity of people who commit assaults and robberies is almost exactly the same as the racial identity of people who go to prison for those crimes…
Del resto i neri sono anche i primi beneficiari della criminalità domata (visto che erano le vittime più frequenti).
***
Per capire come mai tanta gente è in galera giova chiedersi come mai la prevalenza sia nera…
… My research, like that of Orlando Patterson and others, suggests that slavery and Reconstruction deeply harmed African American culture by making intact families rare and denying to black victims the same degree of police protection that was afforded to whites… many black children have grown up in father-absent families… imprisonment for African Americans is a wake up call for our historical failure to incorporate them into a functioning and constructive culture…
La risposta più plausibile: la cultura nera è stata spappolata dallo schiavismo, in particolare la cultura della famiglia. La famiglia nera disgregata è sempre stata  la regola, una frazione altissima di ragazzi è cresciuta senza un padre. 
***
La riabilitazione in carcere non funziona. Definirla “tempo perso” è una mancanza di rispetto ma…
… the gains, on the average, are small: recidivism rates are reduced by about 10 percent. Since two-thirds of all ex-cons commits a new offense within three years, a 10 percent reduction is not very much…
Se solo sapessimo rendere meno attrattive le gang di strada.
Ma le gang di strada sono la famiglia che molti giovani neri non hanno.
Il rimedio più promettente consiste nella prevenzione: investire sui piccoli neri in situazioni incasinate…
… The best approach is to invest in crime prevention programs aimed at young children. Careful evaluations show that such efforts exist. They include the Perry Pre-School program, nurse home visitations, various parent-child training programs, and certain school-based programs…
Nidi e scuole materne di qualità giovano ma giovano soprattutto a questi soggetti.
Il che non toglie che la ricetta abbia problemi: innanzitutto è costosa
… many of the best prevention programs cost a lot of money for each child…
Poi funziona a livello sperimentale, una volta che se ne saranno impossessati i burocrati ogni dubbio è lecito…
… the programs that work are typically small, intense efforts that may or may not work if they are scaled up to be state-wide…
In terzo luogo, le distorsioni derivanti dalla inevitabile politicizzazione del programma rischiano di comprometterne ad ogni passo l’efficacia…
… Third, good programs often lose out to bad ones because the latter, though equally devoted to prevention, lack supportive evidence but have political muscle…
Chi si oppone insistendo su una fantomatica riabilitazione dovrebbe a questo punto specificare i programmi che funzionano…
… If it is rehabilitation, I hope he will explain what rehabilitative programs exist that can reduce recidivism by more than small amounts…
Anche i programmi di lavoro in carcere sono palliativi dall’efficacia ridottissima…
… post-prison employment programs have only a small effect on recidivism, but he defends them by saying that prison also has only a modest effect on recidivism. He is correct, but he neglects the deterrent effect of prison…
Allora meglio il carcere duro, almeno si garantisce l’effetto deterrenza (che abbiamo visto esistere).
La riabilitazione, oltre a non funzionare, mina la funzione retributiva della pena, forse la più importante in termini di giustizia: come giudichereste il vostro stupratore al lavoro in cooperativa anziché dietro le sbarre?…
… prison also has a retributive effect: people, especially victims of crime, want the wrongdoer to be punished… Suppose a woman has been raped. Would she be satisfied with sending the rapist to an employment program? I doubt it…

mercoledì 29 marzo 2017

Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson

Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson
riccardo-mariani@libero.it
Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2017). Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison james wilson [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 1
Addressing the Problems that Lead to Prison By James Q. Wilson
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 7
large fraction of our citizens,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
a nation of “racist jailers”
Nota - Posizione 9
PER ALCUNI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 9
“greed-driven economy”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 10
“so-called underclass”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 11
net benefits to ‘society’ of greater incarceration.”
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 13
Let me summarize what Daniel Nagin, David Farrington, Patrick Langan, Steven Levitt, and William Spelman have shown. Other things being equal, a higher risk of punishment reduces crime rates.
Nota - Posizione 14
PURTROPPO IL CARCERE FUNZIONA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 19
the results of prison in America: It helps explain why this country has a lower rate of burglary than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, Germany, and the Netherlands, and a lower rate of auto theft than Australia, Austria, Canada, England, and Sweden. On the other hand, America’s homicide rate remains much higher than in those nations. America is more punitive, but except for homicide, it is also safer.
Nota - Posizione 21
EFFETTO DEL CARCERE USA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 23
The key moral and political question is whether our greater personal safety is worth our greater use of prison.
Nota - Posizione 23
LA QUESTIONE MORALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 25
Racism exists here, but it cannot account for the fact that the racial identity of people who commit assaults and robberies is almost exactly the same as the racial identity of people who go to prison for those crimes.
Nota - Posizione 27
RAZZISMO? NO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 30
why blacks
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 31
My research, like that of Orlando Patterson and others, suggests that slavery and Reconstruction deeply harmed African American culture by making intact families rare and denying to black victims the same degree of police protection that was afforded to whites.
Nota - Posizione 32
WHY BLACK?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 33
many black children have grown up in father-absent families.
Nota - Posizione 34
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
imprisonment for African Americans is a wake up call for our historical failure to incorporate them into a functioning and constructive culture.
Nota - Posizione 37
c
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 39
the gains, on the average, are small: recidivism rates are reduced by about 10 percent. Since two-thirds of all ex-cons commits a new offense within three years, a 10 percent reduction is not very much.
Nota - Posizione 41
RIABILITAZIONE? FUNZIONA POCO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
If we knew how to make street gangs less attractive
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 44
The best approach is to invest in crime prevention programs aimed at young children. Careful evaluations show that such efforts exist. They include the Perry Pre-School program, nurse home visitations, various parent-child training programs, and certain school-based programs.
Nota - Posizione 46
INVESTIRE SUI PICCOLI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 48
many of the best prevention programs cost a lot of money for each child,
Nota - Posizione 49
PROBLEMA COSTI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 51
the programs that work are typically small, intense efforts that may or may not work if they are scaled up to be state-wide
Nota - Posizione 52
PROBLEMA SCALE UP
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 52
Third, good programs often lose out to bad ones because the latter, though equally devoted to prevention, lack supportive evidence but have political muscle.
Nota - Posizione 53
PROBLEMA DISTORSIONI POLITICHE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 63
Talk about Policy, Please
Nota - Posizione 63
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 68
Glenn Loury acknowledges that imprisonment in America reduces crime but dislikes imprisonment despite this. I look forward to learning what he would put in its place. If it is rehabilitation, I hope he will explain what rehabilitative programs exist that can reduce recidivism by more than small amounts.
Nota - Posizione 69
RIABILITAZIONE INEFFICACE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
ignore policy,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 74
Punishment versus Probation By James Q. Wilson
Nota - Posizione 77
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 79
post-prison employment programs have only a small effect on recidivism, but he defends them by saying that prison also has only a modest effect on recidivism. He is correct, but he neglects the deterrent effect of prison
Nota - Posizione 79
LAVORO. POCO EFFICACE
Nota - Posizione 80
ALLORA MEGLIO IL CARCERE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 82
prison also has a retributive effect: people, especially victims of crime, want the wrongdoer to be punished.
Nota - Posizione 83
PRIGIONE HA ANCHE EFFETTO RETRIBUTIVO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 86
Retribution’s Legitimacy By James Q. Wilson
Nota - Posizione 90
t
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 102
Suppose a woman has been raped. Would she be satisfied with sending the rapist to an employment program? I doubt it.
Nota - Posizione 103
RETRIBUZ

sabato 27 agosto 2016

ch 8 Landsburg sulla carcerazione preventiva

Read more at location 1514
Note: 8@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
It is a recurring American nightmare: The accused criminal out on bail commits a grisly murder while awaiting trial.Read more at location 1514
Note: INCUBO Edit
There are two separate problems here. The first is to decide where we stand regarding the trade-off between public safety and rights of the accused.Read more at location 1516
Note: PRIMO PROBLEMA Edit
The second problem, once the legislature has agreed on a standard, is to induce judges to abide by it.Read more at location 1519
Note: SEVONFONPROBLEMA GIUDICI Edit
Judges will begin to have the right incentives when we make them personally liable for criminal damage done by the defendants they release.Read more at location 1522
Note: IL GIUSTO INCENTIVO Edit
Judges would be loath to release those defendants whom they believe to be the most dangerous. Unfortunately, they would be loath to release any defendants. So I propose a simultaneous countervailing incentive in the form of a cash bounty to the judge for each defendant he releases.Read more at location 1523
Note: TAGLIA Edit
Whether judges would release more or fewer defendants than they do today would depend on the size of the cash bounty, which could be adjusted to reflect the wishes of the legislature.Read more at location 1525
Note: PROPORZIONI Edit
The advantage of my proposal is not its effect on the number of defendants who are granted bail but its effect on which defendants are granted bail.Read more at location 1526
Note: QUALI Edit
My proposal's second advantage is that it would encourage clarity. Through ongoing debate about adjustments to the cash bounty, legislators would be forced to take unambiguous stands on fundamental issues of safety versus freedom.Read more at location 1529
Note: CHIAREZZA Edit
You might object that we should not trivialize a complex issue by asking legislators to commit themselves to a single number. I respond that they commit themselves to a single number already.Read more at location 1531
Note: LA CLASSICAVOBIEZIONE Edit