73 THE ORIGINAL POSITION AND END-RESULT PRINCIPLES - Anarchy, State, and Utopia by Robert Nozick

73 THE ORIGINAL POSITION AND END-RESULT PRINCIPLES - Anarchy, State, and Utopia by Robert Nozick - distribuirelamanna nessundirittonellaposizioneorifinale merocalcolo

THE ORIGINAL POSITION AND END-RESULT PRINCIPLESRead more at location 3928

Note: 73@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit

Imagine a social pie somehow appearing so that no one has any claim at all on any portion of it, no one has any more of a claim than any other person; yet there must be unanimous agreement on how it is to be divided.Read more at location 3929

Note: LA TORTA Edit

If things fell from heaven like manna, and no one had any special entitlement to any portion of it, and no manna would fall unless all agreed to a particular distribution, and somehow the quantity varied depending on the distribution, then it is plausible to claim that persons placed so that they couldn’t make threats, or hold out for specially large shares, would agree to the difference principle rule of distribution. But is this the appropriate model for thinking about how the things people produce are to be distributed?Read more at location 3939

Note: DISTRIBUIRE LA MANNA POOVUTA DAL CIELO Edit

For people meeting together behind a veil of ignorance to decide who gets what, knowing nothing about any special entitlements people may have, will treat anything to be distributed as manna from heaven.Read more at location 3948

Add a note

Suppose there were a group of students who have studied during a year, taken examinations, and received grades between o and 100 which they have not yet learned of. They are now gathered together, having no idea of the grade any one of them has received, and they are asked to allocate gradesRead more at location 3951

Note: STUDENTI E VOTI Edit

they probably would agree to each person receiving the same grade,Read more at location 3955

Add a note

Suppose next that there is posted on a bulletin board at their meeting a paper headed ENTITLEMENTS, which lists each person’s name with a grade next to it,Read more at location 3957

Note: CIRVOLARE COI VOTI Edit

the total was variable depending upon how they divided it,Read more at location 3964

Add a note

then the principle of distributing grades so as to maximize the lowest grades might seem a plausible one.Read more at location 3966

Note: MAXMIN PLAUSIBILE. Edit

Grades, under the historical principle, depend upon nature and developed intelligence, how hard the people have worked, accident, and so on, factors about which people in the original position know almost nothing.Read more at location 3974

Add a note

Each person in the original position will do something like assigning probability distributions to his place along these various dimensions. It seems unlikely that each person’s probability calculations would lead to the historical-entitlement principle,Read more at location 3977

Note: ACCORDO TEORICO DIVERSO DALL EFFETTIVO Edit

Any probability calculations of self-interested persons in Rawls’ original position, or any probability calculations of the students we have considered, will lead them to view the entitlement and the reverse-entitlement principles as ranked equally insofar as their own self-interest is concerned!Read more at location 3982

Note: MERITO E ANTIMERITO PARI SONO NELLA P.O. Edit

The nature of the decision problem facing persons deciding upon principles in an original position behind a veil of ignorance limits them to end-state principles of distribution.Read more at location 3985

Note: DIETRO IL VELO CONTA SOLO IL RISULTATO Edit

Thus for any principle, an occupant of the original position will focus on the distribution D of goodsRead more at location 3989

Add a note

In these calculations, the only role played by the principle is that of generating a distribution of goodsRead more at location 3992

Note: È VERA GIIUSTIZIA QUELLA DELLA P.O.? Edit

Different principles are compared solely by comparing the alternative distributions they generate.Read more at location 3994

Add a note

The fundamental principles they agree to, the ones they can all converge in agreeing upon, must be end-state principles.Read more at location 3997

Add a note

Rawls’ construction is incapable of yielding an entitlement or historical conception of distributive justice.Read more at location 3998

Note: INCOMPATIBILITÀ DI RAWLS CON I DIRITTI Edit

attempt to derive, when conjoined with factual information, historical-entitlement principles, as derivative principles falling under a nonentitlement conception of justice.Read more at location 4000

Add a note

And any derivations from end-state principles of approximations of the principles of acquisition, transfer, and rectification would strike one as similar to utilitarian contortions in trying to derive (approximations of) usual precepts of justice;Read more at location 4002

Note: SOMIGLIANZA CON LE CONTORSIONI UTILITARISTE Edit

It might be objected to our argument that Rawls’ procedure is designed to establish all facts about justice; there is no independent notion of entitlement, not provided by his theory, to stand on in criticizing his theory.Read more at location 4008

Note: RISPOSTA: MA A CHE SERVE AVERE DIRITTI? Edit

If any such fundamental historical-entitlement view is correct, then Rawls’ theory is not.Read more at location 4011

Note: SE I DIRITTI ESISTONO ALLORA RAWLS HA TORTO Edit

the veil of ignorance,Read more at location 4021

Note: EFFETTI DEL VELO Edit

prevent someone from tailoring principles to his own advantage, from designing principles to favor his particular condition. But not only does the veil of ignorance do this; it ensures that no shadow of entitlement considerations will enter the rational calculations

Ucraina e Putin

• Putin ends the interregnum
• Nuova era. Having flipped the global chessboard with his annexation of the Crimea and an undeclared war against Ukraine... inaugurated a new era in global politics.
• It is also quite natural that the political forces that have grown accustomed to the status quo will try to look to the past for answers to new challenges—this is precisely what those who were unprepared for a challenge always do.
• Ian Bremmer on Ukraine, and an observation on Putin’s food import ban
• Putin’s Plan A: Long game, squeeze Ukraine,
• Plan B: Invade
• Putin is suspending food imports from parts of the West ... Putin is signaling to the Russian economy that it needs to get used to some fairly serious conditions of siege... Or is Putin instead trying to signal to the outside world that he is signaling “siege” to his own economy?
• *Ukraine: What Went Wrong With It and How to Fix It*
• Anders Aslund
• 80 percent of Ukrainian youth receive higher education of some kind.
• Ukraine has the world’s highest rate of pension expenditures
• “No economy has fared as poorly in peacetime as Ukraine did from 1989 to 1999.... offset by the growth of black markets.
• 6. Crimea is no longer included in Ukraine’s formal measure of gdp,
• Might this help explain Russia and Ukraine?
• why countries sometimes invade their neighbors,
• In the presence of an inspiring foreign regime, repressive elites fear that their citizens emulate the foreign example and revolt. As a result, a dictator starts a war against an attractive foreign regime, seeking to destroy this alternative model. Such wars are particularly likely when there are strong religious, ethnic or cultural ties between the dictator’s opposition and the inspiring country
• Russian invasion of Hungary in 1849.
• Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia.
• the Iran-Iraq War (1980-8).
• A simple Bayesian updating on Ukraine
• Putin didn’t carve off the eastern parts of the country, although he could have. I now infer he wishes to take the whole thing.
• How much do Americans know about Ukraine?
• The farther their guesses were from Ukraine’s actual location, the more they wanted the U.S. to intervene with military force.
• “Why has Ukraine returned to economic growth?”(wheel of fortune)
• It was hopelessly corrupt, market reforms were generally tardy and unfinished, the budget deficit was larger than the available financing, non-payments and arrears were rife. It is, therefore, all the more surprising that this country is currently experiencing an extraordinary economic surge, with industrial and agricultural production skyrocketing.
• Ukraine vs. Argentina, which country is more likely to default?
• The difference between Ukraine and Argentina probably says something about the importance of willingness to pay versus ability to pay and willingness to pay is what really matters.
• Modeling Vladimir Putin
• Opzioni
• 1. Putin is a crazy hothead who is not even procedurally rational.
• 2. Putin is rational, in the Mises-Robbins sense of instrumental means-ends rationality, namely that he has some reason for what he does. He simply wills evil ends, namely the extension of Russian state power and his own power as well.
• 3. Putin is fully rational in the procedural sense, namely that he calculates very well and pursues his evil ends effectively. In #2 he is Austrian but in #3 he is neoclassical and Lucasian too.
• 4. Putin lives in a world where power is so much the calculus... that traditional means-ends relationships are not easy to define.... It is hard for we peons to grasp the emotional resonance that power has for Putin... This account of a several-hour dinner with Putin says he is prideful, resentful of domination, and hardly ever laughs.
• My views are a mix of #2 and #4. He is rational, far from perfect in his decision-making, and has a calculus which we find hard to emotionally internalize.
• resentments make him powerful, and give him precommitment technologies, but also blind him to the true Lucasian model of global geopolitics, which suggests among other things that a Eurasian empire for Russia is still a pathetic idea.
• Under #1 you should worry about major wars. With my mix of #2 and #4, I do not expect a massive conflagration, but neither do I think he will stop. I expect he keep the West distracted

Kilovoter

https://www.overcomingbias.com/2016/03/what-price-kilo-votes.html

• Un modo semplice per dimostrare che chi vota non è interessato alle  conseguenze del suo atto.
• Imagine that at every U.S. presidential election, the system randomly picked one random U.S. voter and asked them to pay a fee to become a “kilo-voter.” Come election day, if there is a kilo-voter then the election system officially tosses sixteen fair coins. If all sixteen coins come up heads, the kilo-voter’s vote decides the election. If not, or if there is no kilo-voter, the election is decided as usual via ordinary votes. The kilo-voter only gets to pick between Democrat and Republican nominees, and no one ever learns that they were the kilo-voter that year
• if it takes you at least a half hour to get to the voting booth and back, and to think beforehand about your vote, and if you make the average U.S. hourly wage of $20, then voting costs you at least $10. In this case you should be willing to pay at least $10,000 to become a super-voter, if you are offered the option. Me, I very much doubt that typical voters would pay $10,000 to become secret kilo-voters.
• My conclusion: we don’t mainly vote to change the outcome.

Finanza e civiltà

http://www.amazon.com/Money-Changes-Everything-Civilization-Possible/dp/0691143781/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1459300615&sr=1-1&keywords=money+changes+everything/marginalrevol-20

Does Science Need Philosophy?

Does Science Need Philosophy? Why the “Gotcha” Argument Fails | Bleeding Heart Libertarians: "A: “Science doesn’t need philosophy! Science gets by on its own.”
B: “Why is science worth doing?”
A: “Well…”
B: “And you’re doing philosophy!”"



'via Blog this'



A: “Science doesn’t need philosophy! Science gets by on its own.”
B: “Why is science worth doing?”
A: “Well…”
B: “And you’re doing philosophy!”

Intervento di Caplan che equipara la filosofia al senso comune:

A: "Science doesn't need common sense! Science gets by on its own."
B: "How do you know that the universe is uniform? How do you know that the scientific laws won't just change tomorrow for no reason? How do you know that just because past electrons have all behaved one way that future electrons will behave the same way? How do you know that your experiments aren't modifying the behavior of the things you observe in such a way that makes your conclusions irrelevant for predicting outside behavior? How do you know..."
A: "Well..."
B: "And you're relying on common sense!"
B: "Ok, you got me. Those are interesting questions and science itself doesn't really answer them. So, does common sense have good answers to these questions? Have they solved these problems?"
A: "Basically.  Common sense affirms all the assumptions science takes for granted: The uniformity of nature.  The stability of causal laws over time.  The existence of the physical world, the validity of sense perception, the reliability of human reason, and so on."
B: "But what about all the common-sense claims science has refuted?"
A: "Science only achieves this by using more fundamental common-sense claims to undermine less fundamental common-sense claims.  For example, the validity of sense perception is a more fundamental common-sense principle than the apparent flatness of the Earth.  So when observations show the Earth is round, the common-sense response is to change our mind about the shape of the Earth, not the validity of the senses.  The same goes for, say, special relativity.  It's weird, but it's what our eyes tell us when we scrupulously measure."
B:

Labor Market Rigidity and the Disaffection of European Muslim Youth by Alex Tabarrok

• the Pew Research Center found that Muslim Americans are “highly assimilated into American society and . . . largely content with their lives.” More than 80 percent of US Muslims expressed satisfaction with life in America, and 63 percent said they felt no conflict “between being a devout Muslim and living in a modern society.” The rates at which they participate in various everyday American activities — from following local sports teams to watching entertainment TV — are similar to those of the American public generally. Half of all Muslim immigrants display the US flag at home, in the office, or on their car. 
•  One reason is the greater flexibility of American labor markets compared to those in Europe. Institutions that make it more difficult to hire and fire workers or adjust wages can increase unemployment and reduce employment, especially among immigrant youth...Huber, for example...The problem of labor market rigidity is especially acute in Belgium where the differences between native and immigrant unemployment, employment and wages are among the highest in the OECD...