8 SCHOOLS
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Note:8@@@@@@@@@@@
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They wanted measureable results;
Note:TUTTI CONCORDANO
Note:TUTTI CONCORDANO
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the show horse of metrics became “No Child Left Behind” (NCLB),
Note:SIMBOLO
Note:SIMBOLO
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THE PROBLEM AND ITS PURPORTED SOLUTION
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persisting differences in school performance among ethnic groups.
Note:IL PROBLEMA...REALE
Note:IL PROBLEMA...REALE
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counter the lack of accountability of teachers
Note:IL NEMICO
Note:IL NEMICO
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business groups concerned about the quality of the workforce; civil rights groups distressed by differential group achievement; and educational reformers disturbed by what they saw as the failure of public schools to educate, who demanded national standards, tests, and assessment.
Note:LA LOBBY
Note:LA LOBBY
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the benefits of the accountability provisions of the NCLB remain elusive.
Note:DOPO DIECI ANNI
Note:DOPO DIECI ANNI
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greater school choice, the creation of charter schools,
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LA PARTE DA PROMUOVERE
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scores for primary school students went up only slightly, and no more quickly than before
Note:PRIMARIA...E X LE SUPERIORI ANCORA PEGGIO
Note:PRIMARIA...E X LE SUPERIORI ANCORA PEGGIO
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relative scores had not changed.
Note:ACHIEVEMENT GAP TRA RAZZE DIECI ANNI DOPO
Note:ACHIEVEMENT GAP TRA RAZZE DIECI ANNI DOPO
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UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES
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divert class time toward the subjects tested—mathematic and English—and away from other subjects, such as history, social studies, art, music, and physical education.
Note:TUTTI CONCENTRATI SU ITALIANO E MATEMATICA
Note:TUTTI CONCENTRATI SU ITALIANO E MATEMATICA
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students too often learn test-taking strategies rather than substantive knowledge.
Note:E ANCHE IN QUELLE MATERIE
Note:E ANCHE IN QUELLE MATERIE
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a source of stimulation for pupils.
Note:NO MOTIVAZIONI
Note:NO MOTIVAZIONI
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students are worse at reading extended texts
Note:LE DOMANDE SONO SECCHE
Note:LE DOMANDE SONO SECCHE
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It has helped to pinpoint poorly performing teachers, who have then left the system.
Note:UTILITÀ DI ALCUNI TEST
Note:UTILITÀ DI ALCUNI TEST
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genuinely useful as a diagnostic tool, used by the teachers themselves to discover which aspects of the curriculum work and which do not.
Note:UTILI ANCHE X LA DIAGNOSI
Note:UTILI ANCHE X LA DIAGNOSI
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work best when they are “low stakes.”
Note:LS
Note:LS
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reclassifying weaker students as disabled,
Note:CREAMNG
Note:CREAMNG
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phenomena well documented in Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Houston, Washington, D.C., and other cities.
Note:CHEATING
Note:CHEATING
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diminishing the difficulty of tests or lowering the grades required to pass them,
Note:ANCHE LA POLITICA HA IL VIZIETTO
Note:ANCHE LA POLITICA HA IL VIZIETTO
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it destroys the predictive validity of the tests themselves.
Note:ALTRO INCONVEN DELL USO MASSIVO
Note:ALTRO INCONVEN DELL USO MASSIVO
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When that education becomes focused instead on developing the students’ performance on the tests, the test no longer measures what it was created to evaluate.
Note:TEACHING TO THE TEST
Note:TEACHING TO THE TEST
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DOUBLING DOWN ON DATA
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That was known as “value-added scoring” or “student progress.”
Note:NUOVA MODA...
Note:NUOVA MODA...
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metrics for teachers was spurred by the findings of economists.
Note:HORNBY
Note:HORNBY
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it became clear that the yearly value-added gains tended to fade over time.
Note:ORA È CHIARO
Note:ORA È CHIARO
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PAYING FOR PERFORMANCE
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Roland Fryer
Note:HA STUDIATO IL P4P
Note:HA STUDIATO IL P4P
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“no evidence that teacher incentives increase student performance, attendance, or graduation,
Note:CONCLUSIONI
Note:CONCLUSIONI
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THE NEVER-CLOSING “ACHIEVEMENT GAP”
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Note:Tttttttttttttt
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the disparity in educational attainment
Note:IL PROB AMERICANO
Note:IL PROB AMERICANO
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after decades of gathering and publicizing these metrics, the outcome has remained more or less unchanged.
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FALLIMENTO
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was no different in 2013 than it had been in 1992.
Note:ACHIEVEMENT GAP
Note:ACHIEVEMENT GAP
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student performance correlates closely to the social, economic, and educational attainment of their parents.
Note:CAUSA IPOTIZZATA
Note:CAUSA IPOTIZZATA
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more curious, and more self-controlled;
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offspring of people who are themselves relatively bright, curious, and self-disciplined.
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tend to be passed down in families,
Note:I TRATTI CHIAVE
Note:I TRATTI CHIAVE
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they tend to increase, rather than diminish, the gap in achievement between children from families with different levels of human capital.
Note:LA SCUOLA MERITOCRATICA
Note:LA SCUOLA MERITOCRATICA
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achievement gap cannot in fact be closed by education—
Note:CONCLUSIONE
Note:CONCLUSIONE
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the idea that some problems are insoluble is morally unacceptable
Note:RIFIUTO
Note:RIFIUTO
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resources devoted to ongoing measurement becomes itself a sign of moral earnestness.
Note:SEGNALE
Note:SEGNALE
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THE COSTS OF ATTEMPTED GAP-CLOSING
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stimulation of interest
Note:OLTRE CIÒ CHE MISURANO I TEST
Note:OLTRE CIÒ CHE MISURANO I TEST
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cultivation of habits
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Development of these noncognitive qualities
Note:TRASCURATO
Note:TRASCURATO
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come at the expense of nonacademic activities, such as creative play and the arts,
Note:SACRIFICATI
Note:SACRIFICATI
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gains tend to fade away over time.
Note:LE CONQUISTE CON I MIGLIORI INSEGNANTI
Note:LE CONQUISTE CON I MIGLIORI INSEGNANTI
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The noncognitive gains, however, appear to persist.
Note:ESITO CONTRARIO X I NNCOGN
Note:ESITO CONTRARIO X I NNCOGN
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not only monetary.
Note:IL COSTO DELLA MISSIONE IMPOSSOBILE
Note:IL COSTO DELLA MISSIONE IMPOSSOBILE
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Pedagogic strategies that may be effective for lower-achieving students (such as longer school days and shorter summer vacations) are extended to students for whom these strategies are counterproductive.
Note:SCUOLA UNICA
Note:SCUOLA UNICA
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the blame heaped upon teachers
Note:EFFETTI COLLATERALI DELLA MISSIONE IMPOSSIBILE
Note:EFFETTI COLLATERALI DELLA MISSIONE IMPOSSIBILE
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robbing them of their autonomy, and of the ability to use their discretion and creativity in designing
Note:LA CULTURA DEI TEST SUGLI INSEGNANTI
Note:LA CULTURA DEI TEST SUGLI INSEGNANTI
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The result has been a wave of retirements by experienced teachers,
Note:PENSIONAMENTI
Note:PENSIONAMENTI
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the self-congratulations of those who insist upon rewarding measured educational performance
Note:A SPESE DEGLI INSEGNANTI
Note:A SPESE DEGLI INSEGNANTI
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