HL Chapter 2 SYSTEMATICALLY BIASED BELIEFS ABOUT ECONOMICS

Chapter 2 SYSTEMATICALLY BIASED BELIEFS ABOUT ECONOMICS
Note:2@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 573

economists look almost uniformly hostile to the view that people suffer from systematic bias.
Note:HOMO ECONOM

Yellow highlight | Location: 574

on average they get things right.
Note:L ASSUNTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 574

Gary Becker championed
Note:IL CAMPIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 575

systematically fooled about the effects of policies like quotas and tariffs that have persisted for a long time.
Note:IMPOSSIBILE DA CREDERE X BECKER

Yellow highlight | Location: 577

They may overestimate the dead weight loss from some policies, and underestimate it from others,
Note:SIMMETRIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 579

Papers that covertly introduce systematic bias risk being “outed.”
Note:ACCADEMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 581

Stephen Coate and Stephen Morris
Note:ATTACCHI ALL ASSUNTO COMPORTAMENTALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 581

“unreasonable assumptions” that voters “have biased
Note:I TERMINI USATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 583

Dani Rodrik similarly laments,
Note:ALTRA LAMWNTELA

Yellow highlight | Location: 583

habit of attributing myopia
Note:IL LAMENTO DI RODRIK

Yellow highlight | Location: 585

demanding that their colleagues honor the ban
Note:FORTE PRESSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 586

Evidence of Bias from Psychology and Public Opinion Research
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 587

fortunately not prevented empirical work
Note:INSUCCESSO DELL OSTILITÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 588

Psychologists like Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky
Note:EVERSORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 589

overestimate the probability of vivid, memorable events
Note:ESEMPIO DELL AEROPLANO CHE CADE

Yellow highlight | Location: 590

more than 50% of people put themselves in the upper half of the distribution
Note:SOPRA LA MEDIA...OVERCONFIDENCE

Yellow highlight | Location: 593

systematic mistakes exist.
Note:OGGI LO SAPPIAMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 598

Psychologists call this “ecological rationality”—the ability to choose sensibly in your natural habitat.
Note:ULTIMA SPIAGGIA....IL MECCANICO FALLISCE IN LABORATORIO MA NN IN OFFICINA

Yellow highlight | Location: 603

voters think that the biggest item in the federal budget is foreign aid.
Note:ERRORI MALDESTRI DELL ELETTORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 603

they are likely to spurn responsible politicians with realistic proposals in favor of demagogues
Note:CON SIMILI BASI

Yellow highlight | Location: 606

public opinion researchers
Note:I PIÙ UTILI X SCOPRIRE LE FALSE CREDENZE

Yellow highlight | Location: 606

voter bias to be common and quantitatively significant.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 607

“grading” the quality of public opinion—
Note:METODO

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

ask questions with objective quantitative answers,
Note:PUNTARE ALLA CHIAREZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

the share of the federal budget dedicated to national defense or Social Security.
Note:ESEMPI

Yellow highlight | Location: 611

the National Survey of Public Knowledge of Welfare Reform and the Federal Budget.
Note:UN ESEMPIO DI FONTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 612

overestimates the share of government spending on welfare
Note:UN CLASSICONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 612

underestimates the share devoted to national defense
Note:ALTRO CLASSICONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 614

many interesting questions are only answerable with a degree of ambiguity.
Note:PURTROPPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 614

the benefits of free trade.
Note:UNA QUESTIONE AMBIGUA...COME PROCEDERE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 616

They estimate voters’ “enlightened preferences
Note:ELETTORE NFORMATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 618

Administer a survey of policy preferences combined with a test of objective political knowledge.
Note:TRUCCO

Yellow highlight | Location: 621

Simulate what policy preferences would look like if all members of all demographic groups had the maximum level of objective political knowledge.
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 625

how many senators each state has, who the chief justice of the Supreme Court is, whether Russia is a member of NATO,
Note:POLITICAL IQ...ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 631

If a poor man with a low Political I.Q. learned a lot more about politics but stayed poor, would he change his mind about welfare policy?
Note:LA DOMANDA A CUI POSSIAMO ORA RISPONDERE

Yellow highlight | Location: 645

Systematic effects of knowledge on policy preferences are large and ubiquitous.
Note:LA CONSCENZA CI CAMBIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 646

ill-informed respondents are usually more one-sided
Note:ALTHAUS...ORIGINI DEL SETTARISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 648

informed opinion on foreign policy issues is relatively more interventionist
Note:POLITICA ESTERA

Yellow highlight | Location: 649

slightly more dovish
Note:E ANCHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 651

favor an active international role
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 651

less hawkish:
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 653

informed opinion to hold more progressive attitudes on a wide variety of social policy topics,
Note:SOCIETÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

pro-choice,

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

supportive of gay rights,
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 655

opposed to prayer in school.
Note:Ccccccfccfcccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 656

more ideologically conservative on the scope and applications of government power.
Note:I PIÙ INFORMATI IN ECONOMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 657

expanding domestic programs,
Note:CONTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 657

prefer free market solutions over government intervention
Note:PRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 658

less supportive of additional government intervention to protect the environment,
Note:CONTRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 658

smaller and less powerful federal government.”
Note:PRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 662

support for equal opportunity, it decreases support for equal results.
Note:IN GENERALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 663

It is hard to swallow the idea that if people knew more, they would agree with you less.
Note:IDEA DIFFICILE DA DIGERIRE...SEMBRA OFFENSIVO

Yellow highlight | Location: 664

After all, riches and knowledge go together. Why not conclude that more informed people favor free-market policies because the rich correctly identify their own interests?
Note:OBIEZIONE...DI CHI NN HA CAPITO COME FUNZIONA

Yellow highlight | Location: 665

The distribution of enlightened preferences is more promarket than the actual distribution of preferences primarily because people of all income levels become more promarket as their political knowledge increases.
Note:RISPOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 667

as knowledge rises, promarket views increase disproportionately in the bottom half
Note:ANZI...

Yellow highlight | Location: 672

the split went from 62/38 to 47/53.
Note:SPLIT PROMARKET INFO NNINFO

Yellow highlight | Location: 674

Getting Economics Back on Track
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 674

Political scientists’ findings are frankly embarrassing for economists
Note:L IMBARAZZO X L HOMO ECONOMICUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 678

Many of the most famous economists of the past, like Adam Smith and Frédéric Bastiat, obsessed over the public’s wrongheaded beliefs
Note:LA TRADIZIONE BIAS È LUNGA

Yellow highlight | Location: 679

stubborn resistance to basic principles like opportunity cost and comparative advantage.
Note:CONCETTI NATI SU QUESTO IMPULSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 693

Psychologists and public opinion researchers have made an impressive effort to educate economists about the realities of systematic bias.
Note:LA RIEDUCAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 696

Few modern economists care about the history of thought, so many of the most penetrating discussions have been ignored or forgotten.
Note:LO SCARSO SENSO DELLA STORIA TRA LE TRAPPOLE

Yellow highlight | Location: 698

It is professionally risky to emphasize systematically biased beliefs in the journals,
Note:RISCHI XSONALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 702

antimarket bias, antiforeign bias, make-work bias, and pessimistic bias.
Note:I QUATTRO BIAS PIÙ IMPORTANTI PER LA POLICY

Yellow highlight | Location: 705

Antimarket Bias
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 705

Commerce is, by its very essence, satanic. —Charles Baudelaire
Note:EPIGRAFE

Yellow highlight | Location: 712

antimarket bias, a tendency to underestimate the economic benefits of the market mechanism.
Note:COMPETIZIONE SOTTOVALUTATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 713

focus on the motives of business, and neglect the discipline imposed by competition.
Note:EGOISMO MALE =>MERCATO MALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 716

Capitalism stands its trial before judges who have the sentence of death in their pockets.

Note | Location: 717

IL PESSIMISMO DI JOSEPH SHUMPETER

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

“the ineradicable prejudice
Note:SECONDO JS

Yellow highlight | Location: 721

Antimarket bias is not a temporary, culturally specific aberration.
Note:SISTEMATICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 724

“Harnessing the ‘base’ motive of material self-interest to promote the common good is perhaps the most important social invention mankind has yet achieved.”
Note:PER CHARLES SCHULTZE E TUTTI GLI ECONOMISTI...L INVENZIONE NN APPREZZATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 727

regulation is the obvious answer;
Note:LA VIA ALTERNATIVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 729

Pundits rarely proclaim, “The American people want X, but they’re wrong.”
Note:TRANNE CHE IN AMBITO ECONOMICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 733

The problem with democracy is not politicians’ shirking, but the public’s antimarket bias:
Note:LA POLITICA NN INGANNA MA È SOLO UNA FEDELE ESCUTRICE

Yellow highlight | Location: 740

equate market payments with transfers, ignoring their incentive properties.
Note:UNA VARIANTE DELL ANTI MARKET BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 742

People tend to see profits as a gift to the rich.
Note:…IL CASO CLASSICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 743

limiting profits seems like common sense.
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 745

“If you want to get rich, then you have to do something people will pay for.”
Note:TESI DI SMITH

Yellow highlight | Location: 752

Smith’s thesis was counterintuitive to his contemporaries, and remains counterintuitive today.
Note:LA TRISTE REALTÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 758

in earlier times the leading culprit was interest or “usury.”
Note:UN CASO PRECEDENZE

Yellow highlight | Location: 760

prejudice against debt markets goes back millennia:
Note:HARDWIRED?...BHOM BAWEREK

Yellow highlight | Location: 765

opposition to interest has recently enjoyed a powerful revival:
Note:NELL ISLAM...TIMUR KURAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 770

In Pakistan all banks were ordered in 1979 to purge interest
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 771

in 1992 the Sharia court removed various critical exemptions.
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 773

The lender earns interest in exchange for delaying his consumption.
Note:COSA CI DICE L ECONOMIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 774

for the same stamp would crush lending as well.
Note:SE UNO NN VUOLE ESSERE COERENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 775

Alan Blinder blames opposition to tradable pollution permits on antimarket bias.
Note:ALTRO CASO DI ANTI MARKET BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 776

Why let people “pay to pollute,” when we can force them to cease and desist?
Note:LA LOGICA DEL PROFANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 780

Blinder discusses a fascinating survey of 63 environmentalists, congressional staffers, and industry lobbyists. Not one could explain economists’ standard rationale for tradable permits.
Note:ANALFABETISMO AMBIENTALISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 782

The second most prominent avatar of antimarket bias is monopoly theories of price.
Note:ALTRO CASO

Yellow highlight | Location: 785

Economists understand, however, that collusion is a Prisoners’ Dilemma.
Note:SAGGEZZA ECONOMICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 788

Look at these parasites: They buy products, “mark them up,” and then resell us the “exact same thing.”

Note | Location: 788

ALTRO CASO...L ODIO SOCIALE X L INTERMEDIARIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 794

Transportation, storage, and distribution are valuable services
Note:SAGGEZZA ECONOMICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 795

obvious whenever you need a cold drink in the middle of nowhere.
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 799

Capitalists join forces to keep wages at the subsistence level.
Note:ALTRA ACCUSA RICORRENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 804

if there really were a vast employer conspiracy to hold down wages, the Third World would be an especially profitable place to invest.
Note:SAGGEZZA ECONOMICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 806

Its workers earn low wages because their productivity is low.
Note:LA TRISTE VERITÀ SUL TERZO MONDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 807

businesses are monopolists of variable altruism.
Note:LA TEORIA DEI PREZZI DEL PROFANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 810

the public links greed with almost everything bad: Capitalism is “commonly maligned for the deceit, unfairness, dishonesty, and discourtesy
Note:I PRODOTTI DEL EGOISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 812

Les Misérables:
Note:UN CANTO ESEMPLARO

Yellow highlight | Location: 820

raising price and cutting quality often leads to lower profits, not higher.
Note:LE ACCUSE SONO INCOERENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 824

An outsider who eavesdrops on Krugman’s or Stiglitz’s debates with other economists might get the impression that the benefits of markets remain controversial.
Note:L ORIGLIATORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 826

economists are not debating.
Note:PACIFICO SU INCENTIVI O COSPIRAZIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 827

Almost all economists recognize the core benefits of the market mechanism;
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 828

Antiforeign Bias
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 829

skepticism about the global economy.
Note:TIPICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 833

A naval blockade of Japan.
Note:LA SOLUZIONE DEL PROFANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 834

A Berlin Wall at the Mexican border.
Note:ALTRA SOSTITUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 836

antiforeign bias, a tendency to underestimate the economic benefits of interaction with foreigners.
Note:DEF

Yellow highlight | Location: 838

Popular metaphors equate foreign trade with racing and warfare,
Note:LA GUERRA COMMERCIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 844

People around the world scapegoat foreigners:
Note:IL CAPRO

Yellow highlight | Location: 856

Even theorists like Paul Krugman who specialize in exceptions to the optimality of free trade frequently downplay their findings as curiosities:
Note:SIAMO AL LIMITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 862

Textbooks teach that total output increases if producers specialize
Note:SPECIALIZZAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 865

as Steven Landsburg explains,
Note:ALDO SAVOLDELLI

Yellow highlight | Location: 870

The Law of Comparative Advantage, one of most fascinating theorems in economics, shows that mutually beneficial international trade is possible even if one nation is less productive in every way.
Note:VANTAGGI RECIPROCI

Yellow highlight | Location: 875

the root error as misidentification of money and wealth: “A rich country, in the same manner as a rich man, is supposed to be a country abounding in money;
Note:L'ERRORE FATALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 877

It follows that trade is zero-sum,

Note | Location: 877

ZERO SUM

Yellow highlight | Location: 879

why would people focus on money draining out of “the nation,” but not “the region,” “the city,” “the village,” or “the family”?
Note:IL PROBLEMA E' LO STRANIERO

Yellow highlight | Location: 892

People feel all the more vulnerable when they reflect that these foreigners are not just selling us their products. They live among us.
Note:CON L'IMMIGRATO E' ANCORA PEGGIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 907

Make-Work Bias
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 920

make-work bias, a tendency to underestimate the economic benefits of conserving labor.69 Where noneconomists see the destruction of jobs, economists see the essence of economic growth—the production of more with less.
Note:LE VIRTÙ DEL NN LAVORO

Yellow highlight | Location: 925

we can also create jobs by seeing to it that each worker is less productive.
Note:IL VIZIETTO DI CREARE LAVORO

Yellow highlight | Location: 927

For an individual to prosper, he only needs to have a job. But society can only prosper if individuals do a job, if they create goods and services that someone wants.
Note:LA PROSPERITA'

Yellow highlight | Location: 929

Bastiat ridicules the equation of prosperity with jobs as “Sisyphism,”
Note:SISIFO E IL MITO DELLA CRESCITA

Yellow highlight | Location: 933

Wealth . . . increases proportionately to the increase in the ratio of result to effort.
Note:IL BIAS D ORIGINE...ABBINARE SFORZO E MERITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 945

The crudest form of make-work bias is Luddite fear of the machine.
Note:UN INCARNAZIONE DEL BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 952

Technology often creates new jobs; without the computer, there would be no jobs in computer programming or software development.
Note:PRIMA DIFESA DELLA MACCHINA

Yellow highlight | Location: 953

employing more workers than you need wastes valuable labor.
Note:LA SECONDA E PIÙ FONDAMENTALE DIFESA DELLA MACCHINA...PAGARE CHI GIRA I POLLICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 956

Cox and Alm aptly describe this process as “churn”:
Note:RIALLOCARE DI CONTINUO

Yellow highlight | Location: 959

The drastic decline in agricultural employment:
Note:L ESEMPIO PIÙ RADICALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 959

In 1800, it took nearly 95 of every 100 Americans to feed the country. In 1900, it took 40.
Note:UN DISASTRO? NO. UN ARRICCHIMENTO SPAVENTOSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 964

people would rather feel compassionately than think logically.
Note:LE ORIGINI DEL BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 966

Alan Blinder recommends extended unemployment insurance, retraining, and relocation subsidies.
Note:LA BONTÀ NN C ENTRA

Yellow highlight | Location: 970

Every time we figure out how to accomplish a goal using fewer workers, it enriches society, because labor is a valuable resource.
Note:DOWNSIZING...ALTRA MATERIA DOMINATA DAL BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 977

Bastiat insightfully observes that a loner would never fall prey to make-work bias:
Note:LA COMUNITÀ E L IO

Yellow highlight | Location: 978

No solitary man would ever conclude that, in order to make sure that his own labor had something to occupy it, he should break the tools that save him labor,
Note:L ESEMPIO DEL CALZOLAIO CHE RINUNCIA AI SUOI STRUMENTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 984

If you receive a washing machine as a gift, the benefit is yours; you have more free time and the same income.
Note:Cccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 987

Pessimistic Bias
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 990

I was told that kids around me were using drugs, and that a pusher would soon offer me some, too. Teachers warned that more and more kids would become addicts, and by the time I was in junior high I would be surrounded by them. Authority figures would occasionally speculate about our adulthood, and wonder how a country could function with such a degenerate workforce.
Note:L APOCALISSI DELLA DROGA...UNA DISTOPIA MAI REALIZZATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 994

I am still waiting to be offered drugs.
Note:Ccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 996

My teachers’ predictions about America’s economic future turned out to be laughable.

Note | Location: 997

PROFEZIE RISIBILI

Yellow highlight | Location: 997

As a general rule, the public believes economic conditions are not as good as they really are.
Note:PESSIMISTIC BIAS

Yellow highlight | Location: 999

pessimistic bias, a tendency to overestimate the severity of economic problems and underestimate the (recent) past, present, and future performance of the economy.
Note:Cccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,002

public lacks perspective.
Note:IL PUNTO...IL SENSO STORI CO E IL SENSO PROSPETTICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,011

massive gains we take for granted.
Note:ULTIMI 100 ANNI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,012

to idealize conditions in the more distant past
Note:L IDEA DI PARADISO PERDUTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,014

“Virtually every culture past or present has believed that men and women are not up to the standards of their parents and forebears,”
Note:ARTHUR HERMAN

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,016

Arthur Lovejoy and George Boas
Note:L IDEA PESSIMISTICA È UNIVERSALE E PRESCINDE DALLO STADIO DI AVANZAMENTO DI UNA CIVILTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,028

progress is so gradual that a few pockets of decay hide it from the public view:
Note:GRADUALISMO E SENSO DELLA STORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,043

Alexis de Tocqueville attacks pessimism as “the great sickness of our age.”
Note:NEMICI DEL PESSIMISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,044

Herbert Spencer

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,054

intellectuals have been predicting the imminent collapse of Western civilization for more than one hundred and fifty years,
Note:DI RECENTE LE COSE VANNO SEMPRR PEGGIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,056

How can high levels of pessimism coexist with constantly rising standards of living?
Note:PUZZLE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,057

objective conditions and subjective perceptions
Note:GAP

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,059

Our forebears, who worked and sacrificed tirelessly in their hopes their descendants would someday be free, comfortable, healthy, and educated, might be dismayed to observe how acidly we deny we now are these things.
Note:UN OFFESA AI PADRI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,065

human nature connects with the apocalyptic.
Note:LA NS PSICOLOGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,067

Whether the source is the Bible or Nostradamus, Thomas Malthus, or the Club of Rome,
Note:ESEMPI SPORADICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,069

There is an ongoing debate about growth slowdown.
Note:QUANDO PARLIAMO DI CATASTROFE PARLIAMO DI RALLENTAMENTO COSÌ COME QUANDO PARLIAMO DI AUSTERITY

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,071

standard numbers inadequately adjust for the rising quality and variety of the consumption basket,
Note:PRIMA RISERVA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,075

GDP miss important components of our standard of living.
Note:IL RIFUGIO DEL PESSIMISTA INTELLIGENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,076

environmental quality,
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,077

In the 1960s, über-pessimist Paul Ehrlich notoriously predicted that environmental neglect would shortly lead to mass starvation.
Note:UN PRECEDENTE ILLUSTRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,083

Throughout the long sweep of history, forecasts of resource scarcity have always been heard, and—just as now—the doomsayers have always claimed that the past was no guide to the future
Note:RISPISTA DI SIMON

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,087

natural resources are getting cheaper, population density is not bad for growth, and air quality is improving
Note:LA POSIZIONE VINCENTE DI SIMON

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,089

Michael Kremer’s seminal paper “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990,”
Note:TESI....LA CRESCITA DELLA POPOAZIONE AUMENTA LA RICCHEZZA PRO CAPITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,092

more inclusive measures cement the case for optimism, because life has also been getting better on the neglected dimensions.

Note | Location: 1,092

L ULTIMO RIFUGIO DEI OESSIMISTI SEMBRA VANO...MAGARI CHI È INDIETRO FISSE AL NOSTRO LIVELLO...IL MONDO SAREBBE PIÙ PULITO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,094

Conclusion
Ttttttttt

I QUATTRO DELL’APOCALISSE

I QUATTRO DELL’APOCALISSE

I quattro pregiudizi che affossano una comunità:

1) pregiudizi contro il mercato,

2) pregiudizi contro lo straniero,

3) pregiudizio per lo status quo,

4) pregiudizio pessimista.

BIAS ANTI-MERCATO

BIAS ANTI-MERCATO

Un malfunzionamento della mente ben noto alle teogonie cristiane: che il male generi il bene non sembra possibile alla mente comune.

Poiché l'egoismo è male, il mercato, imperniato sugli egoismi personali, deve essere necessariamente un male.

A CHE SERVE L'ECONOMISTA?

A CHE SERVE L'ECONOMISTA?

Lavorare è meglio di non lavorare ma non lavorare è meglio di fare un lavoro inutile (principio della conservazione del lavoro).

Il lavoro ti consente di produrre mentre il lavoro inutile non ti consente di trovare un lavoro utile.

Il profano coglie bene la prima verità ma fatica con la seconda, l'economista ha il dovere di aiutarlo.

FLUSSO MYTH OF RATIONAL VOTERS

Riccardo Mariani

27 ottobre alle ore 10:07 · 

Amazon

 · 

FLUSSO
#Amazon

AMAZON.IT

The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies - New Edition (English Edition)

The greatest obstacle to sound economic policy is not entrenched special interests or rampant lobbying, but the popular misconceptions, irrational beliefs, and personal biases held by ordinary voters. This is economist Bryan Caplan's sobering assessment in this provocative and eye-opening book. C...

Commenti: 4

Mi piaceVedi altre reazioni

CommentaCondividi

Commenti

Riccardo Mariani L’IMMAGINARIO DISPREZZO DELLE ELITE

La teoria tradizionale afferma che se l’elettore medio non fa scelte politiche cretine, probabilmente è una persona cretina.…Altro...

Gestire

Mi piaceVedi altre reazioni

 · Rispondi · 2 g

Riccardo Mariani CONOSCERE PER DELIBERARE COME PROGRAMMA POLITICO Molti ritengono doveroso “conoscere per deliberare” ma l’insistenza su questo punto è anche un programma politico visto che “conoscere” (*) cambia le nostre credenze. Esempio:

1. POLITICA ESTERA: chi co…Altro...

Gestire

Mi piaceVedi altre reazioni

 · Rispondi · 2 g

Riccardo Mariani Un saggio ispirato a questo libro https://fahreunblog.wordpress.com/.../una-difesa-delle.../

Gestire

FAHREUNBLOG.WORDPRESS.COM

Una difesa delle lobby

Mi piaceVedi altre reazioni

 · Rispondi · Rimuovi anteprima · 2 g

Riccardo Mariani Altro saggio ispirato a questo libro https://fahreunblog.wordpress.com/.../quando-la-stupidit.../

Gestire

FAHREUNBLOG.WORDPRESS.COM

Quando la stupidità è a buon mercato

Salva

CONOSCERE PER DELIBERARE COME PROGRAMMA POLITICO

Riccardo Mariani

18 min · 

Amazon

 · 

Per molti bisogna “conoscere per deliberare” ma l’insistenza su questo punto è anche un programma politico visto che “conoscere” (*) cambia le nostre credenze. Esempio:

1. POLITICA ESTERA: chi conosce è più interventista, più colomba e meno falco, più incline a valorizzare le organizzazioni internazionali…

2. SOCIETA’: chi conosce diventa progressista, pro-choice, per i matrimoni gay, contro i crocifissi e le preghiere nelle scuole…

3. ECONOMIA: chi conosce diventa conservatore, taglia la spesa, contiene il welfare, tiene in ordine i conti, decentra i poteri, appoggia politiche pro-market e pro-business…

(*) Faccio riferimento solo a conoscenze oggettive, o meglio, “conosce” chi risponde correttamente a domande del tipo: quanti membri ha il Senato? La Russia è membro dell’ OCSE? E della NATO? A quanto ammonta in termini percentuali sul PIL la spesa per la Difesa? E quella per gli aiuti internazionali? Le rapine sono aumentate o diminuite nel quinquennio 2010-2015? Eccetera.

#Amazon

AMAZON.COM

The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies

The greatest obstacle to sound economic policy is not entrenched special interests or rampant lobbying, but the popular misconceptions, irrational beliefs, and personal biases held by ordinary voters. This is economist Bryan Caplan's sobering assessment in this provocative and eye-opening book. C...