Chapter 9 HISTORY Rights Flow from Frontiers
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A Market of Governance Is an Engine of Moral Progress
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Most of human prehistory was barbaric.
Note:BARBARIE OVUNQUE
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Civil society emerged in ancient Greece,
Note:GRECIA... UNA PENISOLA
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to move to neighboring city-states
Note:PIEDI
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Plato and Aristotle place a negative connotation on the old, respected means of governing: tyranny.
Note:CONTRO LA TIRANNIA
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economic specialization and interregional trade
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Those who trade, trade in ideas—
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democracy
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republicanism,
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federations
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divisions of power,
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“Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities,
Note:MICROCOMUNITÀ
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Greek geography: every island, valley,
Note:RUOLO DELLA GEOGRAFIA...ARCIPELAGO
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lack of a political center.
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dozens and later hundreds of independent poleis,
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Each city-state became a testing ground for small innovations in laws,
Note:SCIENZA
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With conquest and control so difficult,
Note:DIFESA RINTANATA
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market competition outstripped military competition.
Note:EC E POL
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The Rise and Fall of Classical Greece, scholar Josiah Ober
Note:A SUPPORTO
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“Experts in various arts and crafts migrated to new homes
Note:VOTARE COI PIEDI
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Athens emerged; it was not designed.
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learning from the past governance
Note:ATENE
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the Italian Renaissance.
Note:L UNCA ESPERIENZA SIMILE
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Armies of monarchs couldn’t get across the Alps in one piece, leaving the Italian peninsula a natural experiment in polycentric governance with easy access to water.
Note:ITALIA POST ROMANA
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terrible time to be conqueror, but a great time to be a trader.
Note:AMEDIOEVO RINASC
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merchant and banking class who patronized the arts,
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sovereign cities engaged in ceaseless economic and artistic competition,
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increase in literacy, numeracy, and an unprecedented near tripling of per capita income
Note:ITALIA
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from the eleventh century to the fifteenth
Note:EPOCA D ORO
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immigrate to cities en masse and making Italy the most urbanized region
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free-trade zones sprouted in Tuscany, and entrepreneurs who served became wealthier than nobility who ruled,
Note:GOVERNATI E GOVERNANTI
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the dynamic aquatic peninsula:
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magnates who built cities
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Only in the land without a king did business innovations outstrip military innovations,
Note:COMMERCIO E GUERRA
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Venice
Note:LA CITTÀ ACQUATICA
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Venice was rich, urban, and intensely aquatic, a center for commerce with no center of political power.
Note:IL MODELLO
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Venetians had developed equity and mortgage instruments, bankruptcy laws, double-entry accounting, the first business schools,
Note:INNOVAZ
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features that for a time discourage centralized control and encourage decentralized creation and choice.
Note:LA FORTUNA
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On the American frontier,
Note:NUOVO MONDO
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proliferation of states, territories, and laws,
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“Shesteading”
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Brit Benjamin
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how many seasteaders would like to maintain the gender balance
Note:DOMANDA DELLA FEMMINISTA
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dumbstruck silence
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competition in the market of marriage.
Note:LA SOLUZIONE
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everybody was excluded except periwigged property owners,
Note:CGI VOTAVA IN GRECIA O TRA I COLONI
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Suffrage was apparently a big lure for these migrants,
Note:COME SI ESTESE IL VOTO
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One by one, the fringe states granted voting rights to formerly disenfranchised groups:
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property acquired during the marriage is owned jointly by both spouses, on the basis that it would attract “women of fortune” and was thus “the very best provision to get us wives.”
Note:PRIPERTY LAW IN CALIFORNIA
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female suffrage,
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In ancient Greece, Aristophanes wrote a play called Lysistrata,
Note:COME ANDÒ IN GRECIA
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boycott sex until the men agree
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the best strategies for moral progress
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efforts of obscure social entrepreneurs in competing jurisdictions innovating to attract citizens by treating them like customers.
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LA NASCITA DEI DIRITTI
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Moral progress emerges from millions of individuals competing for novel ways to profit by pleasing one another.
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Human rights come from the fringe on the frontier, and so does technological innovation.
Note:INNOV E DIRITTI
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begin as innovators and then become stagnant monopolies protecting themselves against innovation.
Note:CICLO DELL INNOVAZIONE
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innovation is destabilizing—
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“Cardwell’s Law,”
Note:CICLO
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no nation remains technologically innovative for long.
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As one nation became stagnant, the torch of technological leadership was passed to another,
Note:STAFFETTA
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a story of repeated failure.
Note:COLOMBO ALLA RICERCA DI UNO SPONSOR
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Portugal,
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Venice
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Genoa,
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England,
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Spain,
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France,
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Luis de Santángel,
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Competition really has a way of driving risky ventures.
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Compare this to China,
Note:UN CONFRONTO
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If the Italian merchant Marco Polo’s tales are true, he arrived in China in 1271 to find a futuristic wonder world far surpassing what he had known in Europe.
Note:LA CINA PIÙ AVANTI
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Jared Diamond proposes that innovation in China was stifled by the lack of competitive governance.
Note:DIAMOND
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There was no frontier or enclave
Note:CINA
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geography of zigzagging mountains, seas, islands, peninsulas,
Note:EUROPA
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A Chinese explorer with a nutty notion could not bounce from king to king to queen.
Note:CC
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“Any man of genius is paralyzed immediately by the thought that his efforts will bring him punishment rather than rewards.”
Note:DINASTIA MING
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the Great Wall to keep out foreigners,
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“How China Became Capitalist,”
Note:COASE...COME CAMBIÒ LA CINA?
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“When China’s 32 provinces, 282 municipalities, 2,862 counties, 19,522 towns, and 14,677 villages threw themselves into an open competition for investment and for good ideas
Note:VALORIZZATI I LOCALISMI
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the sea becomes a permanent frontier for pilgrims
Note:LA NUOVA COMUNITÁ COME FRONTIERA PERMANENTE
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Franklin was a genius. But he was also in the right place at the right time.
MGLIAIA DI FRANKLIN NEL MONDO
