La società trasparente FIVE HL

Future Imperfect: Technology and Freedom in an Uncertain World

David D. Friedman FIVE

trend began in Britain a decade ago, in the city of King's Lynn, where sixty remote controlled video cameras were installed to scan known "trouble spots," reporting directly to police headquarters. The resulting reduction in street crime exceeded all predictions;
Note:x SUCCESSO INATTESO

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savings in patrol… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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David Brin, The Transparent… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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In the early nineteenth century, Jeremy Bentham, one of the oddest and most original of English thinkers, designed a prison where every prisoner could be watched… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x PANOPTICON

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In the United States, cameras have long been used in department stores to discourage shoplifting. More recently they have begun to be used to… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x USI TRAD DELLE TELECAMERE

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Consider the problem of controlling auto… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x USI POSSIBILI. EMISSIONI

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One could build a much better system using modern technology. Set up unmanned detectors that measure emissions by shining a beam of light through the exhaust plume of a passing automobile; identify… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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Another application of large-scale surveillance already being experimented with takes advantage of the fact that cell phones… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ALTRO ES CELL. TRAFFICO INCIDENTI PERCORSI

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By monitoring the signals from drivers' phones, it is possible to observe traffic flows. That is very useful information if you want to advise drivers to route around a traffic jam, or locate an accident by the resulting cluster of phones. Currently it is anonymous information, locating a… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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c

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Few would consider it objectionable to have a police officer wandering around a park or standing on a street corner, keeping an eye out for purse snatchers and the like. Video… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ALL APPARENZA NESSUN PROBLEMA

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What's the… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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A cop on the street corner may see you, he may even remember you, but he has no way of combining everything he sees with everything that every other cop… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x LA TUA VITA CONOSCIUTA

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large fractions of your doings are an open book to anyone with access to the… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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legal… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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A related issue is the use of surveillance technology, legally or illegally,… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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Lots of people own video cameras and those cameras are getting… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x PRIVATI

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The owner of a few dozen of them could collect a lot of information… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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Of course technological development, in this area as in others, is likely to improve… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x TECNO DI DIFESA

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We have already had court cases over whether it is or is not a search to deduce marijuana growing inside a house by using an infrared detector to… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ES MARIU

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We already have technologies that make it possible to listen to a conversation by bouncing a… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ES CONVERSAZIONE

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Assume, for the moment, that the offense wins out over the defense - that preventing other people from spying on you becomes impractical. What options remain?Brin argues… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x TESI DI BRIN: LA PRIVACY È DESTINATA A SPARIRE

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He proposes as an alternative to privacy universal lack of privacy: the transparent society. The police can watch you - but someone is watching them. The entire system of video cameras, including… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x UNICA DIFESA: TOTALIZZARE LA PERDITA

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Parents can keep an eye on their children, children on their parents, spouses on each other, employers on employees and vice versa,… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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The Upside of… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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Qui custodes ipsos custodiet? "Who shall guard… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x UN PROB CHE LA TS PUÓ RISOLVERE

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The transparent society offers a possible solution. Consider the Rodney King case. A group of policemen… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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x CASO R.K

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Unfortunately for the police, a witness got the beating on videotape, with the result that several of the officers ended up in prison.
Note:c

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In Brin's world, every law enforcement agent knows that he is on candid camera
Note:c

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But there are… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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Selective… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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Brin's version does not seem likely. All of the information will be flowing through machinery controlled… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x QUALCUNO RESTA IN POSIZIONE DI CTRL

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If police are setting up cameras in police stations, they can arrange for a few areas to be… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ES POLIZIA

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The situation gets more interesting in a world where technological progress enables private surveillance on a wide scale, so that every location where interesting things might happen, including every police station, has flies on the… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x TECNOLOGIA PIENAMENTE INVASIVA

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information is valuable to others, it can be shared. Governments might try to restrict such sharing. But in a world of strong privacy that will be hard to do, since in such a world information… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x COMMERCIO DEI DATI E CRIPTAGGIO

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one can imagine a futurewhere Brin's transparent society is produced not by government but… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x SORVEGLIANZA PDIVATA

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The information will be produced privately only if the producer can both use it himself and sell it to others. So a key requirement for a privately generated transparent society… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x PRE REQUISITO. MERCATO DELL INFO

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The Downside of… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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the transparent… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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One might instead view it as a step into the past. The privacy that most of us take for granted is to a considerable degree a novelty, a product of rising incomes in recent centuries. In a world where many people shared a single residence, where a… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x ZERO PRIVACY. RITORNO AL PASSATO

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consider a primitive society such as Samoa. Multiple families share a single… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x SAMOA

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the community is small enough to… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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Infants are trained early on not to make noise. Adults rarely… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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to communicate in code, to use words or expressions that your intimates will correctly interpret and others will not. For a milder version of the same approach, consider parents who talk to each other in a foreign… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x CODICI

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In Brin's future transparent society, many of us will become less willing to express our opinions of our boss, employees, ex-wife, or present husband in any public place. People will become less expressive… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x IPOCRISIA

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WHAT IS PRIVACY AND WHY DO WE… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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Think of "privacy" as shorthand for an individual's ability to control other people's access… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x DEF PRIVACY. CODICE

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I have almost complete privacy with regard to my… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x INTROSPEZ

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If someone invented an easy and accurate way of reading minds, privacy would be radically reduced even if there were no change in my legal rights.'
Note:x SCANNER. DIRITTI E FATTI

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The Case Against Privacy
Note:t

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On net, is an increase in privacy… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x DOMANDA

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The reason I value my privacy is straightforward: Information about me in the hands of other people sometimes permits them to gain at my expense. They may do so by stealing my property - if… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x VANTAGGI PRIVACY: GLI ALTRI NON GUADAGNANO A MIE SPESE

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Information about me in other people's hands may also benefit me - for example, the information that I am honest and competent. But privacy does not prevent that… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x VANTAGGI CHE MI ARRECA IL FACILE ACCESSO ALLE MIE INFO

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my privacy protects me from burglary - in which privacy produced a net benefit, since the gain to a burglar is normally… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:CASO IN CUI LA PRIVACY CONVIENE SOCIALMENTE

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One of the risks of bargaining is bargaining breakdown when a seller overestimates the price a buyer is willing to pay or a buyer makes the corresponding mistake the other way and the deal falls through, making both parties worse off than if they had each more accurately… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:LA PRIVACY RENDE PIÙ DIFFICILE CHIUDERE I CONTRATTI

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In situations involving involuntary transactions, privacy produces a net gain if it is being used to protect other rights (assuming that those rights have been defined in a way that makes their protection desirable) and a net loss if it is… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note: BENEFICI NEI CASI DI COERCIZIONE E COSTI NEGLI SCAMBI

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Privacy and… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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Governments engage in involuntary transactions on an… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x GOVERNO E COERCIZIONE

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While I can protect myself from my fellow citizens with locks and burglar alarms, I can protect myself from government actors only by keeping… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x PROTEGGERSI DAL GOV CON LA PRIVACY

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If government is the modern equivalent of Plato's philosopher-king, individual privacy simply makes it… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:LA PRIVACY È UN MALE SE IL GOVERNO È BUONO

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Most Americans appear, judging by expressed views on privacy, to be close enough… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x CHI AMA LA PRIVACY GIUDICA IMPLICIT IL GOV

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tax… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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technology could enable a tyranny that Hitler or Stalin might envy. Even if we accept Brin's optimistic assumption that the citizens are as well informed about the police as the police are about… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x CON HITLER LA SOLUZIONE BRIN NN REGGE

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It does not follow that Brin's prescription is wrong. His argument, after all, is that privacy will simply not be an option, either because the visible benefits of surveillance are so large or because the technology will make it impossible to prevent it. If he is right… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:MA IN BRIN LA PRIVACY NON È UN'OPZIONE

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SAY IT AIN'T… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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My wife is suing me for divorce on grounds of adultery. In support of her claim, she presents videotapes, taken by hidden cameras, that show me making love to… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:I VIDEO COME PROVA IN TRIBUNALE

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With modern technology I do not, or at least soon will not, need your cooperation to make a film of you doing things; a reasonable… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:FABBRICARE VIDEI FALSI... E PROVE FALSE

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There are possible technological fixes - ways of using encryption technology to build a camera that digitally signs its output, demonstrating that that sequence was… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x SOLUZIONE TECNOLOGOCA PER AUTENTICARE

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SHOULD WE ABOLISH THE… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t DEPENALIZZAZIONE TOTALE

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criminal law and… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.

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In the criminal system prosecution is controlled and… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x RUOLO DELLO STATO NELLA GIUSTIZIA

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Criminal law provides a somewhat different range… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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is there any good reason to have both? Would we, for example, be better off… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x IL DUBBIO

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One argument against such a pure tort system is that some offenses… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:ARGOMENTO PER LA LEGGE CRIMINALE

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In Brin's world that problem vanishes. Every mugging is on tape.
Note:x LA SOC TRASP CAMBIA TUTTO

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The normal crime becomes very much like the normal tort - an auto accident, say, where (except in the case of hit and run, which is a crime) the identity of the party and many of the relevant facts are public information.
Note:c

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If someone steals your car you check the video record to identify the thief,… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:c

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Even as late as the eighteenth century, while the English legal system distinguished between torts and crimes, both were in practice… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:UN PO' DI STORIA: GB 700

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WHERE WORLDS… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:t

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It does no good to use strong encryption for my email if a video mosquito is sitting on… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x COMBINAZIONE ENCRIPT E TS

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privacy in a transparent society requires some way of guarding the interface between my… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:CORPI REALI E CORPI VIRTUALI

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A low-tech solution is to type under a hood. A high-tech solution is some link between mind and machine that… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:x SOLUZIONI A BASSA E ALTA TECH

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If we are sufficiently worried about other people hearing what we say, one solution is to encrypt… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:CRIPTARE ANCHE LE CONVERSAZIONI REALI

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We could end up in a world where physical actions are entirely public, information… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:CORPI FISICI INTERAMENTE PUBBLICI CORPI VIRTUALI TRASPARENTI

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Private citizens will still be able to take advantage of strong privacy to locate a hit man, but hiring him may cost more than they are willing to pay, since in a… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
x CASO DEL KILLER

HL Il monopolio di Apple sull'adolescenza - intro

Introduction Who Is iGen, and How Do We Know? iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood--and What That Means for the Rest of Us

Jean M. Twenge

Note:INTRO@@@@@@@

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“We go to the mall,”
Note:IL PASSATEMPO

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“No—I go with my family,” she says. “We’ll go with my mom and brothers and walk a little behind them.
Note:ccccccc

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Athena says she spent most of the summer hanging out by herself in her room with her phone.
Note:IN CAMERA AL TELEFONO

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iGen has arrived. Born in 1995 and later, they grew up with cell phones,
Note:IGEN

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“It’s like Apple has a monopoly on adolescence.”
Note:APPLE

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teens from disadvantaged backgrounds now spend just as much time online as those with more resources—
Note:POVERI E RICCHI... IL GRAN MISCHIONE

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eighty times a day.
Note:CONTROLLO DELLO SMART

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The i in iGen represents the individualism its members take for granted,
Note:INDIVIDUALISMO

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They are obsessed with safety and fearful of their economic futures,
Note:PAURA

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They are at the forefront of the worst mental health crisis in decades, with rates of teen depression and suicide skyrocketing since 2011.
Note:DEPRESSIONE E SUICIDI

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iGen’ers are growing up more slowly: 18-year-olds now act like 15-year-olds
Note:BAMBINONI

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(the extension of childhood into adolescence),
Note:cccccc

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decline in in-person social interaction),
Note:INTERAZIONE PERSONALE

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decline in religion),
Note:FINE RELIGIONE

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decline in civic involvement),
Note:IMPEGNO CIVILE

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Inclusive (acceptance, equality,
Note:TOLLERANTI

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the Millennials, the generation born in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Note:MILLENNIALS

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around 2012, I started seeing large, abrupt shifts in teens’ behaviors and emotional states.
Note:DAL GRADUALISMO AI MUTAMENTI REPENTINI

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many of the large changes began around 2011 or 2012. That was too late to be caused by the Great Recession, which officially lasted from 2007 to 2009.
Note:LA CRISI NON C'ENTRA

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2011–12 was exactly when the majority of Americans started to own cell phones
Note:C'ENTRA IL CELLULARE

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The biggest difference between the Millennials and their predecessors was in worldview, with more focus on the self and less on social rules (thus the term Generation Me).
Note:IL NARCISISMO MILLENNIALS

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with the popularity of the smartphone, iGen’ers differ most in how they spend their time.
Note:IGEN: TELEFONO E MODO DI OCCUPARE IL TEMPO

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The Birth Year Cutoffs
Note:ttttttttt

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iGen’ers are the first generation to enter adolescence with smartphones
Note:I PRIMI ADOLESC CON SMARTPHONE

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iGen begins with those born in 1995

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In 2006, Facebook opened up to anyone over the age of 13—so those born since 1993 have been able to live their entire adolescence on
Note:FACEBOOK

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the birth year span of iGen 1995–2012.
Note:NASCITA IGEN

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The Name
Note:ttttttt

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The Data
Note:ttttt

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1. In the past 24 hours, did you spend at least an hour total texting on a cell phone? ______ 2. Do you have a Snapchat account? ______ 3. Do you consider yourself a religious person? ______ 4. Did you get your driver’s license by the time you turned 17? ______ 5. Do you think same-sex marriage should be legal? ______ 6. Did you ever drink alcohol (more than a few sips) by the time you turned 16? ______ 7. Did you fight with your parents a lot when you were a teen? ______ 8. Were more than one-third of the other students at your high school a different race than you? ______ 9. When you were in high school, did you spend nearly every weekend night out with your friends? _____ 10. Did you have a job during the school year when you were in high school? _____ 11. Do you agree that safe spaces and trigger warnings are good ideas and that efforts should be made to reduce microaggressions? _____ 12. Are you a political independent? _____ 13. Do you support the legalization of marijuana? _____ 14. Is having sex without much emotion involved desirable? _____ 15. When you were in high school, did you feel left out and lonely fairly often?
Note:QUIZ

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The Demographics—and the World
Note:ttttttttt

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The Context
Note:ttttttt

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The Caveats
Note:ttttttt

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I’m often asked questions such as “Why are you blaming the kids? Isn’t it the parents’ fault?” (Or “the Boomers’ fault?” or “GenX’ers fault?”) This question makes two false assumptions: first, it assumes that all generational changes are negative; second, it implies that a single cause (such as parenting) can be identified for each change.
Note:È UN ACCUSA AI GENITORI?

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it’s not just parents, but technology, media, business, and education working together
Note:NON SOLO GENITORI

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First, the two things must be correlated with each other. For example, we can see whether teens who spend more time on social media are more depressed. Second, the two things must change at the same time and in the correct direction. If social media use and depression both increase during the same years, one might cause the other.
ESPERIMENTO INTERESSANTE

Contante nemico della burocrazia - 6 ecash HL

ecash Future Imperfect: Technology and Freedom in an Uncertain World

David D. Friedman

One is that a seller does not have to know anything about me in order to accept cash. That makes money a better medium…
Note:VANTAGGI DEL CONTANTE. FIDUCIA

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better medium for small transactions, since using cash avoids… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:EVITA COMMISSIONI

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money leaves no paper trail, which is useful not only for criminals but for anyone who… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:PROTEGGE LA PRIVACY

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The advantage of money is greater in cyberspace, since… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:NELLO CYBERSPAZIO

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The disadvantage is less, since my ecash would be stored… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:NIENTE CASSEFORTI

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Despite its potential usefulness, there is as yet no equivalent of… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:XCHÈ MANCA L ECASH?

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The reason is in part the hostility of governments to competition in the money business, and in part the… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:RILUTTANZA DEI GOVERNI

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giving at least one example of why it would be useful - for something more important than allowing men to look at pornography online without… Some highlights have been hidden or truncated due to export limits.
Note:OLTRE IL PORNO

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SLICING SPAM
Note:IL PROBLEMA DELLE SPAM

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There is a simple solution to this problem - so simple that I am surprised it is not yet in common use. The solution is to put a price on your mailbox.
Note:MAIL A PAGAMENTO

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Give your email program a list of the people you wish to receive mail from. Mail from anyone not on the list is returned with a note explaining that you charge five cents to read mail from strangers - and the URL of the stamp machine. Five cents is a trivial cost to anyone with something to say
Note:SOLUZIONE 5 CENT

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The stamp machine is located on a web page. The stamps are digital cash. Pay $10 from your credit card and you get in exchange 200 five-cent stamps - each a morsel of encrypted information that you can transfer to someone else who can in turn transfer it.
Note:FRANCOBOLLO

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If lots of strangers choose to send me messages, I can accumulate a surplus
Note:SOLUZIONE MAIL

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What is in it for the stamp machine - why would someone maintain such a system? Part of the answer is seigniorage
Note:SIGNORAGGIO

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If your stamps are popular, many of them may stay in circulation for a long time - leaving the money that bought them in your bank account accumulating interest.
Note:INTERESSI DEL SIGNORAGGIO

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Note:PUBBLICITÀ

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Note:QUANDO L ECASH

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Note:PRIVACY

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Note:CONTRAFFAZIONE

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Note:FIRMA DIGITALE

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Note:CHIAVE PRIVATA

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Note:QUANDO LA BANCA PAGA

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Note:COPIARE LA MONETA

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Note:NUMERO IDENTIFICATIVO

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Note:NIENTE PRIVACY CON L ID

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Note:FIRMA CIECA

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Le istituzioni del futuro: contratti intelligenti e ipr-privatizzazioni a go go - cap. 15 (business)

New Institutions The Age of Em: Work, Love, and Life when Robots Rule the Earth

Robin Hanson

Note:@@@@@@@@

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scholars have long been puzzled to see surprisingly little use of pay-for-performance, as when a lawyer is paid a fraction of a lawsuit’s winnings.
Note:PAGARE AL RISULTATO

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Scholars are also puzzled to see that, when such performance rewards are used, they are only rarely corrected for outside influences over which the person has little control, such as in correcting the strike price of CEO stock options
Note:ROZZEZZA DEI CONTRATTI

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lack of pay for performance is a puzzling lack of published track records for professionals, and customer disinterest in such records.
Note:TRACK RECORD FANTASMA

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clients do not see lawyer win-loss records,
Note:cccccccc

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Instead of track records, customers prefer to rely on personal impressions, referrals from friends,
Note:PRESTIGIO

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bundle health and life insurance to make our doctors feel more concern
Note:DOTTORI E ASSICURAZIONI

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Parents and teachers might work harder if they owned a share of their childrens’ future income.
Note:LE AZIONI DELLO STUDENTE

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services could be usefully priced, with such prices varying more with context. For example, theaters, restaurants, and parking lots could have prices that vary more with internal location
Note:PREZZO E CONTESTO

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projects that offer diffuse value to large diverse groups might instead be funded via “dominant assurance contracts,” wherein donations are conditional on funding targets being met (Tabarrok 1998
Note:DAC

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vote selling where each buyer’s price of votes goes as the square of the number of votes purchased in each election (Lalley and Weyl 2014
Note:VOTI IN VENDITA

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income taxes might vary more with parameters that predict an ability to earn income, such as body height and beauty do today (Mankiw and Weinzierl 2010).
Note:TASSARE ALTEZZA E BELLEZZA

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transferable citizenships might let better citizens self-select into societies.
Note:CITTADINANZA

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By randomly choosing a small jury of voters who will then decide an election, one might greatly increase the incentives of the voters who have been chosen to become informed (Levy 1989
Note:SISTEMI ELETTORALI

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robust systems of secure anonymous decentralized transactions may be built on the recent innovation of block-chain
Note:BLOCKCHAIN... TRANSAZIONI MINIME E ANONIME

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Such systems could support digital currencies, token systems, safe wallets, registration, identity, decentralized file storage, multi-signature escrow, consensus via rewarding those who best guess a consensus, financial derivatives including insurance and bets,
Note:SMART CONTRACT

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two more types of promising new institutions: combinatorial auctions and prediction markets.
PREDICTION MARKET

2 Lo sforzo educativo ridimensionato SAGGIO

Lo sforzo educativo ridimensionato

THE CASE AGAINST GUILT: A PARENT’S GUIDE TO BEHAVIORAL GENETICS – Selfish Reasons to Have More Kids: Why Being a Great Parent is Less Work and More Fun Than You Think – Bryan Caplan

***

Punti chiave: La paura di essere giudicati come genitori pigri – Quanto conta il nostro sforzo educativo? Poco, meno di quel che pensiamo – La natura vince… alla lunga – Genetica comportamentale: studi su gemelli e adottati – La natura umana è flessibile – Natura, famiglia, ambiente non condiviso (libertà fortuna) – Salute, intelligenza, successo, voti, reddito, carattere, Felicità, autostima, valori, riconoscimento ai genitori, sesso, amore, divorzio, orientamento sessuale – Il test di Segan

***

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KIDS BORN TODAY REQUIRE FOOD AND SHELTER, JUST AS THEY DID a hundred thousand years ago. Meeting these basic needs is far easier than it once was

Note:CIBO E VESTITI

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Moms’ and dads’ central objection is that if they cut corners, they risk their children’s future…Their heads fill with images of lazy parents…

Note:PERCHÈ NON PRENDERSELA COMODA

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Nature wins, especially in the long run.

Note:LA NATURA VINCE

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This may sound discouraging. No parent wants to hear that his sacrifices have been in vain.

Note:IL LATO SPIACEVOLE DELLA FACCENDA

HOW TO TELL NATURE FROM NURTURE

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In contrast, we tend to see their psychological and behavioral similarity as proof of the power of parenting.

Note:FISICO E PSICOLOGIA

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the typical family seamlessly blends biology and upbringing.

Note:INUTILE STUDIARE LA FAMIGLIA TIPO

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two kinds of families are special: Families that adopt, and families with twins.

Note:CIÒ CHE SERVE

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there are two kinds of twins: identical and fraternal. Identical twins share all of their genes…Fraternal twins share only half of their genes…

Note:DUE TIPI DI GEMELLI

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if identical twins resemble each other more than fraternal twins, the reason is probably nature.

Note:LA PROVA DEL NOVE

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twins who were separated and raised by different families.

Note:L’ESPERIMENTO PERFETTO

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If identical twins raised apart are more similar than fraternal twins raised apart, the reason almost has to be nature. If twins raised together are more similar than twins raised apart, the reason almost has to be nurture.

Note:CONDIZIONE

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The result is a new discipline—behavioral genetics

Note:È NATA UNA NUOVA DISCIPLINA

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Identical twins are much more similar than fraternal twins—even when separated at birth—and their similarity often increases as they age.

Note:ESITO

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By the time adoptees reach adulthood, however, this resemblance largely fades away.

Note:NATURA FLESSIBILE

EXPLAINING VARIATION

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If you raise a child in a closet and make sure he never hears a word, he won’t learn how to speak.

Note:SCARTIAMO I CASI ESTREMI

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Most twin and adoption studies focus on people raised in advanced Western countries in modern times…If a mix-up sent a Haitian baby to food-rich America, and an American baby to hungry Haiti, the effect on height could be massive…

Note:IL CONTESTO

NURTURE AND ENVIRONMENT ARE NOT THE SAME

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No two people have exactly the same environment. Two children who live under one roof have different teachers and friends.

Note:L’AMBIENTE È UNICO

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researchers equate “nurtured in the same way” with “were raised by the same people.”

Note:CONVENZIONE

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Any feature of children’s environment that varies despite the fact that they were raised by the same people. Researchers call such features “unique environment” or “nonshared environment,”

Note:AMBIENTE ORIGINALE O NON CONDIVISO

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Anything from peers, germs, and television to parental favoritism, dumb luck, and free will could qualify as unique environment.

Note:LIBERTÀ

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Instead of picturing a two-way race between nature and nurture, picture a three-way race

Note:TRE FATTORI… NON DUE

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The fact that genes don’t explain everything does not imply that family environment explains the rest.

Note:SPIEGAZIONI RESIDUALI

NATURE AND NURTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT EFFECTS

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If researchers report that genes affect income, for example, the reason might be that genes matter for intelligence, and intelligence matters for income.

EFFETTI DIRETTI E INDIRETTI…. PROBLEMA IRRILEVANTE?

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Since researchers bundle together direct and indirect effects, their results are a lot stronger than they look. Suppose an adoption study finds that nurture doesn’t influence smoking. A parent could not reasonably object, “Right, but since peers influence smoking, and parents influence peers, I still matter.” The flaw in this argument is that a normal adoption study includes any and all indirect effects.

Note:ROBUSTEZZA DEI RISULTATI

MEASURING NATURE AND NURTURE EFFECTS

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The clearest measures come from a thought experiment I call “Switched at Birth”

Note:ESPERIMENTO IDEALE PER LE PROBABILITÀ

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if your counterpart in the thought experiment is in the 51st through 55th percentiles, I’ll call that a “small” effect. If he’s in the 56th through 65th percentiles, I’ll call that a “moderate” effect. Anything more I’ll call “large.”

Note:CONVENZIONE

THE PARENTAL WISH LIST: CAN PARENTS MAKE THEIR DREAMS COME TRUE?

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you’d still prefer your kids to become healthy, smart, happy, successful, virtuous adults who share your values and appreciate..The underlying assumption is that parents have the power to grant their own wishes…

Note:LA LISTA

WISH #1: HEALTH

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Parents pressure their kids to eat right, get fresh air and exercise, brush their teeth, and stay away from tobacco and drugs…The main rationale for health-related nagging is to instill healthy habits…

Note:MANGIAR SANO ECC…..

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Parents don’t affect life expectancy. Major twin studies find no influence of family environment on life span.

Note:SPERANZA DI VITA

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Parents have little or no effect on overall health. There’s more to health than staying alive.

Note:SALUTE GENERICA

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Parents don’t affect height, weight, or teeth. We all want our kids to grow up to be tall and fit, with sparkling white teeth.

Note:PESO ALTEZZA DENTI

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Parents might have a small effect on smoking, drinking, and drug problems.

Note:FUMARE BERE DROGARSI

WISH #2: INTELLIGENCE

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One misreported study about “the Mozart effect” led moms to play the classics for babies and fetuses alike.

Note:MOZART EFFECT

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parents have little or no long-run effect on their children’s intelligence.

Note:INTELLIGENZA

WISH #3: HAPPINESS

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Good parents want to make their children happy. In the short run, they often succeed.

Note:FELICITÀ NEL BREVE

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The most striking evidence on nature, nurture, and happiness comes from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Twins raised apart were more alike in happiness than twins raised together.

Note:PARADOSSO

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The same goes for self-esteem.

Note:STIMA

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Unhappy adults like to blame their problems on their parents’ lack of love and support. According to the best evidence, however, both groups are wrong.

Note:GENITORI COME FONTE DI INFELICITÀ

WISH #4: SUCCESS

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Strangers often advise you to follow your dreams, but parents are more likely to tell you to get your head out of the clouds…Being a successful lawyer is more fun than being a failed actor….

Note:IL CLASSICO CONSIGLIO

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success roughly equals high income and a fancy degree.

Note:SUCCESSO

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Successful parents may give their kids a small edge, but heredity is much more important. Kids literally inherit educational and financial success from their parents.

Note:IL SUCCESSO EREDITATO

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Parents have little effect on how much school their kids get.

Note:SCUOLA SCELTA

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twin researchers conclude that children’s families have no long-run effect on educational success.

Note:POCA INFLUENZA

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Parents have no effect on grades.

Note:VOTI

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Parents have little or no effect on how much money their kids make when they grow up.

Note:REDDITO

WISH #5: CHARACTER

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We want our children to grow up to be men and women of substance—of character.

Note:IL DESIDERIO DI UN GENITORE

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“Maybe I can’t affect his IQ or his income, but I can control whether he grows up to be a decent person.”

Note:L’ULTIMO BALUARDO DEI GENITORI

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Parents have little or no effect on conscientiousness or agreeableness.

Note:EMPATIA E SELF CONTROL

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Parents have little or no effect on criminal behavior.

Note:COMPORTAMENTO CRIMINALE

WISH #6: VALUES

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When your side does it, it’s “education”; when other sides do it, it’s “brainwashing.”

Note:EDUCAZIONE E LAVAGGIO DEL CERVELLO

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Parents have a big effect on religious labels, but little on religious attitudes and behavior.

Note:RELIGIONE

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Parents have a big effect on political labels, but little on political attitudes and behavior.

Note:POLITICA

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Parents have little effect on traditionalism and modernism.

Note:IDEOLOGIA

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Like other personality traits, openness is largely unresponsive to upbringing.

Note:CURIOSITÀ

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Parents have moderate influence over when their daughters start having sex, but little over their sons.

Note:SESSO E AMORE

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Parents have little or no effect on teen pregnancy.

ote:GRAVIDANZE

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Parents have little or no effect on adult sexual behavior.

Note:ANCORA SESSO

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Parents may have a small effect on sexual orientation.

ote:ORIENTAMENTO SESSUALE

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genes are far from the whole story—if you’re gay, your identical twin is usually still straight.

Note:NON SOLO GENI

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Parents have little or no effect on marriage, marital satisfaction, or divorce.

Note:DIVORZIO

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Parents have little or no effect on childbearing.

Note:GRAVIDANZE

WISH #7: APPRECIATION

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To me, it’s more important to deserve my children’s appreciation than to get it.

Note:L’AMORE DEI FIGLI PER I GENITORI

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Out of all the wishes on the Parental Wish List, “good memories” are one of the few that clearly depend upon how you raise your child.

Note:L’AMBIENTE QUI È DECISIVO

BEYOND THE EXTRAORDINARY

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“Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” But behavioral genetics comfortably passes Sagan’s test.

SEGAN TEST