Visualizzazione post con etichetta Steve Landsburg more sex. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta Steve Landsburg more sex. Mostra tutti i post

lunedì 13 novembre 2017

Ritratto del razzista doc

Ritratto del razzista doc

Quando Tizio dà del razzista a Caio che nega, di solito intendono il termine in modo diverso.
Per non disperdere energie mentali sarebbe bene far chiarezza fin da subito.
Ci provo con una definizione di “razzismo” che mi sembra sia limpida che sensata.
Sulla statale 95 del Maryland i neri hanno una probabilità di essere fermati dalla polizia anti-droga che è tre volte e mezza quella di un bianco.
Si tratta di razzismo?
Andiamo aventi con l’evidenza disponibile: tra i bianchi fermati circa lo 0.33% viene beccato con la roba. Per i neri è lo stesso.
Si tratta di razzismo?
Ora possiamo rispondere: no.
Lo si capisce meglio se rappresentiamo la situazione usando altre parole: i neri trasportano tanta droga quanto i bianchi, nonostante che per loro sia molto più rischioso farlo.
L’inclinazione dei neri a trasportare droga è maggiore, quindi è naturale (non razzista) che siano più nel mirino della polizia.
Sequestrare più droga possibile non è unobbiettivo razzista.
Con questo standard potremmo al limite dire che la polizia è razzista verso i “latinos”: la percentuale “beccata” nel loro caso è dello 0.25% anziché dello 0.33%
Chi canta “legalize it” si rammarica che la polizia non sia razzista: se una politica ingiusta viene perseguita in modo razionale fa più danni.
Ma le cose non sono così pacifiche: per molti si tratta comunque di un comportamento razzista. Evidentemente hanno un’altra nozione del termine.
Penso francamente che ci siano buoni argomenti per negarlo e per sostenere che razionalità e razzismo non possano essere compatibili. In caso contrario io sarei un razzista.
***
Va da sé che la definizione data di razzista si estende anche ad altri comportamenti discriminatori, per esempio il sessismo.
Risultati immagini per paintings racism

domenica 20 agosto 2017

Quando la protezione civile fa la guerra ai poveri

Quando la protezione civile fa la guerra ai poveri

Disaster Relief  -More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics
Steven E. Landsburg
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Punti chiave: La guerra ai poveri si fa costringendoli a comprare cose costose – se si mette tutto in sicurezza, tutto sarà più costoso – La protezione civile non rispetta le esigenze dei poveri – I servizi di protezione civile i pennano i costi delle case in zone rischiose – 
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Yellow highlight | Page: 195
Poor people, far more than rich people, need to watch their budgets. They buy cheaper clothes, cheaper food, and cheaper housing. They’re even willing to live on floodplains
Note:I BISOGNI DEL POVERO
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They can live cheaply but dangerously, or they can pay more and be safer…But a policy of federal disaster assistance tends to erase that choice…
Note:DILEMMA
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If the government stands ready to (literally) bail out New Orleans by raising taxes in Kansas City, then New Orleans housing prices rise and Kansas City housing prices fall. You can no longer escape the risk of a flood by moving to Kansas City; you can no longer reap the benefits of accepting the full risk by moving to New Orleans.
Note:ES. KANSAS E NEW ORLEANS
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It’s good to have cities with different cultures, it’s good to have cities with different musical heritages, and it’s good to have cities with different risk characteristics.
Note:W LA DIFFERENZA
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poor people are disproportionately hurt when disaster-assistance policies make cheap housing more expensive.
Note:BORTOLASO MALTRATTA I POVERI
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we give them disaster relief (which is good) and simultaneously raise their housing costs (which is bad)?
COSTI E BENEFICI

Sei razzista?

Sei razzista?

Racial Profiling – More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics
Steven E. Landsburg
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Punti chiave: Non è facile essere razzisti – Chi è razionale non puo’ essere razzista – Il test del posto di blocco – 
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Yellow highlight | Page: 192
Blacks were three-and-a-half times as likely as whites to be stopped and searched.
Note:NERI AL POSTO DI BLOCCO
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Let’s look at the evidence. Among whites who were stopped, about one-third of one percent were caught with drugs. Among blacks who were stopped, the fraction was—almost exactly the same.
Note:BECCATI CON LA ROBA… NUMERI
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blacks carried drugs just as frequently as whites even though they were three-and-a-half times as likely to be stopped.
Note:INCENTIVI
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blacks had a much greater propensity than whites to carry drugs
Note:INCLINAZIONE
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Another correct conclusion is that the police had no particular animus toward black people.
Note:ZERO RAZZISMO
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If the police actually bore some animus toward blacks, you’d expect them to go further—cracking down on blacks to the point where very few blacks would dare to carry drugs. Then we’d see a lower conviction rate for blacks
Note:IL POLIZIOTTO RAZZISTA
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By that standard, it’s not blacks but Hispanics who have cause for complaint.
Note:RAZZISMO VS GLI ISPANICI. TROPPI BLOCCHI RISPETTO ALLA PROB. DI ARRESTO
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If, like me, you consider the Drug War a moral outrage, you’ll be distressed to learn that the police are maximizing drug convictions.
Note:PECCATO CHE LA POLIZIA NON SIA RAZZISTA
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If you really want to retard drug traffic, you should maximize not convictions, but deterrence.
Note:MAX ARRESTI E MAX DETERRENZA
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you should probably stop more whites, because there are more whites in the population to deter.
Note:POPOLAZIONE DEI BIANCHI E DEI NERI
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After all, one-third of one percent of whites represents a lot more motorists—and a lot more drugs—than one-third of one percent of blacks.
Note:LA DETERRENZA SU BIANCHI E NERI È LA STESSA MA I BIANCHI SONO DI PIÙ
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fewer arrests (to appeal to the libertarians) and greater deterrence
Note:MENO ARRESTI MA PIÙ DETERRENZA
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Racist police would have stopped even more blacks; police who cared about deterrence (as opposed to convictions) would have stopped more whites.
CONCLUSIONI

Causa o correlazione?

Causa o correlazione?

The High Price of Motherhood – More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics
Steven E. Landsburg
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Punti chiave: L’economista è un tale che dimestiera cerca di distinguere le cause dalle correlazioni. E’ abbastanza ridicolo lo spettacolo che offre chi gli ricorda che cause e correlazioni sono cose diverse – Nessuno ricorderebbe ad un biologo di lavare le provette – Segue esempio standard di quel che fa l’economista
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facing difficult trade-offs between family and career.
Note:IL DILEMMA STUDIATO DA AMALIA MILLER
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On average, a woman in her twenties will increase her lifetime earnings by 10 percent if she delays the birth of her first child by a year…For college-educated women, the effects are even bigger…
Note:RITARDO MATERNITÀ E REDDITO
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A woman who gives birth at 24 might be a different sort of person from a woman who gives birth at 25… Maybe the 24-year-old is less ambitious…
Note:PRIMA DIFFICOLTÀ
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Instead of comparing random 24-year-old mothers with random 25-year-old mothers, she effectively compared 24-year-old mothers with 25-year-old mothers who had miscarried at 24.
Note:TRUCCO: COMPARARE SOLO CHI HA AVUTO UN FIGLIO A 25 MA UN ABORTO SPONTANEO A 24
Yellow highlight | Page: 154
But the comparison is still imperfect. Maybe miscarriages and low wages have a common cause—poor health, for example.
Note:SECONDA DIFFICOLTÀ
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Let’s compare 25-year-old mothers with those 24-year-old mothers who conceived while using birth control. Now you’ve got two groups of women, none of whom wanted to be pregnant at 24.
Note:ALTERNATIVA: CONFRONTARE SOLO LA GRAVIDANZA NON VOLUTA A 24 CON LA GRAVIDANZA A 25
Yellow highlight | Page: 155
Again, the experiment is imperfect. Getting pregnant while on birth control might be a symptom of carelessness, and carelessness can be a liability in the workplace.
Note:TERZA DIFFICOLTÀ
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a bunch of women who all report that they’d been trying to get pregnant since they were 23. Some succeeded at 24; others at 25.
Note:CONFRONTARE SOLO DONNE CHE CERCAVANO UN FIGLIO A 23 ANNI
Yellow highlight | Page: 155
None of these experiments—the miscarriage experiment, the birth-control experiment, and the “trying to get pregnant” experiment—is perfect, but all three point to the same conclusion.
Note:CONCLUSIONI UNIFORMI
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In this case, the result is that early motherhood is not only correlated with low wages; it actually causes them. That’s largely what good empirical economics is about—finding thoughtful and creative ways to distinguish between correlation and causation.
Note:ESSENZA DELLA BUONA ECONOMISTA
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Reminding an economist that correlation does not imply causation is like reminding a chemist to be sure his test tubes are clean.
ECONOMISTI E BIOLOGI

sabato 19 agosto 2017

In difesa del lavoro minorile

In difesa del lavoro minorile

Children at Work – More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics
Steven E. Landsburg –
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Punti chiave: L’ Africa di oggi è un po’ come l’ottocento europeo (dove non esistevano multinazionali sfruttatrici): chi allora avesse invocato leggi contro il lavoro minorile nel nostro continente sarebbe stato, giustamente, considerato un pazzo – Considerate una legge che ci obbligasse a comprare una Ferrari. Come la giudichereste? – Le scelte dei poveri sono generalmente assennate, comprese quelle dei genitori poveri – La nostra esperienza: è la ricchezza a togliere i bambini dal posto di lavoro, non le leggi – Vuoi aiutare l’Africa? manda soldi, evita leggi cervellotiche che probabilmente si riveleranno dannose – 
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Yellow highlight | Page: 65
Dr. David Livingstone, the African explorer, medical missionary, and hero of the Victorian Age, began his career at age ten, working 84-hour weeks at the local cotton mill.
Note:LIVINGSTONE
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protesters’ call for trade agreements that “protect” third-world children by limiting the number of hours they can work
Note:LA PROTEZIONE INVOCATA
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Being poor means making hard choices, such as whether to work more or to eat less.
Note:LE SCELTE DEI POVERI
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In fact, third worlders are making pretty much exactly the same choices that Americans and other Westerners made, back in the nineteenth century
Note:OTTOCENTO EUROPEO
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In England in 1860, about 37 percent of 10-to 14-year-old boys were classified as “gainfully employed”…In present-day Africa, it’s under 30 percent, and in India it’s half that….
Note:PERCENTUALI
Yellow highlight | Page: 66
In the United States between 1890 and 1930, per capita income rose by 75 percent and child labor fell by about the same percentage.
Note:PIÙ RICCHI MENO BIMBI AL LAVORO
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there were no foreign corporations in Victorian Britain and children went to work just the same.
Note:LE CATTIVA MULTINAZIONALI CHE NON C’ERANO NELL’OTTOCENTO
Yellow highlight | Page: 67
Multiple studies have shown that in developing countries, most parents take their children out of the labor force as soon as they can afford to.
Note:GENITORI CHE VOGLIONO BENE AI LORO FIGLI
Yellow highlight | Page: 67
If there’s a key difference between Western historical experience and the current situation in the third world, it’s this: when we were poor, nobody else was rich
Note:LA DIFFERENZA
Yellow highlight | Page: 68
responses endorsed by the anti-sweatshop crowd—kick back, relax, keep your environment clean, and don’t worry so much about where your next meal is coming from—are responses that have never worked well for poor
Note:RILASSATEVI!
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If you think you can make third worlders better off by forcing them to make first-world-style decisions about labor and the environment, why stop there? Why not require them all to buy Sony PlayStations?
FERRARI OBBLIGATORIA!

Elogio di Scrooge

Elogio di Scrooge

What I Like About Scrooge – More Sex Is Safer Sex: The Unconventional Wisdom of Economics – Steven E. Landsburg
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Punti chiave: La generosità dell’avare sfugge solo a chi confonde l’avarizia con l’egoismo – Filantropia e avarizia: beneficare tutti e beneficare alcuni – L’avarizia va sussidiata. Come? Tassando i consumi – Chi produce senza consumare (Scrooge) e chi consuma senza produrre  (il cercatore d’oro) – Scrooge: un simbolo contro l’edonismo consumista
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Scrooge has been called ungenerous. I say that’s a bum rap. What could be more generous than keeping your lamps unlit and your plate unfilled, leaving more fuel for others to burn and more food for others to eat?
Note:LA GENEROSITÀ DI SCROOGE
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The only difference between miserliness and philanthrophy is that the philanthropist serves a favored few while the miser spreads his largesse far and wide.
Note:FILANTROPO E AVARO
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If you earn a dollar but refuse to spend a dollar, the rest of the world is one dollar richer—because
Note:DOLLARO PRODOTTO E NON CONSUMATO
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Put a dollar in the bank and you’ll bid down the interest rate
Note:CHI BENEFICIA DI QUESTA GENEROSITÀ
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Put a dollar in your mattress and (by effectively reducing the money supply) you’ll drive down prices by just enough so someone somewhere can have an extra dollar’s worth of coffee with his dinner.
Note:MATERASSO
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Ebenezer Scrooge lowered interest rates. Scrooge McDuck lowered prices.
Note:GIÙ I PREZZI PER TUTTI
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One reader actually told me that “the gold Scrooge hoarded could have fed the coal miner’s starving children.” No, actually it couldn’t have. Gold is rather low in protein,..You can trade gold for food, but then someone else eats less….
Note:LE PROTEINE DELL’ORO
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Was Scrooge selfish? Surely not. He was miserly, which is a different thing altogether. Selfishness is all about claiming a bigger share
Note:AVARO E EGOISTA
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For as long as they were digging in the gold mines, every one of those young ambitious men was unavailable to work a farm, manage a grocery store, or start a business…Some miners made fortunes, but no miner was socially productive….
Note:GOLD RUSH... L’EQUIVALENTE DI UNA GUERRA
Yellow highlight | Page: 47
There are two ways to get rich. You can create new wealth or you can take someone else’s. The miner who strikes gold creates (almost) no wealth, yet he ends up wealthy…The unsuccessful miner gains nothing for himself and imposes no costs on his neighbors. The successful miner earns a fortune and costs his neighbors a collective fortune…
Note:LA CACCIA ALL’ ORO: IL COSTO DELLA STAMPANTE
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In poker, as in gold mining, you can’t win unless someone else loses.
Note:POKER
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But a miser is the mirror image of a miner—what the miner digs up, the miser (at least figuratively, and sometimes literally) buries right back in the ground.
Note:L’AVARO È L’ ANTI MINATORE
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Saving is philanthropy, and the tax system should recognize as much. If there’s a tax deduction for charitable giving, there should be a tax deduction for saving.
Note:IL RISPARMIO È FILANTROPIA: ESENTIAMOLO DALLE TASSE
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If Christmas is the season of selflessness, then surely one of the great symbols of Christmas should be Ebenezer Scrooge—the old Scrooge, not the reformed one.
CONTRO L‘EDONISMO CONSUMISTA