5. Toward a Beautiful and Liberal Future
Note:consigli di policyla bellezza va scoperta o va conservata?proviamo a farci la stessa domanda pensando alla verità scientifica.se va scoperta meglio aprire molte fonti e decentralizzare il processoil sussidio cpn agevolazione fiscale è un buon compromrsdo tra purismo critico e purismo economicole decisioni culturali + importanti: internet copyright.il sussidio funziona quando il panorama è opaco e il divario tra èlites e massa è chiaro. oggi qs condizioni nn ci sono concentrare i sussidi dirrtti: si evita la polverizzazione e si responsabilizza l'entesussidiare anche i for profit se meritevolisussidi e innovazoone? affidati alla discrezionalità di un singolo responsabilela trasparenza nn giova ai funzoonari delle belle arti devono agire in modo indipendente librri da pressioni in uns privacy garantita... la trasparenza fa temere i passi falsi e i passi falsi sono necessari nel processo di scoperta
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1. The best arts policy stimulates creative discovery
Note:UN OBBIETTIVO SENSATO
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This implies a strong economy, numerous and diverse sources of decentralized funding
Note:COSA OCCORRE
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U.S. policy should not be designed to target any narrow notion of art.
Note:COSA EVITARE
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policy successes are accidents.
Note:MOLTO SPESSO
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The American system of indirect funding
Note:NN SODDISFA NÈ L ESTETA NÈ L ECONOMISTA MA INTERMEDIA BENE
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Americans should reject the image of their country or their government as lacking in concern for the arts.
Note:EPPURE C È SEMPRE L ILLUSIONE DEL PRESTIGIO
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copyright, the Internet, and telecommunications.
Note:I SETTORI CHE RICHIEDONO DECISIONI INPORTANTI
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a system of compulsory licensing fees, for online music, can improve market competition.
Note:LO STRUMENTO CONSIGLIATO..IN ATTESA DI SVILUPPI..LICENZE A SOPIFY E VITA DURA X IL DOWNLOAD SU YT
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Direct subsidies have worked best when accountability is absent, when the marketplace is failing to spot many of the best artists,
Note:QUANDO RICORRERE AL DIRETTO
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we could restore the full ability of the NEA to make grants to individual artists. Currently NEA funds often go to large and well-established art institutions, where they have less of a chance of making a difference.
Note:COME MIGLIORARE IL SUSSIDIO DIRETTO
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The NEA should be trying to fund projects that otherwise would perish or never come about in the first place. The NEA should be more like a venture capitalist.
Note:LE BELLE ARTI AMERICANE
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NEA should be free to assist for-profit artistic enterprises.
Note:Ccccccc
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Finally, we could relax peer review for many direct subsidies.
Note:SE LA MISSIONE È L INNOVAZIONE IL CONSENSO DI GRUPPO È CONTROPRODUCENTE
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If these changes should prove politically impossible, it would be best to “play it safe”
Note:SOLUZIONE ALTERNATIVA...PRESERVARE
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This would suggest a concentration of effort on preserving and showcasing the artistic heritage of mankind.
Note:CCCCCCCCCC
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The value of “accountability” is often counterproductive when applied to direct subsidies for art.
Note:BUROCRAZIA E ARTE NN FUNZIONANO
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For instance, tenured college professors are not (usually) accountable to university administrators for the content of their ideas.
Note:ESEMPIO DI INCOMPATIBILITÀ
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an ethic of academic freedom will best
Note:Ccccccc
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Supreme Court justices are not accountable for the content of their decisions,
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO
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direct subsidies stand the greatest chance of making a positive difference when they are insulated from many pressures of accountability.
Note:ALLO STESSO MODO....
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there are many failures for every success. Too much direct accountability causes the funder to be excessively afraid of failure.
Note:TIPICA SITUAZIONE
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greater transparency of government policy is not in every way desirable. It may be better not to have too much explicit debate over arts policy, especially if that debate takes place in a centralized forum.
Note:POCO DIBATTITO X NN IMPARIRE CHI DEVE RISCHIARE
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Which Arguments for Subsidies Remain on the Table?
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decentralization and prestige
Note:ARGOMENTI X I SUSSIDI POSTULATI IN PARTENZA
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The decentralization argument suggested that the government encourage a diversity of funding sources for art.
Note:RIPETIAMO IL PRIMO ARGOMENTO
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avoiding excess politicization.
Note:UM LATO POSITIVO DELLA DECENTRALIZZAZIONE
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the decentralization argument for indirect subsidies avoids or at least deflects many of the critiques of government involvement in the arts.
Note:ALTRO LATO POSITIVO
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indirect subsidies bring only a minimum of outside government interference.
Note:ALTRO VANTAGGIO
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The libertarian critique claims that individuals should not be forced to pay for arts they do not approve of.
Note:SUSSIDIO IND AMMORTIZZA LA CRITICA LIBERTARIA....PERCHÈ UN CATTOLICO DEVE FINANZIARE MAPPLETHORPE?
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government policies that promote prosperity also boost the arts,
Note:IL SUSSIDIO LIBERTARIO X ECCELLENZA È DI TIPO INDORETTO
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if desired, the libertarian view could be superimposed on the policy recommendations of this book,
Note:COMPATIBILITÀ
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Finally, the decentralization argument has the greatest chance of standing up to the “What about the Haitians?” critique.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO POSITIVO
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Why should we prefer more opera performances to this lifesaving alternative?
Note:LA DOMANDA DEL CRISTIANO
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At the margin we still have the choice of redirecting funds away from nonprofits and toward poor Haitians. The overall comparison, however, has changed. The comparison is no longer “opera performance versus food for Haitians.”
Note:UN CFR MENO TRAUMATICO
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We see also that wealthy, decentralized societies are in the best position to digest and assist immigrants. Immigration is the most effective antipoverty program. The migrants not only enjoy higher standards of living; they send billions of dollars back home in the form of remittances. The scientific discoveries of wealthy, decentralized societies also redound to the benefit of poorer regions of the world.
Note:ARGOMENTO PIÙ GENERALE X CONIUGARE DECENTRALIZZAZIONE E POVERTÁ
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What Aesthetic Claims Underlie the Decentralization Argument, or What Is Art?
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The decentralization argument sidesteps many difficult and perhaps unresolvable questions about aesthetics.
Note:IL VANTAGGIO FORSE PRINCIPALE DEI SUSSIDI INDIRETTI....NESSUNO GIUDICA
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the decentralization argument does not require an explicit account of why the arts are special.
Note:L OSTACOLO SLTATO
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Direct subsidies cannot handle these questions with equal finesse.
Note:PARAGONE
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When the NEA was created in 1965, one conservative representative, H. R. Gross of Iowa, offered an amendment
Note:LA PROVOCAZIONE
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expanded the definition of art to include belly dancing, baseball, football, golf, tennis, squash, pinochle, and poker.
Note:IERI UNA PROVOCAZIONE...OGGI
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Clothes, at least in their fine form, are arguably a form of art.
Note:INFATTI
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art has shown Versace dresses and Cartier jewlery,
Note:Cccccc
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Furthermore, attractive clothes yield external benefits for individuals other than the wearer.
Note:AVANTI CON L ANALOGIA
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Nonetheless it is rarely argued that the government should subsidize the sale of attractive clothes.
Note:MISTERO
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The question remains why “culture” should receive different policy treatment than clothing.
Note:RIPETIZIONE DEL MISTEEO
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Similarly, the government might subsidize personal looks. The government could provide direct or indirect assistance to the producers of skin creams, plastic surgery, Rogaine, and personal deodorant.
Note:ALTRE PROVOCAZIONI
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Sports are, first and foremost, a form of drama.
Note:ANCORA
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Governments do, of course, support sports through stadium subsidies at the state and local levels. But the primary argument for these subsidies is economic in nature, to stimulate community development.
Note:SUSSIDI ALLO SPORT
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It is commonly said that institutions such as the NEA bring the arts to democracy, but direct subsidy partisans are less keen to bring democracy to the arts.
Note:LA DEMOCRAZIA A SENSO UNICO
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When it comes to dreaming, it may be said that every individual is an artist. Dreams tell stories, involve metaphor and allegory, and are often quite beautiful.
Note:SIAMO TUTTI ARTISTI
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Of course only a single individual is allowed in the theater
Note:IRRILEVANTE
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A variety of harmless drugs stimulate dreaming or stimulate the ability to remember one’s dreams.
Note:SUSSIDI ALLA DROGA?
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along the lines of a Marxian or Trotskyite fantasy,
Note:L UTOPIA REALIZZATA GRAZIE AI SOGNI
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We might go further and postulate that sex is akin to art. It has drama, beauty, and enriches our lives.
Note:ALTRO CASO
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“A pretty girl naked is worth all the statues in the world.”
Note:G HARDING
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And what about toys?
Note:ALTRO CASO
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Most young children are deeply concerned with matters aesthetic. They are fascinated by colors, shapes, sounds, and textures. Most of all, they love toys.
Note:UN PUBBLICO PARTICOLARE
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Yet it is rarely suggested that the government subsidize the purchase, production, or invention of toys.
Note:Ccccccccc
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For whatever reason, the aesthetic behind toys simply does not count as an argument for toy subsidy.
Note:Cccccccc
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Jean Dubuffet perhaps went furthest in challenging the dividing line between traditional forms of high art and the aesthetic experiences of everyday life.
Note:CHI SI È SPINTO PIÙ IN LÀ
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The construction of artistic aura places art in the hands of academicians and prestige seekers, where Dubuffet believed it does not belong.7
Note:L AURA COME NEMICO
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The decentralization argument does not require such a strong skepticism about aesthetic hierarchies; nonetheless Dubuffet’s position yields a further boost to the case for the primacy of indirect subsidies.
Note:IL SUSSIDIO INDIRETTO SODDISFA ANCHE LO SCETTICO
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take seriously the questions of why we do not subsidize toys, dreams, sports, sex, and clothes, among other manifestations of the aesthetic, rather than just subsidizing high art.
Note:Cccccccccc
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The Prestige Argument
Note:Ttttttttttt
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The decentralization argument has suggested the primacy of indirect subsidies over direct subsidies.
Note:CONCLUSIONE
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prestige argument might overturn this conclusion,
Note:DOMANDA?
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First, many individuals, especially in the United States, enjoy living under a regime where government does not provide much direct support to the arts.
Note:DOVE STA IL PRESTIGIO?
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Polls on this issue indicate mixed results.
Note:SONDAGGIO
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Second, and more conceptually, societies may overinvest in prestige and auras.
Note:ALTRO MOTIVO CONTRO
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individuals spend too much time and energy investing in relative status.
Note:VEDI IL LAVORO DI ROBERT FRANK
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Elites may use the aura of high art to exclude outsiders and to reinforce social distinctions.
Note:CON IL PRESTIGIO...I PROLETARI FINANZIANO L ELITE...VEDI OPERA
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In other contexts we argue whether we should tax such behavior, not whether we should subsidize it. We
Note:LE CONCLUSIONI DI FRANK
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Arts policy would bring less prestige if it were viewed explicitly in prestige-producing terms. It is not very prestigious to seek prestige.
Note:NOTA L IRONIA
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Agreeing to Disagree?
Note:Ttttttt POICHÈ IL DIBATTITO È IMPOSSIBILE SERVE AUTOINGANNARSI E UNA POLICY DI SUSSIDI INDIRETTI SERVE ALLA BISOGNA
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the initial question of why it is so hard to find agreement about arts policy. That is, why do people not recognize their own fallibility
Note:TORNIAMO A BOMBA
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meta-rationality
Note:XCHÈ NN ANDIAMO D ACCORDO?
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Arts policy is not just about matters of fact. Arts policy is also about the aesthetic. It is about what kind of state we find beautiful or appealing.
Note:L OGGETTO DELLA DISPUTA PESA
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Meta-rationality does not apply to matters of taste.
Note:GUSTI
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if somebody tells me I like ketchup when I do not, I will not listen,
Note:IL GUSTO....NN È SCIENZA
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If I prefer the Beatles and you prefer The Rolling Stones, how should we proceed?
Note:DILEMMA
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In part we hold political views, and adhere to an aesthetic of the state, to feel good about ourselves and about our identifications.
Note:È UNA QUESTIONE POLITICA PIÙ CHE RAZIONALE
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We want to feel pride in our loyalties.
Note:Cccccccc
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People typically do not wish to put their sources of pride up for rational debate.
Note:Ccccccc
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Our need for aura and prestige makes us more likely to shut out critics.
Note:DALLA PADELLA NELLA BRACE
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“feel good about the elevating powers of art”
Note:AURA A SINISTRA
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“patriotism and virtue”
Note:AURA A DESTRA
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Defenders of each aesthetic instinctively sense the fragility of that mystery
Note:GIÀ DIBATERE È UNA BESTEMMIA
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So instead of listening, each side reinterprets the debate in a way to feel better about its own point of view.
Note:QUEL CHE SUCCEDE
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Arguments for decentralization and indirect subsidies may, of course, be based on illusion and self-deception as well.
Note:ALTRA UTILITÀ DEL DECENTRAMENTO
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Arts and the Liberal Order: What Is Culturally Central?
Note:Tttttt
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values as culturally central
Note:QUALI VALORI DOVREBBE ENFATIZZARE UNA CIVILTÀ LIBERALE?
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Innovation
Note:1
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Entrepreneurship
Note:2
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Charity and Generosity
Note:3
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Poetry and Philosophy Revisited
Note:Ttttttttt
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the “longstanding quarrel between philosophy and poetry,” as Plato called it?
Note:OGGI COME SIAMO MESSI? L ARTE CI FA BENE O MALE?
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here poetry comes under the scrutiny of philosophy.
Note:GIÀ SOLO IL FATTO CHE HO SCRITTO UN SAGGIO...
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Economics—in this context another form of philosophy—was added to the mix to weaken the arguments for investment in the aesthetic at all costs.
Note:IN PIÙ METTIAMOCI ANCHE L ECONOMIA...
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Poetry (i.e., the arts) is in fact rarely discussed directly in this book. Instead I discuss why some philosophies about poetry should shape arts policy
Note:MA SE ANDIAMO PIÚ A FONDO...
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In a decentralized system, much of the aesthetic will be furtive and hidden to many outside observers, rather than obvious.
Note:UN SISTEMA CHE EVITA LA LITE INFINITA...UN SISTEMA CHE RICOMPRENDE ANCHE CONCEZIONI COME QUELLA DI DUBUFFET
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“True art always appears where we don’t expect it, where nobody thinks of it or utters its name. Art detests being recognized and greeted by its own name. It immediately flees. Art is a character infatuated by the incognito.”
Note:DUBUFFET...L ARTE AMA L INCOGNITO
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Rather than subordinating poetry to philosophy, at most I have subordinated the public conception of art to philosophy.
CONCLUSIONE TORNANDO A BOMBA....LA TESI X IL SUSSIDIO INDIRETTO È IN FONDO ANCHE UNA TESI ESTETICA: LA VERA ARTE È INCOGNITA E VA SCOPERTA
