Visualizzazione post con etichetta david gelernter tides of mind. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta david gelernter tides of mind. Mostra tutti i post

giovedì 24 novembre 2016

Quanta poesia c'è nella scienza?

Cultura umanistica o scientifica?
Da noi, in passato, forse c’è stato un abuso della prima, ma altrove è successo il contrario e sarebbe bene non cadere dalla padella alla brace.
Quale delle due privilegiare per affrontare meglio il futuro? David Gelenrter è un tipo interessante da ascoltare sul tema.
Prima di decidere come “coltivare” la nostra mente sarebbe buona cosa capire come funziona. DG, in quanto  protagonista degli studi sull’intelligenza artificiale, è tra i più titolati a parlarci della soggettività, cosa che prova a fare nel libro “The Tides of Mind”.
Considerata la natura emulativa implicita nella costruzione della mente di un robot – il futuro passa da lì è bene comprendere al meglio la nostra.
Sia la cultura umanistica che quella scientifica hanno qualcosa da dire: chi dobbiamo ascoltare con più attenzione? Chi è più affidabile?
Difficile rispondere, di certo lo sforzo scientifico è stato sopravvalutato guadagnandosi un monopolio che non merita.
Molti di noi pensano alla mente come ad un reperto dissotterrato circondato da scienziati in camice bianco intenti a mapparlo palmo a palmo per isolarne le singole funzioni: non è così. La mente umana è un organismo che si muove, cambia e vive parallelamente al corpo….
… The role of emotion in thought, our use of memory, the nature of understanding, the quality of consciousness—all change continuously throughout the day…
Il cielo fornisce una buona analogia…
… If you understand the nighttime sky, you understand how the stars’ positions change. Not to understand those patterns of change is not to understand the sky…
La nostra mente che lavora su un problema matematico è molto diversa dalla mente che si dibatte nel corso di un incubo. Eppure noi usiamo la parola “mente” in entrambi i casi. Questo puo’ portarci fuori strada.
I nostri pensieri sono soggetti ad un ciclo quotidiano…
… our thought processes differ when we are fresh and wide-awake, when we are at a comfortable midday midpoint, and when we are drifting off to sleep…
E’ qualcosa che il senso comune coglie ma che spesso la scienza trascura.
La mente è un’isola che la marea scopre e sommerge ciclicamente. Conoscere la terra emersa senza conoscere la sua vita subacquea è velleitario…
… As we descend from the top, our gift for abstraction and reasoning fades while sensation and emotion begin to bloom cautiously and then grow lusher and brighter…
Scindere le due condizioni risulta deleterio, ma lo facciamo tutti quando tendiamo a dimenticarci la “vita sommersa”…
… That night I was startled awake by a dream,” writes the psychoanalyst Stephen Grosz, “which began to dissolve as soon as I woke.”)…
Abbiamo stili di pensiero diversi a seconda se è mattina o sera. E questo concetto si applica anche alla società nel suo complesso. Eliot su Dante
… “Dante’s is a visual imagination. It is visual in the sense that he lived in an age in which men still saw visions” (“Dante”). Ancient literature drifts farther and farther out of focus to modern minds—not just because old literature is written in old language, not just (by no means!) because it uses unfamiliar assumptions about society and each person’s status and value, but also, most important by far, because it uses different thought styles from those of today…
Noi privilegiamo il pensiero analitico mentre il medioevo dava un posto d’onore al pensiero visionario.
Leggere la letteratura del passato senza scontare lo stile di pensiero è come vedere un film accelerato o rallentato: la cifra estetica si perde completamente…
… Trying to read ancient literature (such as the older strata of the Hebrew Bible) without retuning our minds to lower-spectrum settings is a plain mistake…
cervelli non cambiano nei secoli ma la mente sì.
Perché la nostra infanzia è così importante per noi? L’infanzia è la nostra mente “subacquea”, ha mille connessioni con la mente emersa.
La mente-organismo, la mente-fluttuante, la convivenza di più menti nella nostra persona è un fatto chiave quasi sempre ignorato. Ma questo porta ad ignorare domande non da poco…
… What are the mind’s dynamics? How do relations between thinking and memory change over a day? How does the role of memory itself change, between its duty as mainly an information source up-spectrum (where did I put it, what do I do next, who is that?) and its chattier, storyteller role down-spectrum, supplying remembered incidents, anecdotes, and eventually the whole rich ambience of dreams?…
Quando cala la sera la nostra mente muta e quando chiudiamo gli occhi i nostri pensieri diventano delle realtà concrete che incontriamo faccia a faccia.
Perché ci siamo persi questo fatto chiave? Il problema è la soggettività. La soggettività è un concetto che mina alla base la scienza, ovvero la religione del nostro tempo.
Kant riusciva ancora a dare un ruolo alla soggettività ma già il paradigma di Monod la espelleva completamente dal nostro orizzonte: solo caso e necessità avevano diritto di cittadinanza.
La soggettività è sospetta, paradossale, poco scientifica. La mentalità contemporanea la detesta, ne è infastidita. Ma lei si ripresenta a tutti noi ogni mattina quando ci svegliamo.
E’ difficile studiare le maree stando immersi nell’acqua…
… As we descend the spectrum into the circus din of vivid, sometimes bizarre hallucination, our attention grows overstrained, sensation and emotion fill our mind to the edges—and we are less and less able to create sound new memories…
La mente è una stanza con una finestra: noi parliamo sempre della finestra (e del panorama che vediamo) e mai della stanza in cui abitiamo…
… The mind is a room with a view: from inside, we observe the external world and our own private, inner worlds. Mentally, we are stuck inside our rooms as we are stuck, physically, within our bodies…
John Searle
… “The history of philosophy of mind over the past one hundred years,” writes the philosopher John Searle, “has been in large part an attempt to get rid of the mental by showing that no mental phenomena exist over and above physical phenomena.”…
Focalizzarsi sulla materia sembra tanto “scientifico”, in realtà così facendo noi trascuriamo delle evidenze: l’evidenza della soggettività. E cosa c’è di più anti-scientifico che trascurare le evidenze?
Gli studi sull’ IA hanno incoraggiato questa tendenza. Ma oggi la soggettività ha più difensori che in passato: ho citato John Searle ma avrei potuto citare anche Thomas Nagel.
Le nuove attenzioni che riceve il soggettivismo rivalutano la fenomenologia e Freud.
La nuova scienza della mente non potrà più trascurare il soggetto, sarà scienza della soggettività…
… We want neurobiology to explain the phenomena we’ve discovered, but first we must discover them…
Ma cos’è la soggettività (ad alcuni nota come anima)?
Ciascuno di noi ha una dimensione soggettiva e lo sappiamo perché “è evidente”, almeno per quanto riguarda noi stessi. Per quanto riguarda gli altri lo inferiamo osservando i corpi. Wittgenstein:
… “The human body, is the best picture of the human soul”…
Si arriva al punto che, a volte, la consapevolezza dell’anima altrui è notevole. La moglie conosce la soggettività del marito meglio di lui…
… Jack is a middle-aged man I know who takes a battery of medications for chronic pain. None relieves the pain absolutely, and the medications take hold and wear off gradually. On certain occasions his wife will ask, “Are you sure you took your meds this evening?” “Of course I did; I feel fine!” Jack will snarl. Then he will march back into the bedroom to establish that she is wrong—and discover, usually, that she is right. The pills will be laid out on the pill shelf, untaken. His wife knows his pain level better than he does…
La “simpatia” tra esseri umani puo’ raggiungere livelli molto elevati, in questi casi giungiamo a sentire quel che sente l’altro, è come se le rispettive “soggettività” vibrassero in simpatia tra loro, come se entrassimo in un comune spazio di risonanza emotiva.
Tuttavia, dice qualcuno, restiamo fondamentalmente isolati: c’è un giochetto filosofico per far comprendere il concetto di “solipsismo”…
… what you call red, I might experience as blue, while I see “blue” as red. Our subjective experiences of color might be radically different, and neither of us would ever know…
Ma se il giochetto funziona con i colori, con le emozioni funziona meno. Non a caso descriviamo di continuo quel che proviamo fiduciosi che l’altro possa capirci…
… Colorful clichés—butterflies in the stomach, insides twisted in knots, jumping for joy, bored to tears, bursting with news—help us to be understood. “My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense . . .” (John Keats, “Ode to a Nightingale”)…
Inoltre, pensiamo di conoscere quel che prova l’altro: nella vita quotidiana il paradosso solipsista non c’impensierisce più di tanto, i sentimenti sembrano colmare il gap dell’incomunicabilità radicale.
Per studiare la mente dobbiamo partire da cio’ che sappiamo della mente, ovvero dalla nostra soggettività, la prima legge primaria della psicologia (ma di qualsiasi scienza) è: conosci quel che vuoi spiegare.
Giova ripeterla poiché studiosi illustri, come per esempio Daniel Dennett, la dimenticano platealmente. Nelle parole di Dilman
… “In his commitment to find a scientific explanation of consciousness he shows very little understanding of ‘folk psychology,’ treating its contents in a very cavalier fashion.” (“Folk psychology” is commonsense, intuitive psychology.) Dilman continues: “What he needs is a clarification of the concept of consciousness, instead of an explanation of it along scientific lines.”…
Per studiare la coscienza noi dobbiamo prima descriverla e per descriverla dobbiamo osservarla. Solo grazie all’introspezione possiamo portare a termine un simile compito. Tutto parte da lì. Shaun Gallagher
… from “a methodologically controlled reflective introspection.”… One must (methodically) introspect
Ma psicologi e filosofi odiano l’ introspezione.
La loro fregola è l’esperimento, sentono il brivido della “scientificità” solo se maneggiano cavie… e quand’anche la loro coscienza si appalesi ad un palmo dal naso, si girano dall’altra parte con grandi sforzi pur di non vederla.
Ci sono altre fonti preziose a cui attingere, sta di fatto che non si puo’ studiare un problema essenzialmente legato alla nostra soggettività senza utilizzare l’introspezione.
Tuttavia, è tremendamente facile equivocare sull’introspezione…
… “Until a person is able to fill up those concepts with their manifestations in his own life,” writes Jonathan Lear, “his understanding of those concepts will be hollow.”…
Abbinare certi concetti astratti alla nostra esperienza personale è operazione preziosa ma difficile. Si rischia di personalizzare troppo e restare vittime di un solipsismo che ci isola…
… “I live inside a skin inside a house. There is no act I know of that will liberate me into the world. There is no act I know of that will bring the world into me” (J. M. Coetzee, In the Heart of the Country)… V. S. Naipaul describes his proper topic: “The worlds I contained within myself, the worlds I lived in” (Enigma of Arrival)…
Sperimentare la nostra coscienza è qualcosa di estremamente intimo e difficile da comunicare, ma è anche qualcosa che la mente tocca tutti i giorni, che ci sta addosso, l’uomo onesto non puo’ eluderla. David Chalmers scrive:
… Conscious experiences range from vivid color sensations to experience of the faintest background aromas; from hard-edged pains to the elusive experience of thoughts on the tip of one’s tongue. . . . All these have a distinct experienced quality. . . . To put it another way, we can say that a mental state is conscious if it has a qualitative feel—an associated quality of experience…
Charles Siewert è ancora più diretto…
…  ‘That noise sounded louder to me than the previous one’; ‘I was visualizing the front door of my house’; ‘it looks to me as if there is an X there.’…
Ma cosa dobbiamo intendere per “qualità della coscienza”?
La qualità varia a seconda che siamo svegli o che siamo addormentati mentre sogniamo
…  “The first task of the science of mind,” writes Hobson, “—to describe, define and measure polar states of consciousness such as waking and dreaming—has only recently assumed a serious status.”…
Diventa essenziale descrivere i vari stati di coscienza: sveglio, addormentato con sogni, sogni ad occhi aperti, dormiveglia… Tutti questi stati si spalmano su un continum poiché tra la veglia e il sonno non c’è una netta rottura. Il libero fluire delle associazioni nel dormiveglia è solo una delle tante forme assunte dalla nostra coscienza.
Di fatto la nostra persona contiene una moltitudine di personalità…
… You have one personality, refracted into many states of consciousness by the prism of mental focus…
Il legame tra memoria ed esperienza è cruciale: non esiste esperienza senza memoria…
… we don’t experience an event merely by living through it. To experience an event, we must live through and remember it… Surgeons will tell you that sometimes a patient is awakened briefly on the operating table when the procedure is almost finished, to make sure everything has been put back in place. But modern anesthetics and associated drugs ensure that no memories are laid down; the patient will never recall this little scene…
L’esperienza è una memoria. D’altro canto ci sono esperienze paradossali fatte con un grado di coscienza che non incide sulla memoria. Si tratta di esperienze che si auto-cancellano. La nostra mente archivia una serie di esperienze a cui non abbiamo accesso.
Persone differenti hanno modelli mentali differenti, è difficile uniformare. Le parti nascoste della mente rendono più difficile la conoscenza di se stessi e quindi l’introspezione.
Una cosa è certa: le cose più importanti sono le cose che ci stanno più vicine, cominciamo da quelle…
… Seeing things that are too close instead of too distant to make out clearly is one definition of philosophy and the philosophical method… “How hard I find it,” writes Wittgenstein, “to see what is right in front of my eyes!”…
Per vedere le cose più vicine la cultura umanistica è più preziosa di quella scientifica. Ralph Waldo Emerson…
… In silence, in steadiness, in severe abstraction, let him hold by himself; add observation to observation, patient of neglect, patient of reproach, and bide his own time,—happy enough if he can satisfy himself alone that this day he has seen something truly. . . . For the instinct is sure, that prompts him to tell his brother what he thinks. He then learns that in going down into the secrets of his own mind he has descended into the secrets of all minds…
Per un’introspezione adeguata la cultura umanistica offre guide più affidabili rispetto alla scienza. Per cogliere in modo nitido l’intuizione trascendentale meglio affidarsi alla cultura umanistica. Le guide migliori…
… Shakespeare, Blake, Keats, De Quincey, Racine, Rimbaud, Hugo, Hölderlin, Büchner, Rilke, Kafka, Chateaubriand, Flaubert, Dostoyevsky, Proust, Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Henry James, Ernest Hemingway, Vladimir Nabokov, Karen Blixen, Cynthia Ozick, J. M. Coetzee, V. S. Naipaul, Wordsworth… Freud… Hebrew Bible, Donne, Sterne and Jane Austen, Coleridge and Wordsworth, Proust and Kafka, Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy… Philip Roth and Martin Amis, Cynthia Ozick, Jenny Erpenbeck, John Banville…
Ma perché i romanzieri battono gli scienziati: non hanno teorie da difendere, non hanno interessi in gioco. Sono i migliori accompagnatori per chi visita il regno della soggettività. Hanno un eccellente intuito e non disprezzano mai il senso comune…
… what Shakespeare thought about the mind is not folk anything. It goes as deep as psychology can…
Un’altra fonte per indagare la mente è il linguaggio, ovvero il distillato secolare della saggezza umana. E cosa esalta il linguaggio più di una cultura umanistica?…
… Language is our handbook of common knowledge and common sense. Language is knowledge distilled…
book-52

venerdì 11 novembre 2016

One The Tides of Mind - The Tides of Mind: Uncovering the Spectrum of Consciousness by David Gelernter

The Tides of Mind: Uncovering the Spectrum of Consciousness by David Gelernter
You have 164 highlighted passages
You have 67 notes
Last annotated on November 12, 2016
One The Tides of MindRead more at location 216
Note: 1@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Edit
Many thinkers see the mind as a massive ancient temple newly unearthed in a desert somewhere.Read more at location 217
Note: LA MENTE COME REPERTO DA ANALIZZARE Edit
But this is all wrong.Read more at location 221
The mind changes constantly on a regular, predictable basis.Read more at location 221
The important features all change together.Read more at location 223
The role of emotion in thought, our use of memory, the nature of understanding, the quality of consciousness—all change continuously throughout the day,Read more at location 223
Note: x I CAMBIAMENTI DURANTE IL GORNO Edit
If you understand the nighttime sky, you understand how the stars’ positions change. Not to understand those patterns of change is not to understand the sky.Read more at location 227
Note: x METAFORA DEL CIELO Edit
the mind at work on a math problemRead more at location 228
is a strangely, strikingly different instrument from the same mind fighting through a nightmare,Read more at location 229
our thought processes differ when we are fresh and wide-awake, when we are at a comfortable midday midpoint, and when we are drifting off to sleep.Read more at location 230
Note: x TUTTI SAPPIAMO. SENSO COMUNE Edit
like an island completely submerged and then released by the oceanRead more at location 231
As we descend from the top, our gift for abstraction and reasoning fades while sensation and emotion begin to bloom cautiously and then grow lusher and brighter.Read more at location 235
Note: x ASTRAZIONE EMOZIONE Edit
As focus falls and conscious mind relaxesRead more at location 236
Note: ......... Edit
the mind wanders.Read more at location 237
we experience more of the saturated intensity of emotionsRead more at location 237
hard to recall;Read more at location 240
That night I was startled awake by a dream,” writes the psychoanalyst Stephen Grosz, “which began to dissolve as soon as I woke.”)Read more at location 241
Note: x RICORDO Edit
These transformations govern daily life.Read more at location 247
The same idea can even be applied to societies as a whole. They have their favorite thought styles—oldRead more at location 248
“Dante’s is a visual imagination. It is visual in the sense that he lived in an age in which men still saw visions” (“Dante”). Ancient literature drifts farther and farther out of focus to modern minds—not just because old literature is written in old language, not just (by no means!) because it uses unfamiliar assumptions about society and each person’s status and value, but also, most important by far, because it uses different thought styles from those of today.Read more at location 249
Note: x ELIOT SU DANTE Edit
We favor high-focus, analytic thought.Read more at location 253
Our elite thinkers cluster around the top of the spectrum, whether or not they belong there.Read more at location 253
Trying to read ancient literature (such as the older strata of the Hebrew Bible) without retuning our minds to lower-spectrum settings is a plain mistake—likeRead more at location 254
Note: x FILOLOGIA Edit
watching a movie at the wrong frame rate,Read more at location 256
Note: ANALOGIA Edit
The brain doesn’t change over the centuries, but the mind does,Read more at location 256
why being a small child is so important to our private mental histories:Read more at location 258
Note: COSA SPIEGA LO SPETTRO Edit
The spectrum is the first thing we need to know about the quality of consciousness.Read more at location 260
Yet mind scientists and mind philosophers ignore the spectrumRead more at location 262
What are the mind’s dynamics? How do relations between thinking and memory change over a day? How does the role of memory itself change, between its duty as mainly an information source up-spectrum (where did I put it, what do I do next, who is that?) and its chattier, storyteller role down-spectrum, supplying remembered incidents, anecdotes, and eventually the whole rich ambience of dreams?Read more at location 263
Note: x DOMANDE IGNORATE Edit
we cross the hallucination line as we approach sleep.Read more at location 265
Past that line, our ideas and recollections become realRead more at location 266
a spectrum of qualities of consciousness,Read more at location 270
What’s Hard about This?Read more at location 275
Note: T Edit
how have they been missed?Read more at location 276
How could philosophy, science, and plain curiosity have missedRead more at location 277
The problem is subjectivity.Read more at location 278
Note: x RIFLESSIVITÀ Edit
It is hard to track the rising tide when you are in the water.Read more at location 279
Note: ANALOGIA Edit
As we descend the spectrum into the circus din of vivid, sometimes bizarre hallucination, our attention grows overstrained, sensation and emotion fill our mind to the edges—and we are less and less able to create sound new memories.Read more at location 280
Note: x RIFLESS Edit
We don’t pay as much attention as we should to the lower spectrum,Read more at location 282
Room with a ViewRead more at location 283
Note: T ANALOGIA Edit
The mind is a room with a view: from inside, we observe the external world and our own private, inner worlds. Mentally, we are stuck inside our rooms as we are stuck, physically, within our bodies.Read more at location 284
Note: x L ANAL SPIEGATA Edit
philosophers have tended to downplay or just ignore the room in favor of the view.Read more at location 291
objectivity is their holy grail,Read more at location 292
subjectivity seems suspiciouslyRead more at location 292
unscientific.Read more at location 293
“The history of philosophy of mind over the past one hundred years,” writes the philosopher John Searle, “has been in large part an attempt to get rid of the mental by showing that no mental phenomena exist over and above physical phenomena.”Read more at location 293
Note: x SEARLE Edit
This focus on the physical over the mental seems supremely scientificRead more at location 295
A flight from subjectivity:Read more at location 297
Computer-based ideas of mind have encouraged us to disregardRead more at location 298
subjectivism has more defenders than it did a generation ago.Read more at location 299
John Searle’s and Thomas Nagel’sRead more at location 299
From outside, subjectivism is championed by phenomenology—aRead more at location 301
Freudianism is staging a strong though quiet comeback,Read more at location 303
“Tidal psychology,” “spectrum psychology,” “daily mind tracking” (take your pick) has yet to be born.Read more at location 305
Note: x IL FUTURO Edit
the science of mind must be a subjective science.Read more at location 308
We want neurobiology to explain the phenomena we’ve discovered, but first we must discover them,Read more at location 309
How Subjective Is Subjective?Read more at location 310
Note: T Edit
other people know just what we think and feel—because we tell them.Read more at location 311
“The human body,” writes Ludwig Wittgenstein, “is the best picture of the human soul.”Read more at location 312
Note: x WITT SUL CORPO Edit
Sometimes other people know what we feel better than we do.Read more at location 314
Jack is a middle-aged man I know who takes a battery of medications for chronic pain. None relieves the pain absolutely, and the medications take hold and wear off gradually. On certain occasions his wife will ask, “Are you sure you took your meds this evening?” “Of course I did; I feel fine!” Jack will snarl. Then he will march back into the bedroom to establish that she is wrong—and discover, usually, that she is right. The pills will be laid out on the pill shelf, untaken. His wife knows his pain level better than he does.Read more at location 314
Note: x SIMPATIA Edit
We know intellectually how other people feel.Read more at location 318
we feel each other’s feelings; we sympathize—weRead more at location 318
we are feeling creatures ourselves,Read more at location 319
we know how we feelRead more at location 320
emotional resonance,Read more at location 320
circumstances—feel someone else’s feelings in our own bodies.Read more at location 321
what you call red, I might experience as blue, while I see “blue” as red. Our subjective experiences of color might be radically different, and neither of us would ever know.Read more at location 322
Note: x SOLIPSISMO Edit
Yet I can see that you smile slightly, and frown ironically, and sneer thoughtfully, in roughly the same circumstancesRead more at location 323
Note: X LE EMOZIONI CI SEMBRA DOIVERSO Edit
We describe ourselves constantly, and we try hard to be understood.Read more at location 324
Colorful clichés—butterflies in the stomach, insides twisted in knots, jumping for joy, bored to tears, bursting with news—help us to be understood. “My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense . . .” (John Keats, “Ode to a Nightingale”).Read more at location 325
Note: x VOGLIA DI FARSI CAPIRE Edit
we know plenty about each other’s mental states.Read more at location 327
Feelings can arc gaps.Read more at location 327
We must start our study by knowing what the mind is like from inside.Read more at location 333
Note: INTROSPEZIONE Edit
Mind from InsideRead more at location 333
Note: T Edit
Phenomenologists strive to understand subjective experience. They search for an underlying objective reality in subjective appearance. They care especially about consciousness.Read more at location 336
Note: X LA FENOMENOLOGIA Edit
The first law of psychology—all psychology—is to know what needs explaining.Read more at location 338
“In his commitment to find a scientific explanation of consciousness he shows very little understanding of ‘folk psychology,’ treating its contents in a very cavalier fashion.” (“Folk psychology” is commonsense, intuitive psychology.) Dilman continues: “What he needs is a clarification of the concept of consciousness, instead of an explanation of it along scientific lines.”Read more at location 340
Note: X DILMAN SU DENNETT Edit
CLARIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTRead more at location 344
Note: T Edit
descriptive analysis of consciousness.”Read more at location 346
Note: COSA SERVE Edit
Where do we get thisRead more at location 346
Note: ? Edit
Shaun GallagherRead more at location 347
from “a methodologically controlled reflective introspection.”9 One must (methodically) introspect.Read more at location 347
Note: x Edit
INTROSPECTIONRead more at location 349
Note: T Edit
psychologists and philosophers hate the idea of introspectionRead more at location 349
I will describe several other crucial information sources besides introspection.Read more at location 352
Note: ........ Edit
you cannot study an inherently subjective topic like consciousness without introspection.Read more at location 353
do it carefully,Read more at location 354
trying always to see or intuitRead more at location 355
every experience reflects the underlying lawsRead more at location 355
I can see (if I am sharp enough) how consciousness must be structuredRead more at location 357
Introspection, however, is easy to misunderstand.Read more at location 358
“Until a person is able to fill up those concepts with their manifestations in his own life,” writes Jonathan Lear, “his understanding of those concepts will be hollow.”Read more at location 364
Note: x L ESPERIENZA PERSONALE Edit
The “Little Room of Man”Read more at location 366
Note: T Edit
“I live inside a skin inside a house. There is no act I know of that will liberate me into the world. There is no act I know of that will bring the world into me” (J. M. Coetzee, In the Heart of the Country).Read more at location 369
Note: x COETZEE SULLA STANZA Edit
V. S. Naipaul describes his proper topic: “The worlds I contained within myself, the worlds I lived in” (Enigma of Arrival).Read more at location 371
Note: x NAIPAUL Edit
Consciousness is immediate, direct, and intimate—aRead more at location 375
your mind “touches” itRead more at location 376
is the feeling created by thoughtsRead more at location 377
David Chalmers writes,Read more at location 379
Note: ........ Edit
Conscious experiences range from vivid color sensations to experience of the faintest background aromas; from hard-edged pains to the elusive experience of thoughts on the tip of one’s tongue. . . . All these have a distinct experienced quality. . . . To put it another way, we can say that a mental state is conscious if it has a qualitative feel—an associated quality of experience.Read more at location 380
Note: x CHALM SULLA COSC Edit
Charles Siewert is more direct: “ ‘That noise sounded louder to me than the previous one’; ‘I was visualizing the front door of my house’; ‘it looks to me as if there is an X there.’Read more at location 383
Note: x SIEWERT SULLA COSC Edit
what is the “quality of consciousness”?Read more at location 386
Subjective experience has a different quality when we are awake than when we sleep and dream.Read more at location 388
Note: QUALIA Edit
“The first task of the science of mind,” writes Hobson, “—to describe, define and measure polar states of consciousness such as waking and dreaming—has only recently assumed a serious status.”Read more at location 389
Note: X HOBSON SUI QUALIA Edit
Describing states of consciousnessRead more at location 391
Awake, asleep and dreaming, and unconsciousRead more at location 392
a continuum.Read more at location 392
the moment just before sleep,Read more at location 393
the free-flowing, associative thought that occurs when we are deeply drowsy.Read more at location 395
we find the daydream- and fantasy-prone, easily distracted state of consciousness that is good for reminiscing but no good at all for systematic problem solving.Read more at location 396
You have one personality, refracted into many states of consciousness by the prism of mental focus.Read more at location 397
Note: x MULTIPERSONALITÀ Edit
One more large step backwardRead more at location 398
no longer tired, but not freshRead more at location 399
We can pay attention to a problem, work on it, focus. But prolonged focus is hard.Read more at location 399
we reach our best point for logical problem solving and systematic reasoning.Read more at location 401
Note: ULTIMO STADIO Edit
A father teaches his children “not just to speak properly but to think logically, to classify, to analyze, to describe, to enumerate” (Philip Roth, The Human Stain).Read more at location 402
Note: x ROTH SULL ALTO LIVELLO Edit
We lose our edge, the energetic biteRead more at location 404
Note: PROCESSO DEGEN A FINE GIORN Edit
then comes a long, slow relaxation, unfocusingRead more at location 405
from one thought to illogical, irrelevant next thought,Read more at location 406
Note: PASSEGGIATE MENTALI Edit
We will move from mental acting to mental being.Read more at location 408
Note: REALISMO DELLA MENTE Edit
Memory changes tooRead more at location 409
we are like chroniclers insofar as we live to remember.Read more at location 411
Experience is a body of memoriesRead more at location 412
we don’t experience an event merely by living through it. To experience an event, we must live through and remember it.Read more at location 412
Note: x COS È L ESPERIENZA Edit
Surgeons will tell you that sometimes a patient is awakened briefly on the operating table when the procedure is almost finished, to make sure everything has been put back in place. But modern anesthetics and associated drugs ensure that no memories are laid down; the patient will never recall this little scene.Read more at location 413
Note: x IL PAZIENTE RISVEGLIATO Edit
Did it ever happen? Not in your experience. An experience is a memory.Read more at location 418
“paradoxical experience” (what we live through but don’t remember) grows more important as we move down-spectrum.Read more at location 419
it tends to erase itself:Read more at location 422
Some of the most vivid experiences we live through never happened to us,Read more at location 423
a deep reservoir of unrealized experience,Read more at location 424
it is an everyday fact, not a rare or exotic phenomenon.Read more at location 425
we oscillate partially up and down the spectrum several times over a day.Read more at location 426
Different patterns hold for different people.Read more at location 428
Gradations in the quality of consciousness are easy to accept;Read more at location 429
That the mental spectrum should be largely unknown is just one more expression of the terrible trouble we have in knowing ourselves.Read more at location 433
Note: x CONOSCI TE STESSO Edit
Seeing things that are too close instead of too distant to make out clearly is one definition of philosophy and the philosophical method.Read more at location 439
Note: T Edit
“How hard I find it,” writes Wittgenstein, “to see what is right in front of my eyes!”Read more at location 439
Note: x WITT... LETTERA RUBATA Edit
How Can We Know the Mind from Inside?Read more at location 442
Note: T Edit
Ralph Waldo EmersonRead more at location 443
In silence, in steadiness, in severe abstraction, let him hold by himself; add observation to observation, patient of neglect, patient of reproach, and bide his own time,—happy enough if he can satisfy himself alone that this day he has seen something truly. . . . For the instinct is sure, that prompts him to tell his brother what he thinks. He then learns that in going down into the secrets of his own mind he has descended into the secrets of all minds.Read more at location 444
Note: x EM DIFENDE L INTRO Edit
HusserlRead more at location 448
Note: ....... Edit
to give up introspection is to disarm completely in the face of subjective experience.Read more at location 448
We must know it in a systematic, disciplined way.Read more at location 449
Our goal must be transcendental insight,Read more at location 449
Note: TRASC. PARTIRE DAL TAVOLINO Edit
Shakespeare.Read more at location 453
Blake, Keats, De Quincey, Racine, Rimbaud, Hugo, Hölderlin, Büchner, Rilke, Kafka, Chateaubriand, Flaubert, Dostoyevsky, Proust, Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Henry James, Ernest Hemingway, Vladimir Nabokov, Karen Blixen, Cynthia Ozick, J. M. Coetzee, V. S. Naipaul,Read more at location 454
Note: X I PIÙ GRANDI ESPERTI DELL INTROSP. PIÙ SH E WORD Edit
WordsworthRead more at location 457
Freud is a special case too:Read more at location 458
Hebrew Bible, Donne, Sterne and Jane Austen, Coleridge and Wordsworth, Proust and Kafka, Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy, and (of course) Shakespeare, to start.Read more at location 460
Note: x ALTRI Edit
Philip Roth and Martin Amis, Cynthia Ozick, Jenny Erpenbeck, John Banville, V. S. Naipaul, and J. M. Coetzee—toRead more at location 462
Note: X I CONTEMP Edit
novelist ordinarily has no theory to defend,Read more at location 466
Note: PERCHÈ I ROMANMZOERI SONO MEGLIO Edit
we trust eminent novelists to take us where no one else can, into the subjective realityRead more at location 466
they have psychological intuitionRead more at location 467
Philosophers refer disparagingly to “folk psychology,”Read more at location 468
But what Shakespeare thought about the mind is not folk anything. It goes as deep as psychology can.Read more at location 469
additional sourceRead more at location 470
the language we speak.Read more at location 470
language is crucial to a new subjectivist methodology.Read more at location 471
distilled essence of centuries’Read more at location 472
Language is our handbook of common knowledge and common sense. Language is knowledge distilled,Read more at location 473
“Feeling” is a synonym for “emotion.”Read more at location 474
Note: ESEMPIO Edit