lunedì 23 gennaio 2017

HL 18 SCIENCE - The Tyranny of Clichés: How Liberals Cheat in the War of Ideas by Jonah Goldberg

18 SCIENCERead more at location 3488
Note: Quanta ideologia si traveste da scienza? Tanta... "Sono fatti così". Sto parlando dei neri, delle donne, degli omosessuali o dei conservatori? A seconda posso essere un razzista, un sessista, un curioso o uno scienziato sociale... Diffida di quelli a cui "interessano i fatti"... Due tipi di "scienza": quella in "cattiva fede" e quela in "buona fede selettiva"... Come si capisce se possiedi una mente pro science? Semplice, basta qualche domandina sull'evoluzione, su cosa ne pensi del cambiamento climatico o delle cellule embrionali. Perchè nn chiedere nulla sull'ereditarietà dell'intelligenza? O sul dolore fetale? O sulla distribuzione delle abilità cognitive tra i sessi? O sul geoegineering? O sull'energia nucleare? O sugli OGM?... La vicenda di Larry Summers. Ottimo esempio di come il dibattito debba essere soffocato in fretta e furia... E la scienza di Obama? Doveva essere il suo fiore all'occhiello quando poi si affrontò la questione delle trivellazioni petrolifere: balle e censure fioccarono da tutte le parti... In realtà la scienza è vista sia dalla destra che dalla sinistra come un mezzo x avvalorare le proprie posizioni.. L'accusa di essere anti scienza accampando motivazioni etiche mescola i puani: nessuno vuole bloccare i piromani xchè crede che il fuoco nn bruci... I vecchi misuratori dei crani sono stati rimpiazzati dagli scanner cerebrali ma le inferenze infondate sono sempre lì... Psicologia sociale: si fa un esperimento, per altro con campione ridotto, si isola una correlazione significativa e si formula un'ipotesi tra le tante possibili che viene poi ripresa dai giornali... Ipotesi ricorrente: quelli di destra sono più stupidi. Ipotesi alternativa: quelli di destra sono meno deferenti rispetto all'autorotà accademica, quelli di sinistra sono + proni ad assecondare i loro inquisitori. Oppure a ds ci si chiede "dove cazzo vogliono arrivare con tutte ste domande sceme"… Chi conduce qs esperimenti? Di solito un ricrrcatore di psicologia sociale, ovvero di una facoltá in cui il 96% dei prof. vota a sinistra... L'uomo di destra UD è spesso accusato di credere di avere "Dio dalla sua parte". Ma l'US nn è molto diverso quando sostituisce le scienze sociali a Dio... Scientismo: l'assunto che la scienza possa essere applicata a qualsiasi ambito della vita e che la fede sia sempre un'intrusa. Un atteggiamento che rivela una grande nostalgia di Dio... L'esempio più noto di scientismo: il marxismo. L'intellettuale come prete con il dio della scienza dalla sua parte... Theodore Adorno: essere di destra denota una tara mentale... Nei test adorniani per "misurare" il fascismo di una xsona la fede e il rispetto delle tradizioni erano considerate tra le cause di fascismo. Adorno vedeva un nesso tra la famiglia tedesca e il nazismo... Adorno influenzó l'accademia americana, ben presto l'inclinazione politica venne fatta risalire alla struttura psicologica. Ben presto il conservatore assurse al rango di tarato... Alle elezioni presidenziali nn manca mai l'appello degli psicologi: XY (ovvero il candidato americano) nn è psicologicamente adatto... Non opporsi alle diseguaglianze e rintracciare del buono nel passato vengono considerati difetti mentali. Hitler, Mussolini e Reagan vengono assimilati nello stesso minestrone. Stalin e Castro? Conservatori anche loro per far quadrare i conti... La psicologia influenza senz'altro l'ideologia ma le causalità grossolane della pseudoscienza al servizio della politica vanno denunciate: il mercato è la più potente forma di cambiamento e chi lo invoca? La destra, guarda caso... Sospetto: come mai la stragrande maggioranza delle ricerche si focalizza sul Conservatore di Destra? Assunzione implicita: uomo di sinistra = uomo normale... Per Kanazawa US è un tipo genetico nuovo: si preoccupa degli altri, anche se nn sono parenti. Questo tipo genetico prevale x la sua intelligenza... Kanazawa: US, grazie alla sua intelligenza superiore, controlla ormai tutte le istituzioni, eccezion fatta x il business. È un'eccezione nn da poco. Ma soprattutto riguarda un'area che nn consente barriere ideologiche... E i cristiani? per K. dovrebbero essere degli US eppure vengono esclusi e nn occupano un bel niente. Una confrrma che l'ideologia pesa più dell'intelligenza... E i neri? Anche loro sono sottorappresentati nelle istituzioni. Forse perchè sono ottusi?... Andiamo a vedere l'orientamento politico di chi popola le Università. Ebbene, possiamo fidarci di cosa ci raccontano certe ricerche? Meglio andarci coi piedi di piombo... Simpatizzarr x le nuove idee nn è un merito a prescindrre. Quando si rivelano sbagiate? aUn bilancio al netto degli erreori è difficile da fare. E poi lo scetticismo nn è forse indice di mentalità scientifica?... US teme le speculazioni sulle diffrrenze genetiche tra razze e sessi, ma quando si tratta di ideologia si lancia alla grande... Ma xchè tutto qs? Semplice: meglio delegittimare l'avversario che rispondergli... Naturalmente il classico US pro science di sciena ci capisce ben poco ma è pronto a fidarsi dell'esperto di turno, che nel 90% dei casi è un US anche lui, ma qs nn conta: la scienza è scienzs! Lo stato dell'arte negli studi che collegano personalità e ideologia, quelli seri. L' uomo di sinistra US non è più intelligente dell'uomo di destra UD, cominciamo con lo sfatare questo mito, è cruciale distinguere gli ambiti in due sfere: economica (E) e sociale (S). USS sembra leggermente più intelligente di UDS mentre UDE sembra più intelligente di USE. D'altro canto, se consideriamo il meglio, USS sembrerebbe più curioso, il che lo indirizza verso gli studi accademici mentre UDE è più attratto dal business. Senonché nel mondo accademico, diversamente che nel mondo del business, esistono accessi per cooptazione, ovvero su base ideologica, cosicché UD trova un clima ostile se non addirittura ostracismo, il che, in presenza di preferenze già orientate altarove, induce facilmente alla rinuncia... 18@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
They do that because they were born that way.” If you say that about homosexuals, you are tolerant and realistic. If you say it about blacks, you are racist (unless you’re black). If you say it about Jews, you’re anti-Semitic, unless it’s in the context of criticizing Israel, in which case you’re simply telling “hard truths” everyone else is afraid to say. If you say it about women, you may or may not be sexist, depending on who is manning (er, Womanning) the feminist battle stations at the moment. If you say it about men, you just might be a writer for Esquire. But if you say it about conservatives, you’re a scientist.Read more at location 3517
Note: x LA SIENZA PROGR SU NERI E GAY Edit
From climate change to embryonic stem cell research to early childhood education, patently ideological agendas are camouflaged under the tarp of scientific rhetoricRead more at location 3524
Note: x CLIMA E IDEOLOGIA. Edit
A host of liberal activists and intellectuals are deeply invested in the idea that conservatives are “antiscience.” Obviously, not all of these people argue in bad faith. But many argue in very selective good faith.Read more at location 3528
Note: x BUONA FEDE SELETTIVA Edit
So, for example, if you disagree with not only the diagnosis of climate change but the proposed remedies for it, you are antiscience. Before it became clear that culling stem cells from human embryos was essentially unnecessary, it became a matter of faith that opposition to creating life to destroy it wasn’t a matter of conscience, but evidence of antiscience views.Read more at location 3530
Note: x POSIZOONI ANTISCIENTIFICHE Edit
“creationism,”Read more at location 3533
Why can’t the measure of being proscience hinge on the question of heritability of intelligence? Or the existence of fetal pain? Or the distribution of cognitive abilities among the sexes at the extreme right tail of the bell curve?Read more at location 3535
Note: x L ANTISC PROGR Edit
support for geoengineering?Read more at location 3537
support for nuclear power?Read more at location 3538
genetically modified crops,Read more at location 3539
Defenders of embryonic stem cell research insist that opponents want to deny people life-saving remedies.Read more at location 3539
Note: x DOPPIO STANDARD. STEM CELL E DDT Edit
how are we to deal with the armies of activists who oppose the use of DDT, which could save millions from malaria?Read more at location 3540
Note: c Edit
Larry Summers fiasco at Harvard,Read more at location 3541
Note: x IL CSSO SUMMERS Edit
Summers speculated that there might be more male geniuses than female ones. Some evidence apparently suggests men are overrepresented among morons and brainiacs, while the average woman is smarter than the average man. Scientists got the vapors because he violated the principles not of science but of liberalism.Read more at location 3542
Note: c Edit
The reality is that each side sees science for what it is: a tool.Read more at location 3548
Note: x LA SVIENZA X LA POLITICA Edit
conservatives and liberals alike oppose such practices not because they are against science but because ethical considerationsRead more at location 3553
Note: x TUTTO X L ETICA MA SI PREFERISCE FARLO IN NOME DELLA SC Edit
new science of conservative phrenology.Read more at location 3558
Note: x LA SCIENZA DELL UOMO DI DESTRA Edit
The scientists have put away their calipers and replaced them with MRI machines and gene sequencers.Read more at location 3560
Note: c Edit
this is a white-smocked effort to explain away conservatism as a mental defect, genetic abnormality, or curable pathology.Read more at location 3562
Note: c Edit
In their 2008 paper, “Two Genes Predict Voter Turnout,” James H. Fowler and Christopher T. Dawes found that “individuals with a polymorphism of the MAOA gene are significantly more likely to have voted in the 2004 presidential election.”1 And researchers reexamining the Minnesota twin studies—surprisingly these have nothing to do with baseball players—have found that political outlook has a nontrivial amount of heritability.Read more at location 3564
Note: x ES Edit
basically the test asked subjects to spot Ms and Ws on a screen for a fraction of a second. (500 ms—“milliseconds”—is one half second. 100 ms is a tenth of a second.) It turns out that the liberals—as per the authors’ definition—did somewhat better on the test than the conservatives. What does that mean? Well, according to the authors, it means: “Liberals are more responsive to informational complexity, ambiguity and novelty.” Liberals are also “more likely than are conservatives to respond to cues signaling the need to change habitual responses.” Meanwhile, “a more conservative orientation is related to greater persistence in a habitual response pattern, despite signals that this response pattern should change.” Translation: Conservatives are literally too stupid to be spell-checkers at an M&M factory because they won’t be able to understand that the occasional W is just an upside down M, particularly when they start coming off the conveyor belt really fast like in the chocolate factory episode of I Love Lucy.Read more at location 3581
Note: x ESEMPIO DI TEST Edit
The Guardian dutifully declared, “Scientists have found that the brains of people calling themselves liberals are more ableRead more at location 3590
Note: c Edit
The Los Angeles Times announced in an editorial that the study “suggests that liberals are more adaptable than conservatives” and “might be better judges of the facts.”Read more at location 3592
Note: c Edit
The authors found a statistically significant correlation between the fear responses of subjects and support for various “Protective Policies.” According to the authors: Individuals with measurably lower physical sensitivities to sudden noises and threatening visual images were more likely to support foreign aid, liberal immigration policies, pacifism, and gun control,Read more at location 3601
Note: x ALTRO ESPERIMENTO Edit
Perhaps liberals are simply more deferential to academic authorities and therefore have calmer responses when the expert in the lab coat busts out the calipers or electrodes? Maybe liberals are more interested in pleasing their inquisitors? Perhaps skeptical conservatives are constantly wondering “What the Hell are these people doing?”Read more at location 3608
Note: x L IPOTESI ALTERNATIVA Edit
Besides, it’s not preposterous to believe that there’s ample nature to go with the nurture when it comes to our political views. Scientists know that we are not blank slates. We are hardwired as a species to believe and act in certain ways. In fact, conservatives have been saying as much for several millennia now—think original sin and human nature—while the Left has repeatedly bought into the idea we are born Rousseauian noble savages,Read more at location 3619
Note: x GENETICA CONTA? MA QS È UNA TIPICA POSIZ DI DS Edit
“God on its side.”Read more at location 3623
Well, for the Left science has long been a god. Friedrich Hayek called this misuse of science as “scientism”—the assumption and claim that scientific principles can be smuggled into the world of nonscience. As we’ve seen, part of the genius behind Marxism’s brand was its claim to be scientific.Read more at location 3626
Note: x SCIENTISMO E SCIENZA Edit
It’s a largely forgotten insight to both Marx and Engels that they came to their communism via their atheism, and not the other way around. They hated God and sought to replace Him with a more reliable competitor.Read more at location 3629
Note: x ATEISMO SCIENTISMO COMUNISMO Edit
Georges Sorel, the intellectual John the Baptist of both Italian Fascism and Russian Leninism, recognized that the science of Marxian scientific socialism was nonsense, but it worked extremely well as a political religion.Read more at location 3634
Note: x SCIENZA E RELIGIONE Edit
This created the rationale for the Leninist vanguard of the proletariat, the intellectual high priests of Marxism who took it upon themselves to shape attitudes and wage a merciless war on backward thinking. They had the god of science on their sideRead more at location 3637
Note: x PRETI Edit
Theodore Adorno,Read more at location 3648
The Authoritarian Personality, the study purported to “prove” that holding conservative or right-wing views was a mental defect. Using the notorious “F-Scale” test (the F stood for Fascist),Read more at location 3650
Note: x ADORNO E LA F SCALE. TARA MENTALE DELL AVVERSARIO Edit
the assumption that traditionalism and devotion to a strong family were both symptoms and causes of fascismRead more at location 3653
Note: x FAMIGLIA E FASCISMO Edit
Nazism was spawned by the traditional German family).Read more at location 3654
Note: c Edit
Richard Hofstadter,Read more at location 3659
arguments could be boiled down to cheap psychological motivations.Read more at location 3660
Note: x HOF TUTTO È PSICOLOG Edit
Charles Beard was a pioneer of this approach as well, arguing that the Founding Fathers were motivated by little more than their class consciousness as rich landowners.Read more at location 3660
Note: x BEARD. COSCINZA DA PROPROETARI Edit
Herbert McClosky,Read more at location 3662
published his famous “Conservatism and Personality”Read more at location 3662
conservative “fears change, dreads disorder, and is intolerant of nonconformity,” and he tends to “derogate reason and intellectuality and… eschew theory.” These “personality types” were drawn from the ranks of “the uninformed, the poorly educated, and… the less intelligent,” but also that they were “inflexible and unyielding” and “intolerant.” To boot, the conservative “derogates reason.” How can you reason with people who are hardwired to “derogate reason”?Read more at location 3664
Note: x MC CLOSKEY. PERSONALITÀ CONSERVATRICE Edit
D. Ripper character in the movie Dr. Strangelove and his phobia about CommunistsRead more at location 3669
In 1964, over a thousand mental-health professionals thought nothing of signing a statement that Senator Barry Goldwater was not “psychologically fit”Read more at location 3670
Note: x PSICHIATRIA E GOLDWATER Edit
Today textbooks from grade school to grad school are chockablock with subtle variations of this clinical bias, working from the assumption that conservatism is something to be educated out of students.Read more at location 3673
Note: x UNA MALATTIOA DA CURARE... A SCUOLA Edit
In 2003, researchers at UC Berkeley’s Institute of Personality and Social Research published “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition”Read more at location 3675
Note: x NUOVO STUDIO E DIFETTO MENTALE Edit
and found—shockingly!—that conservatism is, as much now as ever was, a kind of mental defect.Read more at location 3677
Note: c Edit
The press release issued by Berkeley explained that: Disparate conservatives share a resistance to change and acceptance of inequality. Hitler, Mussolini, and former President Ronald Reagan were individuals, but all were right-wing conservatives because they preached a return to an idealized past and condoned inequality in some form.Read more at location 3679
Note: c Edit
Ahah. So Hitler and Mussolini—who both sought to socialize their economies, ban guns, ban dissent, ban freedom of every kind—were just like Reagan and Rush Limbaugh, who hold diametrically opposite positions in virtually every regard.Read more at location 3683
Note: x RISPOSTA Edit
What about authoritarian personalities like, say, Castro and Stalin? Easy! They too were conservatives.Read more at location 3688
Note: x LA FRITTATA ROVESCIATA Edit
And remember: in no way were Stalin and Castro “against change.” Stalin transformed eastern Europe, imposed revolutionary changesRead more at location 3695
Note: x PICCOLO INCONVENIENTE Edit
As I write this the Republicans are being routinely denounced for their “radical” desire to “fundamentally change” America’s social contract by reforming Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.Read more at location 3700
Note: x CAMBIO DA DESTRA Edit
The market, which conservatives and libertarians want to radically expand at the expense of government, is the most powerful force for change in human history,Read more at location 3704
Note: x MERCATO E CAMBIAMENTO Edit
The clearest sign that this is all a con built on a lie masquerading as science is that the overwhelming majority of this “research” seeks to find why conservatives are the way they are. A truly dispassionate approach would yield as many papers trying to decipher why the hell liberals are the way they are.Read more at location 3707
Note: x SI CERCA A DS. MA A SINISTRA Edit
assumption that liberals are normal,Read more at location 3709
Note: c Edit
Satoshi Kanazawa of Psychology Today argues that liberalism is genetically abnormal and its rise is a direct result of the fact that liberals are smarter than conservatives.Read more at location 3711
Note: x LIBERAL PIÙ INTELLIGENTI E IN CONTROLLO DELLA POLITICA Edit
liberals control all institutions. They control the institutions because liberals are on average more intelligentRead more at location 3716
Note: c Edit
The Achilles’ heel of his argument can be found in his parenthetical concession that there are a “few areas in life (such as business)” where his theory falls apart. Why is business—a huge sector of American life—a contradiction to his thesis? The reason should be obvious: The institutional ideological filters do not screen out conservatives.Read more at location 3719
Note: x PECCATO NEL BUSINESS LE COSE CAMBINO Edit
Anybody who’s actually looked at how academia, Hollywood, or publishing works understands that the gatekeepers aren’t simply keeping stupid conservatives out;Read more at location 3727
Note: x GATEKEEPERS Edit
Christianity, while genetically novel, is not novel in a historic sense, and it is by his definition intrinsically liberal. After all, at the core of Christianity is the faith that we are all children of God.Read more at location 3729
Note: x ALTRE COSE CHE NN VALORE . I CRISTIANI Edit
Blacks are woefully underrepresented in the leadership of institutions. Replace “conservative” with “black” and you have, on liberalism’s own terms, a quintessentially racist argument.Read more at location 3731
Note: x ALTRA OB. E I NERI Edit
According to a 2005 tally, registered Democrats at Stanford and Berkeley outnumber registered Republicans by a ratio of 7 to 1. In all the California schools surveyed, the ratio between Democratic and Republican professors of neuroscience is a staggering 13-1.Read more at location 3737
Note: x UNIVERSIT A SINISTRA. EVIDENZA Edit
Psychologist and author Shawn Smith responding to Kanazawa writes that the field of psychology, “which is unquestionably dominated by liberals, has developed an ugly habit of falsely maligning the political right. Through respectable-looking ‘research’ we sling mud with flawed data and tendentious methodology.”11 “These bogus studies,” he continues, “build on each other to create an inbred, incoherent body of literatureRead more at location 3740
Note: x SMITH SUL BOGUS Edit
Liberals routinely insist it is outrageous to speculate about the genetic basis or heritability of intelligence or other traits among different races and sexes, while at the same time they are giddy to entertain the notion that conservatives have broken brains—basedRead more at location 3764
Note: x LIBERAL. GENETOCA E TABÙ. MENO CHE SUI CONSERVATORI Edit

How much fake news is needed to swing an election? - Marginal REVOLUTION

How much fake news is needed to swing an election? - Marginal REVOLUTION:



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Pacifisti in piazza e contestazioni a corrente alternata

Le donne di Soros.
Alla manifestazione la nota femminista p*** Madonna.
Ma dove erano quando la Clinton bombardava per il mondo.
Sono quelle che volevano la guerra con la Russia.
Non c'è consapevolezza di classe...
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Il mio pacifismo forse deriva dalla mia ignoranza in politica estera: sembra che quanto più si sia competenti, tanto più si è interventisti.
La mia scarsa propensione a sfilare per le strade con la bandiera arcobaleno deriva… Non lo so bene, c’è qualcosa che mi disturba nelle manifestazioni piazzaiole, ma non so esattamente cosa.
Un indizio corposo me lo fornisce però la lettura dell’ultimo libro di Fabio Rojas: “Party in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party after 9/11”.
Il 27 Gennaio 2007 le condizioni meteo erano ideali per manifestare. Il 7 Novembre 2006 il partito democratico americano aveva vinto le elezioni di midterm e una disapprovazione crescente travolgeva la politica estera del presidente in carica Geoge Bush.
Oltre centomila persone erano state riunite alla National Mall dalla  United for Peace and Justice, la più grande associazione pacifista del paese. Gli slogan erano i soliti: “il popolo non vuole la guerra”, oppure: “agisci ora per far tacere le armi”…
… speakers included elected officials from the Democratic Party… U.S. Representatives Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), Maxine Waters (D-CA), and Lynn Woolsey (D-CA); movement leaders, such as the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Medea Benjamin; and celebrities, such as Jane Fonda and Danny Glover, all of whom echoed the view that the 2006 elections were a mandate for peace… Lynn Woolsey exclaimed in her remarks, “We have an antidote to this insanity.… It is what you sent us to do last November…
A seguire la marcia,  l’evento del “Capitol Hill lobby day”…
… After receiving a day of basic lobbying training on Sunday, activists swarmed into House and Senate office buildings on Monday, January 29, ready to press their representatives to support a laundry list of pending resolutions and to join the congressional Out of Iraq Caucus…
Un programmino del genere si chiama inside/outside strategy.
Gli attivisti cercano di mantenere un piede in piazza e uno nelle stanze della politica. Si fa leva sui movimenti per indirizzare le policy governative.
Ma questa “doppia” azione colloca il movimento in una posizione ambigua, ne inquina la purezza per così dire. Il rischio è di minarne la causa.
Lynn Woolsey è stato sicuramente un politico (tradizionale) che ha cavalcato quelle manifestazioni, ecco il suo pensiero in sintesi…
… public spoke loudly [and] told Democrats, ‘we want you to be the majority because you will change that policy in Iraq and bring our troops home’…
Woosley ha lavorato a stretto contatto con gli organizzatori…
… For Woolsey and her allies, the elections, rally, and lobby day were the culmination of many years of hard work….
In Woosley cogliamo bene l’alleanza tra partito e manifestanti, le potenziali sinergie tra azione nei palazzi e azione fracassona nelle piazze. Ma come funziona questo intreccio tutt’altro trasparente?
… leaders of a social movement identified an issue, framed it for political discourse, and helped to mobilize supporters from the rank and file of a political party. Leaders of a political party adopted the movement's issue and frames. They promised to address the issue if elected. Mobilization by the movement's supporters boosted the party's success in the election. After the election, party leaders worked together with movement activists to implement the movement's agenda…
Il movimento pacifista americano divenne di massa tra il 2001 e il 2006, sotto la presidenza Bush, poi uno stranissimo collasso (a politica estera invariata)…
… At exactly the time when antiwar voices were most well poised to exert pressure on Congress, movement leaders stopped sponsoring lobby days. The size of antiwar protests declined. From 2007 to 2009, the largest antiwar rallies shrank from hundreds of thousands of people to thousands, and then to only hundreds…
Il nuovo parlamento prese in considerazione senza esito le proposte di legge provenienti dai pacifiste….
… In 2008, the Democrats nominated an antiwar presidential candidate in U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL). But once Obama became president, his policies on war and national security resembled those of his Republican predecessor, President George W. Bush
A questo punto, quando ormai la strada sembrava in discesa, il movimento, anziché tornare all’attacco, si dissolse. Un mistero per gli studiosi di scienze sociali…
… If elected… rather than intensify its efforts, the movement reduced them…
Una varietà di teorie cercano di spiegare il misterioso intreccio tra pacifisti e sinistra istituzionale
… For example, Anthony Downs (1972) points to the importance of issue-attention cycles among the public. Albert Hirschman (1982) emphasizes temporal change in subjective assessments of benefits and costs of activism, which can lead to both engagement and burnout among activists. David Meyer (1990) stresses the opening and closing of political opportunities available to movements. Dennis Chong (1991) highlights the mass psychology of movements, particularly how policy successes can have a demobilizing function for movements (see also Bernstein 2005; Jenkins and Eckert 1986; McAdam 1982; Meyer 2008; Rupp and Taylor 1990; Tarrow 1993)…
Ma nessuna ci dice come mai quando la meta è a portata di mano si smobilita. Di solito lo si fa a vittoria ottenuta…
… The rising power of the Democratic Party may have convinced many antiwar activists that the war issue would be dealt with satisfactorily, even if they did not keep applying grassroots pressure through an organized social movement (in contrast to what many scholars predict; see, for example, Ganz 2009; McAdam 1982; Skocpol, Liazos, and Ganz 2006)… after 2006, it was no longer “necessary” to have an antiwar movement… Democratic Party was the antiwar movement…
La smobilitazione è cominciata nel bel mezzo dell’escalation bushiana, con la vittoria di midterm dei democratici, ben prima di vedere dei risultati concreti. Perché si è smesso di combattere? Perché Obama non è stato tenuto sotto pressione? Perché il movimento non è cresciuto in seguito al “surge” in Afghanistan?
Alla base c’è una duplice identificazione dei capi…
… we inquire into the dual identifications that many political actors had with the Democratic Party and the antiwar movement… We argue that when the Democrats were out of office and the Republicans were in power, these intersecting identities promoted synergy between the party and the movement… More generally, we argue that social movement mobilization is driven to a significant degree by the dynamic interrelationship between social movements and political parties. We posit that the direct identification of political actors (such as grassroots activists, nonprofit organizations, and members of Congress) with political parties and social movements is a critical (though, not the only) factor that drives both mobilization success and failure…
L’identificazione nel partito sembra dominare su quella movimentista…
… Partisan identities are consistently reinforced by periodic elections in a way that movement identities are not, a tendency that often makes partisans an advantaged subgroup within movements and movement activists a disadvantaged subgroup within parties…
Non appena il partito riguadagna ruoli di governo l’identità dei militanti con il piede in due scarpe si sposta…
… Rather than staying focused on their position on a single issue – such as their opposition to war – many partisans gave greater attention to other callings from the Democratic Party. As a result, many Democratic activists and war opponents withdrew from the antiwar movement as they felt less threatened by the Bush administration and shifted their attention to other party priorities, such as health care…
Una volta rientrati nel partito ci si “defocalizza” e la pace diventa un obiettivo tra i tanti.
Il declino del movimento non è un consapevole “rompete le righe” che viene dai leader ma una moltitudine di decisioni individuali che puntano su obiettivi diversi…
… antiwar movement itself ultimately suffered organizationally from its ties to the Democratic Party… relationship between political parties and the mobilization of social movements is linked to the identities of individual political actors… the interplay of partisan and movement identities can provide an account for the dynamics of social movement…
Si profila allora una teoria generale
… We argue that the consequences of intersecting movement-party identities can be observed not only in the case of the antiwar movement, but also in movements as diverse as the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street, both of which exhibited fluctuating overlap between movement supporters and party supporters…
La dinamica non si riscontra solo per il movimento pacifista
… after the election of Barack Obama as president of the United States, the threat perceived by conservative activists upon Obama's election quickly translated into Tea Party protests in 2009… Tea Party rallies dissipated once the Republican Party regained control of the U.S. House…
La polarizzazione favorisce questa altalena: le cause nobili sono un buon pretesto per colpire il nemico soprattutto quando il nemico è il diavolo in terra.
volti a capo del movimento sono bene o male sempre gli stessi dal tempo del Vietnam…
… Antiwar protests after 9/11 were organized by many of the same individuals and organizations that had been active in peace struggles from the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 1970s through the confrontations with Iraq in the 1990s (Woehrle, Coy, and Maney 2008)… People opposed war for a mix of reasons, such as concerns about the potential geopolitical implications of U.S. military intervention, general opposition to the policies of the Bush administration, and religiously motivated pacifism…
Di solito, inoltre, l’impegno pacifista è fallimentare, sfidare la sicurezza nazionale risulta altamente problematico, le facilitazioni governative sono minime. Spesso la manifestazione si riduce ad una semplice kermesse. Ma questo non è l’aspetto più interessante
… Rather than focusing on the policy success or failure of a movement, this book tells the story of the interaction between political parties and social movements in a social space that we call the party in the street…
Per chi è a caccia di dati la cosa migliore consiste nel pedinare singoli individui
… Exit poll data reveal that politicians in the Democratic Party benefited during electoral contests from the support of antiwar constituencies… However, when we look at the evolution of actual war policies from the Bush to the Obama administrations, we find more continuity than change. The Obama administration shifted emphasis from Iraq to Afghanistan, but these shifts were still only a slight redirection of the trajectory set forth by the Bush administration…
La mancata reazione alla continuità delle politiche estere è l’oggetto dell’indagine: ma chi è “il boia che molla” per primo?…
… The findings show that antiwar activists with identities linked to the Democratic Party tended to depart from the antiwar movement earlier than did activists without Democratic identities… although Democratic Party members generally held an antiwar point of view, their mobilization for the antiwar cause usually assumed a lower priority than mobilization on many other issues, such as health care…
L’identificazione con il partito (ora vincente) fa premio sull’impegno nel movimento, cosicché si dice “arrivederci alla prossima” e ci si concentra sull’ Obamacare, la nuova priorità…
… We find that organizations with Democratic identifications gained more central positions within the network of antiwar organizations as the Democratic Party rose to power, but then tended to lose those positions once Obama became president… three organizations that illustrate the contours of our account: United for Peace and Justice, MoveOn, and Black Is Back…
i politici che hanno cavalcato il movimento?…
…  Lynn Woolsey (D-CA), James McGovern (D-MA), John Murtha (D-PA), Barbara Lee (D-CA), and Maxine Waters (D-CA) worked closely with antiwar lobbyists… we show how their efforts rose and fell with the fortunes of the Democratic Party…Once Barack Obama became president, the antiwar movement within Congress almost vanished…
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Bè, devo dire che adesso è più chiaro anche a me stesso perché non parteciperò mai ad una marcia per la pace.
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