GLI ZINGARI

GLI ZINGARI
Lasciarono il nord dell’India un migliaio di anni fa. Irruppero presto in Europa dicendo di provenire dal basso Egitto e di essere in pellegrinaggio per espiare l’abbandono dei cristianesimo da parte dei loro antenati. Furono asserviti in Romania e, nell’ 800, quando la servitù fu abolita, si diffusero più capillarmente sul continente.
Per gli zingari esistono solo i rom e i non-rom (gaje): non hanno un termine per designare l’uomo in generale.
Il gaje, poi, nemmeno è un vero uomo, è più che altro un elemento della natura. Esempio: truffe e furti a scapito di un compagno rom sono offese mortali, ai danni di un gaje sono condannabili solo nella misura in cui creano problemi al popolo Rom.
Il Gaje nemmeno è un soggetto giuridicamente responsabile. Leggevo di un gruppo rom che, prima di levare le tende, recò offesa ai locali con una sequela di furti; i locali risposero punendo un secondo gruppo di rom da poco arrivato nello stesso campo. La risposta degli aggrediti fu quella di chiedere un risarcimento ai rom responsabili dei furti, non agli abitanti del posto che li avevano vessati. Così come non hanno il diritto alla loro proprietà, i Gaje nemmeno sono colpevoli per i loro atti di violenza: sono solo un elemento del paesaggio naturale che gli zingari attraversano nella loro avventura nomade.

In genere noi odiamo gli zingari, e ne abbiamo molte ragioni. Ma ci sono anche ragioni per ammirarli. Mi piace quel fastidio verso le schedature: agli zingari non piace essere controllati, specie dai gaje, sono un popolo libero. In questo senso le loro strategie di difesa sono ingegnose; per esempio, usano il nome in modo fungibile, ovvero lo cambiano e se lo scambiano regolarmente. Un rom con la carta d’identità si sente praticamente in prigione. Questa capacità di sfuggire alle maglie della burocrazia spiega molte cose. Per esempio, i nazisti presero di mira sia i rom che gli ebrei, nel primo caso sappiamo come è andata, nel secondo sembra che abbiano avuto molto meno successo, più dei 2/3 dei rom si salvarono senza troppo penare.

2. Romani Law

2. Romani Law
Note:2@@@@@@@@@@@zingari

Yellow highlight | Location: 472

from three to fifteen million.
Note:QUANTI SONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 473

a population that left northern India about a thousand years ago.
Note:INDIANI

Yellow highlight | Location: 475

claiming to be from Lesser Egypt in Greece on pilgrimage as penance for the temporary abandonment of Christianity by their ancestors.
Note:APPPARIRONO IN EU NEL 1400

Yellow highlight | Location: 477

bearing letters of safe conduct from Sigismund giving them judicial autonomy, the right to be punished only by their own authorities.
Note:ATTRAVERSARONO L EU

Yellow highlight | Location: 479

Polylegal systems, systems in which different people in the same country were under different legal authorities,
Note:TIPICO DEL MEDIOEVO...VEDI EBREI

Yellow highlight | Location: 486

Romani x 3: Vlach Rom, Romanichal, Kalle
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 492

Vlach Rom
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 493

After serfdom was abolished in Romania in the 19th century many of the Vlach Rom emigrated.
Note:PRIMA SCHIAVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 495

Anne Sutherland
Note:L EPERTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 499

The basic unit is the familia: a couple, their adult sons,
Note:1

Yellow highlight | Location: 500

Above the familia is the vitsa, a larger kinship group descended from an ancestor some generations back.
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Location: 502

Above the vitsa is the Natsiya, nation.
Note:3

Yellow highlight | Location: 502

Machwaya, Lowara, Kalderasha and Churara.
Note:LE 4 NAZIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 503

Marriage is by purchase,
Note:QUALCHE MIGLIAIO DI DOLLARI SBORSATO DALLE FAMIGLIE

Yellow highlight | Location: 504

While consent of bride and groom is required, it is up to a man’s parents to find him a wife and negotiate
Note:PRECSAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 506

she is expected to do much of the work of the household.
Note:RUOLI

Yellow highlight | Location: 506

As she produces children, her status in the household gradually rises.
Note:STATUS

Yellow highlight | Location: 506

parents retain the ability to cancel the marriage and retrieve their daughter;
Note:LA RESA DEL DENARO È OGGETTO DI CONFLITTI INFINITI

Yellow highlight | Location: 510

The geographical unit above the Familia is the kumpania. The original meaning seems to have been an encampment,
Note:LA NAZIONE È LEGATA ALLA PARENTELA

Yellow highlight | Location: 511

A Kumpania usually has a Rom Baro, a “Big Man,” who plays an important role in interactions
Note:IL BOSS CHE TRATTA CON LA POLIZIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 514

It may contain households of several vitsa, in which case its leader will probably be the leading figure of whichever vitsa has the most households.
Note:IL CAMPO

Yellow highlight | Location: 517

An unwelcome family can be reported to the police for crimes they did or did not commit,
Note:CAMPO CHIUSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 519

Legal System
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 525

Obligations apply to fellow Rom not to outsiders, Gaje.
Note:DIRITTI E DOVERI

Yellow highlight | Location: 525

Swindling or stealing from a fellow Romani is an offense to be dealt with and uncommon,76 swindling or stealing from an outsider comes under Romania only to the extent that it creates problems for other Rom.
Note:FURTO E TRUFFA

Yellow highlight | Location: 531

There is no word for all men and women.
Note:ROM E NN ROM

Yellow highlight | Location: 533

Romani view the non-Romani population not as part of their society but as part of their environment.
Note:NATURA

Yellow highlight | Location: 535

Romani acted in a way that offended the locals and then left; the locals responded by punishing a second group of Romani for the offenses of the first. The second group’s response was to claim damages via a kris, a Romani court, from the responsible parties—not the locals who attacked them but the first group of Romani.
Note:UN CASO INTERESSANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 539

an elaborate system of purity and pollution, Orthodox Judaism on steroids.
Note:MA LA CARATTERISTICA PRINCIPALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 540

clean from the waist up, unclean from the waist down.
Note:IL CORPO UMANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 541

different wash tubs are supposed to be used for men’s lower garments, men’s upper garments, women’s lower garments, women’s upper garments,
Note:LVATRICI DIFFERENZIATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 545

marimé is really two things, the state of being polluted and the status of ostracism due to being polluted.
Note:LA SPORCIZIA È CONTAGIOSA E IMPLICA ESCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 546

Because pollution is contagious and Gaje neither know nor follow the rules to prevent it, association with them is sharply limited.
Note:GAJE

Yellow highlight | Location: 550

A pregnant woman is expected to eat alone, consume food cooked in her own pots, and after childbirth destroy the garments she wore while pregnant.
Note:SESSO E ESCREMENT SONO ASSOCIATI COL BASSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 551

skirt tossing—exposing her genitals—obliging the victim to engage in costly procedures of purification.
Note:LA MALEDIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 553

Enforcement
Note:Tttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 554

feud and the threat of ostracism
Note:LA PUNIZIONE PRINCIP

Yellow highlight | Location: 561

He retaliated with an approach common in Vlach Rom feuds, using the gaje authorities to impose costs on his opponent.
Note:LA DELAZIONE COME VENDETTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 565

The Rom often lie to each other about everyday matters, but they almost always lie to the gaje. There is no particular shame attached to lying to each other
Note:LA MANIPOLAZIONE COME ABILITÀ PRINCIPALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 573

My cross-checking technique was all the more acceptable since the Rom employ the same tactics with each other.
Note:LA TECNICA DELLE TRE CONFERME

Yellow highlight | Location: 576

When one party to a conflict is unable to force the other to yield, an alternative approach is avoidance.
Note:NOMADISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 584

had two judges, selected for their reputation, and a jury of twenty-five.
Note:KRIS....LA CORTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 591

When a person is declared marime publicly, whether by a group of people (such as families in the kumpania) or more formally in a kris romani (trial), he is immediately denied commensality with other Rom.
Note:OSTRACISMO UNICA PENA

Yellow highlight | Location: 597

Ostracism is a way in which an embedded legal system, one that exists under the rule of a state with much greater resources of coercion than the community possesses, can function. Refusing to associate with someone is not illegal, so the marimé penalty can be enforced without coming into conflict with state law.

Note | Location: 599

GIUSTIZIA EMBEDDED

Yellow highlight | Location: 599

Status
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 600

Age is directly correlated with power and respect —
Note:ETÀ

Yellow highlight | Location: 604

Within the kumpania, the sexes are largely segregated, males interacting with males, females with females.
Note:SESSISMO SPINTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 605

While both men and women may bring in money, women are viewed as the primary earners, often through fortune telling, men as their assistants.
Note:FONTI DEL PANE

Yellow highlight | Location: 606

Outside of the family structure, the Romani are strikingly unwilling to engage in hierarchical relationships.
Note:EGALITARISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

Legislation
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 609

Romania is a combination of law, religion, and medical belief—violation
Note:LA LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 610

violation brings social sanctions but also bad luck and ill health.
Note:SANZIONI

Yellow highlight | Location: 617

Romanichal
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 628

Kaale
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 629

carry the Vlach Rom attitude towards the lower half of the body even further than other Romani, refusing to openly admit the facts of human reproduction.88
Note:RIMOZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 630

They have no institution of marriage. Couples that wish to reproduce are expected to first leave their family households, flee far enough away so that the woman’s kin cannot find them and retrieve her, and return only when their child is weaned
Note:MATRIMONIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 636

There can be no restrictions associated with menstruation since enforcing them would require recognition of the fact of menstruation, and similarly with pregnancy.
Note:EFFETTI DELLA RIMPZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 647

There is no equivalent of the court procedures or arbitrated settlements that terminated Icelandic feuds.
Note:INFINITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 648

feud mostly takes the form not of violence but of avoidance—of
Note:FAIDE NN VIOLENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 654

Explaining the Differences
Note:Ttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 656

Thomas Acton, Susan Caffrey, and Gary Mundy, the authors of Chapter 3 of Gypsy Law
Note:ESPERTI SOTTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 658

the ability, when all else fails, of one party to walk out on the other and their dispute; absent that, the risk of serious violence becomes too large.
Note:UNA DIFFERENZA CHE SI RIPERCUOTE SULLA TRADIZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 660

the period of four centuries during which the Vlach Rom were enserfed in Romania.
Note:STORIA...ECCEZIONE AL LORO ENDEMICO NOMADISMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 661

the feud system represents the original institution, the kris and associated institutions an adaptation to the special circumstances of serfdom
Note:PROBABILMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 663

Marushiakova and Popov,
Note:NN SONO D ACCORDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 672

Some Romani were tied to the land but others remained mobile, owing annual dues to their owner91 but with a considerable degree of both freedom and legal autonomy.
Note:DURANTE LA SCHIAVITÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 684

The Vlach Rom law enforcement system depends on a crucial feature of the marimé rules: contagion. The fact that marimé is contagious makes it in the private interest of each individual Rom to shun anyone infected with it.
Note:IPOTESI LEESON X SPIEGARE LE DIFFERENZE

Yellow highlight | Location: 687

Since all non-Rom are carriers of marimé, the fact that it is contagious also blocks interaction with non-Rom and so makes the individual Rom dependent on his ability to associate with his fellow Rom. Thus contagious marimé solves, for the Vlach Rom, some of the problems of enforcing rules
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 691

There are, Leeson argues, two major sources of intra-Rom conflict among the Vlach Rom—marriage relations, in particular disputes over the return of bride price when a marriage fails, and economic associations beyond the familia, the extended family. Neither exists among the Kaale. With no institution of marriage there is no issue of bride price. With economic interaction almost entirely within, not across, households, there are few opportunities for disputes across households.

Note | Location: 694

LA SITUAZIONE KAAL È BEN DIVERSA...PRESSO DI LORO NN ESISTE CONTAGIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 697

The Kaale, with less need for mechanisms to enforce rules outside the household, have no institution of kris.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 700

“In private a woman may step over her husband’s clothes, pass in front of him, or touch him with her skirts, but she would be very ashamed to do this in public,
Note:IL CONTAGIO NN SEMBRA CREDUTO REALMENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 707

Defensive Strategy
Note:Ttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 710

Romani do not wish to be controlled by gaje.
Note:IL SEGRETO È X LORO UNA FORMA DI PROTEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 712

Romani, at least the Vlach Rom, the largest and most studied group, treat a name used in dealing with outsiders as fungible,
Note:IL NOME USATO X NN FARSI MONITORARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 715

although the Nazis targeted Romani as well as Jews for extermination, they seem to have been considerably less successful in the former case.
Note:QUESTA CAPACITÀ DI SFUGGIRE SPIEGA MOLTE COSE....OLTRE 3/4 DI LORO SI SALVARONO

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

centuries of experience in avoiding the prying questions of outsiders,
Note:LA VIRTÙ

Yellow highlight | Location: 719

They delight in deceiving the gajo, mostly for a good reason, but sometimes just for the fun of it or to keep in practice.
Note:Cccccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 721

Anonymity and invisibility combined with intense secretiveness
Note:Ccccccccc

Yellow highlight | Location: 723

officially they do not exist.
X MOLTI REGISTRI

MULINO BIANCO (cose imparate oggi in treno)

MULINO BIANCO (cose imparate oggi in treno)

Nella Cina imperiale al figlio che accusava il padre di un crimine (abusi compresi) si dischiudevano due possibili destini: 1) condanna a morte per strangolamento se il padre era poi giudicato innocente; 2) condanna alla stessa pena del padre se costui era poi giudicato colpevole. In quest’ultimo caso il capo d’imputazione era “mancata pietà filiale”.

Allora, specie all'epoca della dinastia Qin, si sviluppò una coesione famigliare degna di nota.

La Legge di Dio SAGGIO

La Legge di Dio

Perché la figura di Papa Francesco è tanto divisiva? Perché è accusato nientemeno che di “eresia”?

Non puo’ essere solo questione di “antipatia”, non puo’ essere la sua figura “sciatta”, non possono essere le sue “sparate” con i giornalisti. C’è di più.

Penso che Amoris Laetitia sia un buon esempio per capire il cuore della questione. Ma prima  bisogna fare un po’ di storia e comprendere che un Papa non è un legislatore in senso moderno, bensì una figura preposta a maneggiare la Legge di Dio.

***

Un tempo la Legge di Dio era la fonte suprema del diritto in molte società, gli esempi più cristallini sono la Torah e la Sharia. Eppure non bisogna andare tanto lontano, esistono leggi come la Costituzione americana che non dichiarano esplicitamente di essere ispirate da Dio ma, almeno da un punto di vista culturale, vengono trattate come tali.

Il problema fondamentale con la Legge di Dio è essenzialmente uno: che fare di fronte a certicomandi assurdi?

Tuo figlio è testardo e ribelle? Non sente la tua voce? E’ un mangione e un beone? Puoi farlo condannare alla lapidazione, la Legge lo consente. Questo infatti dice la Sharia. Non esagera un po’?

Al ladro, sempre secondo la Sharia, puoi tagliare le mani. Urca! Una pena iperbolica persino in epoca arcaica!

Anche il secondo emendamento della costituzione americana sembra un tantinello esagerato: al fine di garantire una milizia ordinata per la sicurezza dello stato, il diritto dei cittadini ad avere armi non puo’ essere limitato.

Ma davvero? Neanche quando si parla di caccia bombardieri e  ordigni nucleari?

Richiesta assurda della Torah: ogni sette anni i debiti devono essere cancellati. Ah-ah-ah.

E che dire della proibizione di prestare adinteresse? Qui il Dio di cristiani, ebrei e musulmani è davvero un Dio unico.

******

Di fronte a simili assurdità entrano in campo igiureconsulti, ovvero le figure deputate ad eludere la legge senza infrangerla.

Maimonide disinnesca la mina del figlio “mangione”: per essere veramente tale deve mangiare carne di un certo tipo, ma sopra certi quantitativi e sotto altri. Altrimenti non è un “mangione” ma uno “pseudo-mangione”. Il beone, invece, beve solo una certa qualità di vino e ad ore prefissate. Altrimenti è uno pseudo-beone. E via così. Inutile aggiungere che la lapidazione è la pena appropriata per il figlio ribelle, non per quello pseudo-ribelle.

Non vi dico la lista di requisiti necessari per essere considerati “ladri”. Vi dico solo che il mondo musulmano – dopo l’opera certosina dei giureconsulti – è pieno di para-ladri, ma di ladri veri e propri non se ne vedono.

I debiti vanno cancellati dopo sette anni? La cosa non è poi così rilevante visto che il nostro è uno s-debito e non un debito. Vogliamo verificare?

Il secondo emendamento parla di milizia? Ma puo’ considerarsi tale solo chi appartiene alla Guardia Nazionale (oggi non si sa bene cosa sia): sugli altri cittadini, invece, dei limiti possono essere posti.

Il trattamento ricevuto dal decimo emendamentoè il più folkloristico. Si tratta di una norma che ha creato molti problemi poiché stabiliva che il governo federale degli USA si occupasse solo di alcune materie ben definite. Tuttavia, all’epoca del New Deal il Presidente maneggione Roosvelt aveva una gran voglia di mettere le mani un po’ ovunque, anche (e soprattutto) negli affari interni dei singoli: la Corte Suprema fu sollecitata per fornire un aiuto. Il suo operato si rivelò brillante.

Il pretesto fu il commercio tra stati (una materia in cui il governo federale era competente).  La cosa funzionava all’incirca così: tu, presidente Roosvelt, vuoi proibire la marijuana nel Kentucky? Ebbene, sappi che chi oggi compra legalmente la marijuana in quello stato non spende i suoi soldi in prodotti che provengono da altri stati, in questo modo influenza pesantemente il commercio tra gli stati. Hey, ma “il commercio tra gli stati” è di tua competenza! Ti ritengo quindi autorizzato ad intervenire in materia di droghe leggere. Altro caso: vuoi stabilire dei limiti alla produzione agricola all’interno degli stati (durante il New Deal questo era il busillis)? Puoi ragionare così: chi produce oltre una certa soglia non compra da altri stati. Ergo: io governo federale sono competente sulle quantità prodotte all’interno di ogni stato.

Avete capito perché oggi il governo federale degli USA puo’ mettere mano ovunque se la Corte Suprema è simpatetica?

La Torah stabilisce che i figli adulterini non possono sposarsi. Imbarazzante. Che fare? Semplice: la Corte israeliana ha dichiaratoillegittimo il test di paternità. In questo modo non ci sono mai prove certe dell’adulterio e tutti possono sposarsi (si noti che il provvedimento ha un costo: la mamma deve rinunciare all’eventuale aiuto del padre naturale).

Insomma, il problema della rigidità della Legge di Dio viene risolto con l’interpretazione creativa. Esiste una tradizione plurisecolare in questo senso. Qualcuno sostiene addirittura che la genialità ebraica derivi proprio da questa millenaria pressione cognitiva (la Torah è particolarmente assurda).

Esistono vie alternative ma sempre nello stesso solco: a volte si consente la creazione di corti parallele rendendo estremamente costose l’appello a quelle ufficiali. In questo modo si deroga alla legge assurda pur mantenendola ufficialmente in vigore.

Nei paesi mussulmani ci sono tribunali informali che condannano anche in assenza di due canonici testimoni oculari (come richiede la Sharia). Naturalmente si puo’ far ricorso ai tribunali ufficiali… se intendi rovinarti.

Non che la nostra situazione sia molto diversa, il mio malinconico pensiero va a quella che ormai è la principale fonte del diritto tributario: le circolari dell’ Agenzia delle Entrate. Contro un patteggiamento eseguito sulla base delle circolari puoi ricorrere… ma, chissà come mai, tutti ti consigliano vivamente di non farlo.

Altra scappatoia: ubbidire alla lettera eludendo lo spirito.

Pensiamo alla proibizione del prestito ad interesse. Come eludere questa Legge assurda? Ci sono tanti modi: si crea una società in cui c’è chi apporta capitale e chi apporta lavoro, poi si ripartisce l’utile secondo certi criteri. Oppure si presta a valute differenti chiamando l’interesse finale “differenza di cambio”. Oppure si fa come oggi in Arabia: la banca che presta obbliga il mutuatario ad acquistare un certo bene al saldo del mutuo, il sovrapprezzo della compravendita finale è di fatto l’interesse non esposto in contratto.

Nel corso del suo Sabato il buon ebreo non puo’ fare praticamente nulla fuori dal suo cortile. Sì, ok, ma cos’è un cortile? Bè, uno spazio circondato da un muro con delle porte. Con un po’ di fantasia due pali della luce collegati dal relativo cavo possono essere visti come un’enorme “porta”. Ed ecco che l’intero quartiere si trasforma in un cortile!

Altre volte si puo’ eludere la norma enfatizzando la lettera a discapito del senso più immediato. Paolo ordina alle donne di stare “sottomesse” ai loro uomini? Inconcepibile. Ma perché dire che sbaglia? Non c’è bisogno, si puo’ fare come la scrittrice cattolica Costanza Miriano e considerare il termine “sottomesse” come “sotto-messe”, ovvero che “stanno sotto”, cioè a “fondamento del matrimonio”. Così è tutta un’altra musica, non vi sembra?

A conclusione di questa galoppata una cosa è certa: nei paesi in cui la Legge di Dio è stata a lungo vigente esiste una solida tradizione giuridica. Non so se si debba andarne fieri ma è così (devo aggiungere che in quei posti gli avvocati godono di cattiva fama: sono quelli che trasformano la disonestà in onestà).

***

Ma che c’entra tutto questo con Papa Francesco?

Come dicevo, un Papa ha tutt’oggi a che fare con la Legge di Dio. Nel caso di Amoris Laetitia con unalegge che vieta il divorzio, ovvero impedisce la comunione ai divorziati. Papa Francesco intendeva superare questo divieto. Che fare?

Non sembra un problema, la via da percorrere era già ampiamente tracciata: agire secondo tradizione con un’interpretazione creativa.

Bastava rendere più facile l’annullamento dei matrimoni e l’accesso alla Sacra Rota. In questo senso c’è una tradizione consolidata: le famiglie nobili del medioevo, per esempio, “divorziavano” allegramente con la benedizione dei preti dimostrando con intricatissimi alberi genealogici  che tra i coniugi ricorreva una certa parentela.

Ma il Papa non ha scelto questa via sicura, ha invece detto che la Legge di Dio non ha valore universale (sacrilegio!).

Il divorziato risposato vive in una condizione di peccato? Sì, a non sempre, almeno secondo Amoris Laetitia. In certi casi – che il confessore è tenuto a discernere – no, tanto è vero che puo’ ugualmente ricevere il perdono pur persistendo nella sua condizione. Il valore della La Legge di Dio è quindi relativo. Siamo in pieno relativismo.

Perché Papa Francesco ha scelto il relativismo quando aveva a disposizione l’interpretazione creativa? Perché avventurarsi su territori impervi che sconfinano nel temerario? Perché farlo quando sappiamo benissimo che un giudice sufficientemente fantasioso posto a capo della Sacra Rota avrebbe potuto fare “miracoli” ottenendo gli stessi risultati senza creare un vulnus ? Perché relativizzare la Legge di Dio quando ci si puo’ inventare in quattro e quattr’otto lo pseudo-matrimonio, il para-matrimonio e lo s-matrimonio? Di certo la cosa è voluta: lui non sarà un teologo di prim’ordine ma nello (far) scrivere un documento come l’enciclica si è circondato di gente esperta. Intendeva forse provocare? Sta di fatto che una breccia è stata aperta e ora lo strumento del “relativismo” è a disposizione per qualsiasi riforma.

HL 6. When God is the Legislator

6. When God is the Legislator
Note:6@@@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,788

rules laid down by God—Jewish
Note:UN TEMPO...ES TORAH...SHARIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,791

Constitution does not claim to be divinely inspired but is often treated in legal culture as if it were.
Note:SPESSO SPECIE NEGLI USA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,797

our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard. And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die:
Note:ALCUNI COMANDI SONO ASSRDI...CHE FARE?

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,801

“As for the thief, whether man or woman, cut his hand
Note:LA SHARIA...ESAGERATA ANCHE X IL PASSATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,805

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Note:ANCHE IL SECONDO EMENDAMENTO È UN PO ESAGERATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,811

prohibiting or restricting individual ownership of firearms—or, arguably, tanks, fighter planes or nuclear weapons—is unconstitutional.
Note:NE DERICA CHE...

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,813

all debts be cancelled every seven years,
Note:UNA RICHIESTA ASSIRDA DELLA TORAH

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,814

Jewish, Islamic, and Christian law forbidding loans at interest.
Note:IDEM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,816

found ways of working around the fixed point
Note:GIURECONSULTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,819

He must eat meat that is raw, but not entirely raw, cooked but not entirely cooked, as is the practice of thieves. He must drink the wine as it is thinned as the alcoholics drink. He must eat a quantity of meat weighing 50 dinarim in one sitting, and drink half a log of this wine at one time.
Note:ESEMPIO DI MAIMONIDE X DISINNESCARE LA MNA DEL FIGLIO RIBELLE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,833

To qualify as a Hadd offense, a theft had to meet a long list of requirements.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,836

The reference to a militia could be interpreted as restricting the right to members of the National Guard,
Note:AGGIRARE IL SECONDO EMENDAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,840

As long as a majority of the members of the Supreme Court favored restrictions on firearm ownership, it was always possible to find some basis for justifying them.
Note:DI FATTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,843

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
Note:ALTRO PUNTO PROBLEMATICO AGGIRATO CON IL NEW DEAL...DECIMO EMENDAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,847

imposing restrictions on agricultural output
Note:TIPICA AZIONE DEL NEW DEAL NN PREVISTA DALLE DELEGHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,848

“The Congress shall have Power … To regulate Commerce … among the several States
Note:LA SCAPPATOIA TROVATA NELA DELEGA AL COMMERCII

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,849

a farmer growing crops to feed to his own livestock was substantially involved in interstate commerce since if he had not grown those crops he would have had to buy feed for animals, which would have affected the price of feed on the interstate market.
Note:ESEMPIO DI RIFLESSO SUL COMMERCIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,852

interstate commerce clause justified a federal ban on marijuana produced and consumed within a single state—have
Note:UN ESEMPIO RECENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,853

almost anything the federal government wants to do can be justified to a sympathetic Supreme Court as a regulation of interstate commerce.
Note:DI FATTO ########

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,856

the case of momsers in modern Israeli law.

Note | Location: 1,856

FIGLI ILLEGITTIMI CHE X LA TORAH NN SI POSSONO SPOSARE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,858

Israeli Justice Ministry instructed courts to refuse to authorize tests of tissue evidence of disputed paternity.
Note:LO STRATAGEMA X AGGIRARE IL DIVIETO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,862

the solution was interpretation.
Note:CONCLUSIONE...NN C È BISOGNO DI INTERPRETARE UNA LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,866

Torah explicitly commanded that, when the law was unclear, the opinion of the majority, interpreted as the majority of halakhic scholars, more specifically of the Sanhedrin, was to prevail.
Note:LA TORAH DETTA LA SUA INTERPRETAZIONE QUANDO CI SONO PARERI DISCORDI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,870

The interpretation of the halakhic scholars might seem implausible, but it was based on what God told Moses on Mount Sinai passed down in oral tradition to the scholars
Note:L INTERPRETAZIONE HA VALORE DI LEGGE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,872

Islamic law was based not only on the Koran but on the practice (sunna)
Note:IDEM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,875

Mohammed held that the Muslims would never be agreed on an error.
Note:MAGGIORANZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,876

was a consensus in favor of an interpretation, the matter was settled.
Note:DOTTRINA JIMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,879

the doctrine that the Constitution was whatever the Court said it was.
Note:MARBURY V MADISON

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,881

Prosbul, that made it possible to create a debt that would not be canceled in the seventh year.
Note:ALTRA VIA DI FUGA....CREARE UN MECCANISMO ALTERNATIVO E RENDERE COSTOSO IL PRINCIPALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,884

Islamic rulers created their own courts separate from the Shari’a courts and used them to enforce rules inconsistent with Shari’a, for example by convicting defendants without the eyewitness testimony of two Muslims.
Note:TRIBUNALI ALTERNATIVI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,886

the use of the regulations of executive agencies to create and enforce their own legal rules
Note:ANALOGIA CON NOI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,888

obeying the letter of the law while evading the spirit.
Note:ALTRA SCAPPATOIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,890

setting up a partnership contract in which one partner provided capital, one labor, and they shared the resulting profit.
Note:ES...X EVADERE LA PRIB DELL INTERESSE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,890

structure a loan contract to make the return uncertain, for instance by borrowing in one currency and agreeing to repay in another.
Note:ALTRO ESEMIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,893

One solution there is for a bank to combine an interest free loan with a second transaction in which the borrower buys something,
Note:OGGI IN ARABIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,895

Jews are forbidden to carry things on the Sabbath outside the boundaries of their courtyard.
Note:LA NORMA DEL SABATO....IL CORTILE È UN MURO INTERROTTO DA PORTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,896

Two telephone poles with a wire strung between them can, with a little effort, be interpreted as a doorway. String enough wire from pole to pole around your neighborhood and the entire neighborhood can be interpreted as a single courtyard,
Note:QUARTIERE E CORTILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,899

The Catholic church does not permit divorce.
Note:CATTOLICI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,899

annulment on the grounds that the original marriage was in some ways defective.
Note:SACRA ROTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,900

find in a couple’s genealogy evidence that they were related closely enough
Note:NEL MEDIOEVO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,903

What happens if two halakhic scholars, both judges, disagree about the interpretation of Torah?
Note:ALTRO PROB CON LA LEGGE DI DIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,908

A judge who held to a minority interpretation after the Sanhedrin had voted it down could continue to argue for his position but was required to judge according to the opinion of the majority.
Note:SOLUZIONE 1 AMMETTERE IL DISSENSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,910

a well-defined body of authorities to decide legal disputes.
Note:LA CHIAVE DI VOLTA X USCIRE DAL BUCO...SINEDRIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,914

differing interpretations coexisted
Note:NELL NEAL SLAM

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,914

four orthodox schools
Note:CONSEG

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,917

Supreme Court
Note:DA NOI

Yellow highlight | Location: 1,922

lawyers, which is to say, into the hands of men specifically educated to discover legal excuses for dishonest, dishonorable and anti-social acts. (Mencken 2006, 180-2)
LA CATTIVA FAMA DEGLI AVVOCATI

HL 1. Imperial Chinese Law

1. Imperial Chinese Law
Note:1@@@@@@@@@@

Yellow highlight | Location: 85

2000 years ago
Note:QUANDO

Yellow highlight | Location: 86

Legalist and Confucian.
Note:DUE VISIONI IN CONFLITTO....GENERATORE

Yellow highlight | Location: 86

using the rational self-interest of those subject to law
Note:LA LEVA LEGALISTA 1

Yellow highlight | Location: 87

harsh penalties to drive the crime rate to near zero.
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 88

strong central government
Note:ANCORA LEGALISTI 2

Yellow highlight | Location: 89

equal treatment under
Note:1

Yellow highlight | Location: 89

modifying behavior not by reward and punishment but by teaching virtue.
Note:PROGETTO CONFUCIANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 90

unequal treatment based both on the unequal status
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Location: 91

resolved in favor of the Legalists in 221 B.C.
Note:L ESITO DEL CONFLITTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 91

kingdom of Qin defeated all rivals,
Note:QIN...PRIMA DINAATIA IMPERIALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 92

succeeded by the Han dynasty, whose legal system was nominally Confucian but in practice a hybrid
Note:I SUCCESSORI

Yellow highlight | Location: 93

penalty for an offense depended on the status of the offender,
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 95

conflict between 18th and 19th century British approaches
Note:ANALOGIA...700 UTILITARISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 97

criminals as victims of their own ignorance
Note:CONFICIANI...E 800 BRITANNICO

Yellow highlight | Location: 98

terms such as “reformatory” and “penitentiary”
Note:CONCETTI CONFUCIANI...RIFARE GLI UOMINI SBAGLIATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 100

Law in Imperial China by Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris,
Note:LA FONTE DA CUI TRAGGO....FUOCO SUI QING DA 7 AL 20

Yellow highlight | Location: 106

The Law Code
Note:tttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 107

statutes proclaimed by Emperors
Note:FONTE DELLA LEGGE...TRADIZIONE VENERATA

Yellow highlight | Location: 110

Imperial decrees
Note:FONTE 1 CHE ESPANDE LA TRADIZ

Yellow highlight | Location: 110

precedents set by officials at a high level,
Note:F2

Yellow highlight | Location: 110

official commentary
Note:F3

Yellow highlight | Location: 111

unofficial commentary.
Note:F4

Yellow highlight | Location: 114

ordinary people depended largely on government officials and their employees for information about legal rules.
Note:TUTTI ANALFABETI...TOP DOWN

Yellow highlight | Location: 115

were not about whether the defendant was guilty—the
Note:DI COSA NN SI OCCUPA L APPELLO 1

Yellow highlight | Location: 117

whether the lower court acted correctly
Note:NEMMENO....COME DA NOI

Yellow highlight | Location: 117

what punishment was appropriate.
Note:PIUTTOSTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 118

the proper punishment.
Note:LA PREOCCUPAZ DEI CODICI....LUNGHI ELENCHI...MA NN DELLE COSE PROIBITE

Yellow highlight | Location: 119

documentary evidence,
Note:ALTRA STORIA X I TRIB BASSI

Yellow highlight | Location: 120

the testimony of witnesses.
Note:ALTRO ELEMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 121

Punishing Offenses
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 122

Neither imprisonment nor fines
Note:PENE TRASCURATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 125

wear the cangue,
Note:PIUTTOSTO...GOGNA...ScCOPO UMILIAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 126

various numbers of blows by the light or heavy bamboo,
Note:ALTRA PENA

Yellow highlight | Location: 127

penal servitude or life exile,
Note:ALTRA PENA

Yellow highlight | Location: 128

capital sentences.
Note:IN CASI ESTREMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 129

A sentence to fifty blows of the light bamboo in fact meant twenty,
Note:STRANEZZE...ANCHE LA CONDANNA A MORTE NN ERA MAI A MORTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 134

commuted to penal servitude,
Note:MOLTI CONDANNATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 136

A convict found to be an only son who needed to remain at home to care for his parents
Note:ESEMPIO DI COMMUTAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 144

a rational approach to problems created by the attempt to fully specify the punishment for every offense, permitting the high level bureaucracy to adjust sentences on the basis of considerations not included in the statutes.
Note:INTERPRETAZIONE DI QS PRATICHE

Yellow highlight | Location: 147

Strangulation
Note:TRE PENE CAPITALI 1

Yellow highlight | Location: 147

decapitation
Note:2

Yellow highlight | Location: 148

slicing
Note:3

Yellow highlight | Location: 150

the process of redemption.
Note:ALTRA FORMA X DISCONNETTERE PENA EFFETTIVA E NOMINALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 150

substitute a money payment for the penalty
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 155

cosmic balance required the payment of a life for a life,
Note:GIUSTIFICAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 156

If several people were jointly responsible for a murder and one of them sentenced to death, his sentence could be commuted to something non-capital if one of the other offenders happened to die while the legal process
Note:ALTRA SYRANEZZA GIUSTIFICATA CON IL COSMICO BILANCIAMENTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 159

executions could only occur at certain times of the year,
Note:ALTRA STRANEZZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 161

One can interpret nominally capital sentences as reflecting the needs of cosmic balance,
Note:IL BC NELL INTERPRET DELLA PENA CAPITALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 163

punishment becoming less severe over time in a system with barriers to explicit change.
Note:ALTRA ALTRI INTERPRET

Yellow highlight | Location: 164

as a way of frightening potential criminals16 and so deterring them while preserving convicts to serve as state slaves.
Note:ALTRA INTERPRET

Yellow highlight | Location: 181

In this and other cases, intent was not required for criminal liability; the verdict was based on outcome, not motivation.
Note:CASI DI RESP OGGETTIVA...VIOLAZIONI RELIGIOSE... QUEL TALE CHE ENTRA NEL TEMPIO CON LA PORTANTINA X LA PIOGGIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 187

Filling in the Blanks
Note:Tttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 189

Gaps could be filled
Note:NN TUTTO PUÓ ESSERE REGOLATO....ANCHE SE I CODICI ERANO ENORMI

Yellow highlight | Location: 189

verdicts taking a form such as “the offense is similar to XYZ,
Note:ANALOGIE

Yellow highlight | Location: 195

The underlying assumption was that people ought to know right from wrong without the assistance of the legal code,
Note:COME AVREBBE SENTENZIATO IL RE SE IL CASO GLI FOSSE SOTTOPOSTO?

Yellow highlight | Location: 199

cases where the punishment prescribed by the code is clearly too harsh
Note:UN PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 200

offense fits the letter but not the spirit of the law.
Note:OVVERO

Yellow highlight | Location: 200

killing that, according to the law, required capital punishment but was due to an accident involving no fault
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 201

find the offender guilty of a capital offense but permit the penalty to be commuted
Note:SOLUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 203

The Structure of Authority
Note:Tttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 204

the district magistrate.
Note:FIGURA CHIAVE...80000 250000 ABITANTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 206

examination for the civil service
Note:SELEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 209

convert the empire, in theory a centralized bureaucracy, into a de facto feudal system,
Note:IL RISCHIO DI DARE TROPPO POTERE A QS SOGGETTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 210

forbidding a magistrate from being assigned to any district within his home
Note:ANTIDOTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 212

shifting magistrates from district to district every few years, and forbidding a magistrate from marrying a woman from
Note:ANTIDOTI 2 3

Yellow highlight | Location: 216

appoint the surviving members of the defeated dynasty as local rulers in some distant part of the empire.
Note:DOPO UNA CONQ....ERA UN INCENTIVO A RESISTERE MENO...PRATICA OTTOMANA

Yellow highlight | Location: 219

the censorate,
Note:DIPARTIMENTO DEDICATO A XSEGUIRE I MAGISTRATI DISONESTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 221

The Examination System: A Puzzle
Note:Tttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 222

ferociously competitive exams.
Note:IL CONCORSO

Yellow highlight | Location: 228

a pass rate of about one percent.
Note:IL SECONDO LIVELLO OGNI TRE ANNI..CE N ERANO TRE

Yellow highlight | Location: 228

The metropolitan exam produced 200 to 300 degrees from as many as 8000 candidates
Note:3 LIVELLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 230

The exams did not test administrative ability, knowledge of the law, expertise in solving crimes or other skills
Note:UN ESAME DISCONNESSO DAI COMPITI FITURI

Yellow highlight | Location: 235

dissertations on the classics,
Note:PROVE DEL METROPOLITANO....FILOSOFIA E LETTERATURA CONFUCIANA

Yellow highlight | Location: 235

verse composition,
Note:PROVA 2

Yellow highlight | Location: 236

ability to write formal administrative statements
Note:TERZA

Yellow highlight | Location: 237

fluent calligraphy,
Note:QUARTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 240

Why require the ablest men in the society to spend an extended period of time, often decades, studying to pass the exams instead of applying their skills
Note:SI ARRIVAVA OLTRE I TRENTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 242

exams were the equivalent of IQ tests,
Note:UNA POSSIBILE RISPOSTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 243

it is hard to believe that there was no less costly way of doing so
Note:OBIEZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 246

the desire to do a good job—instead
Note:FORSE SI VUOLE INDAGARE LA VOGLIA...MISURA ANTICORRUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 247

One might interpret the examination system as a massive exercise in indoctrination,
Note:INSTILLARE AMORE X UN SET DI CREDENZE A CUI LEGARSI X LA VITA

Yellow highlight | Location: 250

how to get people to do good instead of evil.
Note:IL NUCLEO DELLO SCONTRO CONFUCIANI LEGALISTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 251

Legalist solution was incentives,
Note:LA SOLUZIONE LEGALISTA

Yellow highlight | Location: 251

The Confucian solution was education and example,
Note:SOLUZIONE CONFUCIANA

Yellow highlight | Location: 253

it made some sense to set up a system designed to produce good men,
Note:IL SISTEMA SEMBREREBBE CONFUCIANO

Yellow highlight | Location: 256

They were subject to detailed rules mandating and evaluating their performance,
Note:MA IL TRATTAMENTO DEI BUROCRATI IN SERVIZIO È INCOMPATIBILE CON IL CONFUCIANESIMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 263

Alive and Well
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 267

Some of what a college student studies and is tested on may be relevant to the job he applies for but much of it, in the case of many jobs most of it, is not.
Note:DA NOI LA SIT È SIMILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 268

American history, Shakespeare, or geometry
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 274

human capital theory, the idea that a college education teaches useful things.
Note:LA TEORIA ORTODOSSA

Yellow highlight | Location: 277

many students memorize as much as they need to pass the final exam and forget most of it
Note:PROBLEMA

Yellow highlight | Location: 278

A second theory is signaling.
Note:SECONDA TEORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 278

smart enough and hardworking enough, sufficiently obedient to the demands of his professors,
Note:OGGETTO DEL SEGNALE

Yellow highlight | Location: 280

there should be much less expensive ways of generating the same evidence.
Note:PROB TEORIA 2

Yellow highlight | Location: 282

That leaves us with a final theory: indoctrination.
Note:TERZA TEORIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 283

the sort of person who has read Shakespeare,
Note:L UOMO CIVILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 284

Why employers would want those characteristics, however, is less clear
Note:PROB CON TEORIA 3

Yellow highlight | Location: 285

Chinese emperor would want subordinates indoctrinated in Confucian philosophy.
Note:NEL NS CASO TUTTO È PIÙ CHIARO

Yellow highlight | Location: 287

Appeals and Accusations
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 289

could be appealed to the provincial governor.
Note:LA CONDANNA DISTRETTUALE ALLE BASTONATE

Yellow highlight | Location: 289

sentence of penal servitude
Note:TERZO APPELLO FINO A PECHINO

Yellow highlight | Location: 299

The appellant was subject to punishment
Note:TALIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 301

The defendant, a physician whose incorrect treatment had resulted in the death of his patient, was sentenced to strangulation after the assizes, a sentence then commuted to a payment of 12.45 ounces of silver.37 The accuser, the father of the victim, was sentenced to a hundred blows of the heavy bamboo for having “embellished the facts” in his accusation.
Note:ESEMPIO DI UN APPELLO

Yellow highlight | Location: 306

The State and the Family: Subcontracting Enforcement
Note:Ttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 308

consequences depended in part on the status of the parties,
Note:NN TUTTI UGUALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 310

All relatives were classified as senior or junior to each other.
Note:L ETÀ PESA MENA DELLA POSIZIONE SULL ALBERO

Yellow highlight | Location: 313

an uncle was senior to his nephew even if the nephew was older.
Note:Ttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 316

For an offense committed by a junior relative against a senior relative, penalties were increased;
Note:ESEMPIO DI PRIVILEGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 319

It was a criminal offense for a child to accuse his parent of a crime even if the parent was guilty,
Note:ONORA IL PADRE E LA MADRE...CINA IMERIALE ######COSE IMPARATE OGGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 322

“If a son did report his father’s crime to the authorities, he would receive the same punishment as his father
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 327

a small bureaucracy of elite scholar-officials to rule a population of about four hundred million.
Note:IN QS CONDIZIONI OGNI CAPOFAMIGLIA È QUASI UN PUBBLICO UFFICIALE...ECCO XCHÈ TANTI PRIVILEGI

Yellow highlight | Location: 336

At some periods a father could get official approval to kill a disobedient son.
Note:IL BAMBINO DISOBBEDIENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 350

a husband who killed his wife because she had struck or reviled his parents received only 100 blows of the heavy bamboo.
Note:PENA ESEMPLARE :-/ #########

Yellow highlight | Location: 358

An inferior was expected to obey orders from a superior to commit an illegal act but might still be liable for committing it,
Note:SITUAZIONE IMBARAZZANTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 362

Practitioners, “litigation sticks,” were viewed as troublemakers out to stir up unnecessary conflict.
Note:AVVOCATI COME I CARABINIERI...MOTIVO...SCORAGGIARE IL RICORSO AI TRIBUNALI ##########

Yellow highlight | Location: 364

making involvement with the legal system unpleasant for all concerned.
Note:UN UNIVERSITÀ DO X SCORAGGIARE IL RICORSO ALLA GIUSTIZ

Yellow highlight | Location: 365

legal to torture witnesses
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 366

Participants in the legal process were expected to act as humble petitioners, recognizing the vastly superior
Note:STATUS ATTESO

Yellow highlight | Location: 369

appear in court was considered by the people at large as a terrible misfortune,
Note:NESSUNA MERAVIGLIA

Yellow highlight | Location: 370

referring the case to one of the age-old organs of private justice, for example the council of the family—or
Note:SOLUZIONI ALTERNATIVE

Yellow highlight | Location: 373

The fees paid to yamen runners [criminal catchers] might bankrupt plaintiff as well as defendant.
Note:TUTTO COSTOSISSIMO

Yellow highlight | Location: 381

accuser was subject to the penalty that would have been imposed on the accused if found guilty, a risk that might be avoided by making the accusation anonymously.
Note:ACCUSE ANONIME

Yellow highlight | Location: 382

For an official to act on an anonymous accusation was a criminal offense,
Note:RIMEDIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 383

for an individual to submit an anonymous accusation a capital offense.
Note:RIMEDIO 2

Yellow highlight | Location: 386

Between Civil and Criminal
Note:Ttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 388

differed only slightly from those used in criminal cases.
Note:LA PROCEDURA CIVILE

Yellow highlight | Location: 390

no procedure by which a wronged party could bring suit.
Note:PANCRIMINALIZZAZIONE DEL SISTEMA CINESE

Yellow highlight | Location: 391

the legal system was viewed by the Confucian elite
Note:SOLUZIONE CHE RIFLETTE BENE LA VISIONE CONFU

Yellow highlight | Location: 392

a considerable degree civil in substance when dealing with what it considered minor matters: land, debt, marriage and inheritance.
Note:DI FATTO

Yellow highlight | Location: 399

A debtor who failed to agree to pay could be punished.
Note:RISARCIMENTO E PENA NEI FATTI

Yellow highlight | Location: 401

The parties did not, as in a modern civil case, have the right to end it by an out-of-court settlement. They could, however, humbly request the magistrate to cancel the hearing.
Note:PENALE NELLA FORMA MA...

Yellow highlight | Location: 403

informal mediation not involving the court
Note:DI FATTO METODO MASSICCIAMENTE IMPIEGATO

Yellow highlight | Location: 411

when, early in the twentieth century, the final dynasty was replaced by the Chinese Republic.
Note:TUTTO RIMASE INVARIATO SENONCHÈ LA CORTE SUPREMA COMINCIÓ A TRATTARE IL CIVILE COME IN OCCIDENTE

Yellow highlight | Location: 420

Like a modern American court judging a tort case, the Supreme Court was providing justice only between the parties.
Note:NELLA REPUBBLICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 422

An Imperial magistrate dealing with a sufficiently tangled property dispute might resolve it by awarding ownership to neither party, converting the land to state property
Note:SOLUZIONE POSSIBILE NELLa PANCRIMINALIZZAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 425

Contract Without Law
Note:Tttttttttttttttttt

Yellow highlight | Location: 426

China ceded the island of Taiwan to Japan.
Note:1895

Yellow highlight | Location: 427

maintain the existing legal system.
Note:LA NOBILE INTENZIONE...

Yellow highlight | Location: 429

the combination of elaborate contractual practice with an almost total absence of contract law,
Note:UNA CARATTERISTICA

Yellow highlight | Location: 433

settling contract disputes within family, clan or guild.
Note:ARBITRI

Yellow highlight | Location: 436

development of private courts at the major trade fairs, run by merchants and relying heavily on reputational enforcement.
Note:PROBLEMA ANALOGO NEL MEDIOEVO...LA NS SOLUZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 440

It was a criminal offense to fill their role without government authorization.
Note:L ARBITRO PRIVATO È XSEGUITO IN CINA

Yellow highlight | Location: 443

retain a firm’s reputation,
Note:L UNICO STRUMENTO DI ENFORCEMENT

Yellow highlight | Location: 445

a system of rules designed to minimize the reliance on courts
Note:CLAUSOLE CONTRATTUALI

Yellow highlight | Location: 445

One example was the rule we call caveat emptor.
Note:ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 447

no recourse if they turned out to be defective.
Note:Ccccccccccccf

Yellow highlight | Location: 447

linkage between possession, ownership, and responsibility.
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

Yellow highlight | Location: 448

Goods in my warehouse were mine

Yellow highlight | Location: 459

A buyer who breached forfeited his deposit,
Note:MOLTE PRECAUZIONI....DEPOSITI E REPUTAZIONE

Yellow highlight | Location: 462

Important elements in making the system work were the existence of a system of written forms using standard boilerplate terminology understood by the parties
Note:CODICI PRIVATI

Yellow highlight | Location: 468

Chinese merchants more than a century ago succeeded in maintaining a sophisticated system of contracts with little use of state enforcement.
UN MIRACOLO CHE VA OLTRE LA LEX MERCATORIA.....FUNZIONA ANCHE SENZA ARBITRI...SOLO CON DEPOSITI E