HL 1 Who Pays for Your Coffee?

Who Pays for Your Coffee?
Note:Tema: il valore. Come si fanno i soldi sul mercato? Scarsità + richiesta...Il potere dela scarsità richiesta: sul mercato guadagnano solo consumatori e monopolisti...Vuoi sapere se sei sfruttata? Controlla di che genere è il monopolio che realizza quei profitti x cui paghi...Perchè i pop corn costano di più al cinema? Perchè è lì che i consumatori li vogliono mangiare! Location location location...Chi paga la regolamentazione sulla sicurezza? I consumatori + deboli (i prodotti ideali x loro nn si trovano) o + attenti (i prodotti ideali x loro costano di più). Premiato il consumatore facoltoso e distratto...Gang e Mafia: la violenza crea monopoli. la violenza può essere condannata x motivi etici oppure x' rovina il gioco della competozione e quindi dell'efficienza...Oltre alla violenza ci sono altri modi x eliminare la competizione. Per esempio attraverso i sindacati. Recentemente il metodo è entrato in crisi poichè la competizione è internazionale mentre i sindacati nazionali. Altre volte padroni donamici in espansione e monopsonisti distruggono i sindacati penalizzandoli. Ci sono forme occulte di sindacalizzazione: albi, formazione, patenti...Immigrazione. Gli immigrati ci rubano il posto? Di solito l'immigrazione è vista male dalla popolazione + rozza e bene dalla pop. + raffinata. E nn certo xchè i + rozzi giudichino rozzamente...L'analisi standard: il razzismo è frutto dell' ignoranza, tanto è vero che alligna tra le classi + basse che si oppongono all'immigrazione. L'analisi corretta: vista la matura migratoria è normale che ad opporsi siano le classi basse ma x una questione fi interessi nn di razzismo...La scienza economica è neutrale? Spesso no: il mezzo di analisi influenza il giudizio che diamo del mondo. Gli economisti lottano contro i protezionismi e i sindacati ma lo fanno in nome delle ipotesi sottostanti ai loro modelli...

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1@@@@@@@sfruttamento copetizione e monopolio...immigrazione

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According to economics professor Brian McManus, mark-ups on coffee are around 150 per cent
Note:MARK UP SMISURATI

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So somebody is making a lot of money. Who?
Note:MA I BARISTI NN SI ARRICCHICONO

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location, location, location.
Note:RIPETILO

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simply remember that there are thirteen coffee bar entrepreneurs on one side of the negotiating table and on the other side is a manager who owns a single, perfect coffee-bar site.
Note:CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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By playing them off against each other, the Network Rail manager should be able to dictate the terms,
Note:Ccccccccc

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if there’s a profitable deal to be done between somebody who has something unique and someone who has something which can be replaced, then the profits will go to the owner of the unique resource.
Note:LA LEGGE

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Strength from scarcity
Note:Tttttttttt

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Bargaining strength comes through scarcity: settlers are scarce and meadows are not, so landlords have no bargaining power.
Note:LA LEGGE DELLA SCARSITÀ

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Why is coffee expensive in London, New York, Washington or Tokyo? The common-sense view is that coffee is expensive because the coffee bars have to pay high rent. David Ricardo’s model can show us that this is the wrong way to think about the issue, because ‘high rent’ is not an arbitrary fact of life. It has a cause.
Note:XCHÈ IN CENTRO MILANO IL CAFFÈ È CARO

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prime coffee-bar locations will command high rents only if customers will pay high prices for coffee. Rush-hour customers are so desperate for caffeine and in such a hurry that they are practically price-blind. The willingness to pay top whack for convenient coffee sets the high rent, and not the other way around.
Note:LA SPIEGA....MONOPOLIO

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Portable models
Note:Ttttttttt

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Economics is partly about modelling, about articulating basic principles and patterns that operate behind seemingly complex subjects like the rent on farms or coffee bars.
Note:COME RAGIONA L ECONOMIA...IL MODELLO DEL COFFEE BUSINESS

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Ricardo’s model is useful for discussing the relationship between scarcity and bargaining strength, which goes far beyond coffee or farming and ultimately explains much of the world around us.
Note:IL MODELLO VINCENTE

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A word of caution is appropriate, though. The simplifications of economic models have been known to lead economists astray.
Note:NELLA TRAPPOLA CADDE RICARDO STESSO

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A unified agricultural sector had nothing to gain from improving the land’s productivity with roads or irrigation, because those improvements would also reduce the scarcity of good land.
Note:APPLICANDO ALLA LETTERA IL SUO MODELLO...ES PERCHÈ COSTRUIRE AUTO SE HO IL MONOPOLIO SU CARROZZE E CAVALLI?

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Ricardo failed to realise that thousands of landlords competing with each other would make different decisions than a single one.
Note:CcccccccccRICCARDO FALLISCE NEL PREVEDERE L INNOVAZIONE NN DISTINGUENDO TRA CONCORRENZA E MONOPOLIO

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If applied correctly, it shows that environmental legislation can dramatically affect income distribution.
Note:COSA CI FA SCOPRIRE IL MODELLO DI RICARDO

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Different reasons for high rent
Note:TttttttttttttttIL MISTERO DEI POPCORN

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why popcorn is so expensive at the cinema – there was no popcorn shortage
Note:I MISTERI

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Let’s say landlords get together and manage to persuade the local sheriff that there should be what in the UK is called a ‘green belt’, a broad area of land around the city on which property development is very strongly discouraged by tough planning regulations.
Note:TORNIAMO A VEDERE COME SI CREANO LE RENDITE...PIANO REGOLATORE

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So we’ve found two reasons why rents might be high. The first is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land, because the grain that good land produces is so valuable. The second is that it’s worth paying a lot for good land because the alternatives that should be available are not.
Note:DUE FATTORI DI RENDITA...PRODUTTIVITÀ E REGOLE

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effect is to transfer a massive amount of money from London tenants to London landlords:
Note:UN EFFETTO DEL PIANO REGOLATORE

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it is important that when we are weighing the pros and cons of legislation like the Green Belt, we understand that its effects are more than simply to preserve the environment.
Note:QUESTA NN È UNA CRITICA AI PIANI MA...

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improvements in the quality and price of the commuter train services that bring people into London’s mainline stations,
Note:UNA MALEDIZIONE X I PROPRIETARI

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The answer is that improved public transport increases the alternatives to renting a place in the city.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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Are we being ripped off?
Note:Tttttc è mo nopolio e monopolio

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How can we tell the difference between things that are expensive because they are naturally scarce, and things that are expensive because of artificial means – legislation, regulation or foul play?
Note:NATURA E REGOLE

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Without perpetrating too much intellectual violence, we can replace ‘rent’ with ‘profit’
Note:RENDITA E PROFITTO

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a ‘sustainable competitive advantage’, meaning the sort of edge over the competition that will produce profits year in and year out.
Note:PROFITTO MERITATO SUL MERCATO

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The newspapers often point to high corporate profits as a sign that the consumer is being screwed. Are they right? Only sometimes.
Note:C È PROFITTO E PROFITT

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But high profits are not always earned so fairly; sometimes the newspaper outrage is justified. There’s a second explanation for high corporate profits. What if a kind of banking ‘green belt’ completely excluded Cornelius’s bank from the market?
Note:I PROFITTI DA REGOLAMENTAZIONE

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If I want to know whether I am being ripped off by supermarkets, banks or drug companies, I can find out how profitable those industries are. If they are making high profits, then initially I am suspicious. But if it seems that it is fairly easy to set up a new company and compete, I become less suspicious. It means that the high profits are caused by a natural scarcity: there are not many really good banking organisations in the world, and good banking organisations are much more efficient than bad ones.
Note:UN CRITERIO XGIUDICARE LO SFRUTTAMENTO

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Resource ‘rents’
Note:Ttttttttttttttt

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people who like to avoid competition
Note:IL CATTIVO

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Trade unions, lobby groups, people studying for a professional qualification
Note:CHI OPERA IN VISTA DI MONOPOLI

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‘rent-seeking’.
Note:Ccccccccccc

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It’s not easy to do this. It turns out that the world is a naturally competitive place,
Note:X FORTUNA...TUTTO COMPETE CON TUTTO

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farmland.
Note:I GRANDI MONOPOLI DEL PASSATO

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oil.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Until 1973, the world’s oil supply was produced by ‘oil meadows’, largely in the Middle East.
Note:STORIA DEL PETROLIO

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The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, which was sitting on most of the oil meadows, decided in 1973 to take some of its own meadows out of commission, by ordering each member country to restrict oil production.
Note:1974

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short run
Note:Ttttttt

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To keep prices high, OPEC was forced to accept a smaller and smaller share of the world oil market. Eventually Saudi Arabia broke ranks in 1985 and expanded production.

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FINE

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In the last couple of years we have been tripped up by a combination of unexpectedly high demand in China with disruptions in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Nigeria and Venezuela,
Note:SVILUPPI DELL IMPENNATA RECENTE

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When does crime pay?
Note:Tttttt

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people have to find other ways to prevent competition. One popular method is through violence,
Note:VIOLENZA E MONOPOLIO

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Drug dealers prefer not to have competitors driving down the price of drugs.
Note:ESEMPIO

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if you’re risking prison anyway, there is little point in using half measures.
Note:GIÀ CHE SIAMO CRIMINALI

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the ‘foot-soldiers’ sometimes take home as little as $1.70 an hour. Promotion prospects are good, considering the rapid turnover of gang membership (people leave, or get killed, quite often); but even considering these prospects, the average wage is less than $10 an hour. This is not much given that over a four-year period, the typical gang member can expect to be shot twice, arrested six times and has a one-in-four chance of being killed.
Note:SOLO LA PROSPETTVA DI UN MONOPOLIO FA TIRARE AVANTI

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Mafia groups often get involved in legitimate businesses, such as wholesale laundry, which can make big profits only if entry is deterred.
Note:DETERRENZA

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Mafia provides overpriced laundry services to restaurants as a way of extorting money.
Note:Ccccccccc

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‘Conspiracies against the laity’

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it does not mean that people have not worked out other ways to keep competitors at bay. Trade unions are an obvious example.
Note:METODI LEGALI X ESCLUDERE

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Without unionisation, wages could be kept very low. With it, competition could be excluded and wages would rise
Note:Ccccccc

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anti-trust laws designed to prevent collusion between large companies were also directed against unions. But as the political climate changed, these laws were ruled inapplicable and trade unions grew in strength.
Note:Cccccccc

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When unions are perceived as making unreasonable demands, causing prices to rise to a level that’s deemed unacceptable by a large portion of the public, the public in turn puts pressure on politicians to regulate the unions.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Sometimes the unions have their scarcity challenged by international competition,
Note:IL NEMICO DEI SINDACATI

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teachers’ wages were kept low for years – and declining relative to average earnings – in spite of the fact that there was a shortage of qualified teachers. This is because the government, the single employer, has massive bargaining power.
Note:INSEGNANTI

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And now for something controversial
Note:Ttttttttt immigrazione

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do immigrants steal our jobs?
Note:PROBLEMA

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Well-educated workers
Note:UN GRUPPO DI LAVORATOEI

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tend to welcome immigration as part of an enriching process

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Ccccccc

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poorly educated workers tend to reject any further immigration by unskilled immigrants on the grounds that ‘they steal our jobs’.
Note:SECONDO GRUPPO

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As one of those skilled workers I dislike resistance to immigrants and would like to see more immigration.
Note:CONFLITTO INTERESSE

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If the country is short of unskilled shelf-stackers, their wages will have to rise to attract people into the job. But if the country is short of skilled managers and full of unskilled shelf-stackers, I’ll be paid well for my scarcity value,
Note:DOV È LA SCARSITÀ RELATIVA?

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Some blame resistance to immigration on the racism of the unedu cated. An alternative, and more convincing, theory suggests that everybody is acting in his own self interest. New workers are good for people who have assets that become relatively scarcer,
Note:TESI SULLE SIMPATIE IMMAGRIZIONISTE

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In the UK, the salaries of nurses in the National Health Service have been kept low by the influx of thirty thousand foreign nurses;
Note:ES PRECLARO

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What should economists do?

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Some economists would claim that there is no difference between their analysis of coffee rents and their analysis of immigration. In an important sense, that’s true. Economics is in many ways just like engineering; it will tell you how things work and what is likely to happen if you change them.
Note:UNA VISIONE SEMPLICISTICA

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economists often step beyond their role as engineers of economic policy and become advocates. David Ricardo, for example, was an early campaigner for free trade.
Note:NN SEMPRE OGGETTIVI GLI ECONOMISTI

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repeal of the Corn Laws, which severely restricted the import of grain.
Cccccccccccc

AZIENDE FELICI

AZIENDE FELICI

Tolstoy apre Anna Karenina osservando che tutte le famiglie felici sono uguali mentre ogni famiglia infelice è infelice a modo suo. Nel business vale l’esatto contrario: tutte le aziende di successo sono diverse: ognuna prospera su un monopolio ottenuto risolvendo in modo unico un certo problema. Tutte le aziende che arrancano sono uguali, tanto è vero che si fanno una concorrenza spietata.
Tre fonti del monopolio:
1) Possedere una tecnologia unica (Google).
2) Possedere una rete unica (Facebook).

3) Possedere un brand unico (Apple).

https://feedly.com/i/entry/ty+AzTYZ3TUuMuPycOdkUNamwQCXNpDbajbdLnbrc5c=_168a5321a32:144ccfa:c2ce2e2e

PERCHE’ GLI AGRICOLTORI SONO COPERTI DI SUSSIDI?

PERCHE’ GLI AGRICOLTORI SONO COPERTI DI SUSSIDI?
Perché in Europa la terra destinata all’agricoltura è fissa.
Capito? No?
Forse è più facile capire perché, che ne so, i motel NON sono ricoperti di sussidi. Perché se lo fossero il giorno dopo aprirebbero mille motel erodendo tutto il vantaggio concesso. Per questo motivo la categoria dei proprietari di motel non ha alcun interesse a fare lobby e chiedere favori alla politica.

E’ lo stesso motivo per cui i minatori o i ferrovieri fanno sciopero per ottenere dei privilegi mentre gli addetti al fast food no. Un fast food apre in tre giorni, una miniera in 3 anni.

CHAPTER 3 Predictions

CHAPTER 3 Predictions
Note:3@@@@@@@@@@@@

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Never make predictions, especially about the future.”
Note:CHI HA PARLATO COSÌ? DIFFICILE DIRLO

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“inventions have long since reached their limit, and I see no hope for future development.”
Note:SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS NEL 100 dC

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“there is a world market for maybe five computers.”
Note:PRESIDENTE IBM NEL 1946

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no more than ten years away from having a nuclear-powered vacuum cleaner.
Note:NEL 1955 ALEX LEWYT

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tongue-in-cheek,

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1 Pigs in a Box
Note:Nttttttt

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At the far end of the box—several pig’s lengths away—is a bowl that fills with food whenever the lever is pressed. Which pig do you predict will eat better?
Note:PUZZLE DEI DUE MAIALI UNO GROSSO E UNO PICCOLO...CHI AZIONERÀ LA LEVA?

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the little pig has absolutely no incentive to press the lever, having quickly learned that if he does, the big pig will steal all the food.
Note:RIAPOSTA

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2 Boys or Girls?
Note:ttttttttttttt

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most parents prefer sons to daughters. Do you expect to get more requests for boys or for girls?
Note:HAI APERTO UN AGENZIA DI ADOZIONI

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even when they have a strong preference for boys, tend to have a lot of other strong preferences—including a strong preference for healthy, well-behaved children.
Note:GUESS...RAGAZZE

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They’re kids with health problems, kids with behavior problems, kids whose parents can’t raise them, and (given what the problem tells us about parental preferences in this time and place) girls.
Note:CHI VIENE OFFEERTO IN ADOZIONE DI SOLITO?

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As long as parents prefer boys, they’ll tend to cut their sons more slack than they cut their daughters. Therefore (on average, of course), boys have to be really bad to get thrown into the adoption
Note:LA LOGICA

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whether parents in general prefer boys or girls.
Note:ALTRO ARGOMENTO...SI RIEVOCA L ARTICOLO DEL 2003

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parents of boys are less likely to divorce
Note:PRIMO DATO

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parents of girls are more likely to try for another child
Note:SECONDO DATO

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Unmarried couples, upon learning the sex of their unborn child, are more likely to marry if the child is a boy.
Note:TERZO DATO

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adoption agencies get more requests for girls—and
Note:L BIEZIONE DI MOLTI...COME ABBIAMO VISTO PROVA IL CONTRARIO

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3 Kids at School
Note:TtttttttttttCORRELAZIONE CAUSAZIONE

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children from four-child families do significantly worse in school than children from three-child families.
Note:SUPONIAMO CHE...

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You already have three children and have just discovered that you’re pregnant with a fourth.
Note:COSA PREVEDI SUL PROFITTO DEI TUOI FIGLI?

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once you get past two children, the larger the family, the worse the kids perform.
Note:QUESTO SEMBRA CONFERMATO...

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this correlation is not causal.
Note:D ALTRONDE

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Parents who choose to have four children are generally less educated
Note:INFATTI

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of course your own decision to have a fourth child doesn’t change you into a different sort of person.
Note:IL QUARTO IN ARRIVO NN CAMBIA NULKA!!!!

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How do we know that it’s the demographic characteristics of large families, and not the family size itself,

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DISCERNERE CORELAZIONE E CAUSA

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looked at families with four children where the last two are twins.
Note:UN METODO PER DISCERNERE

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It turns out that their children tend to perform a lot like children from three-child families,
Note:Cccccccccc

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Another clever strategy is to look at four-child families with, say, three boys followed by a girl
Note:ALTRA STRATEGIA

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lot of these families probably planned to stop at three but then took one final stab at gender diversity.
Note:Ccccccccc

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Once again, their kids perform a lot like children from three-child families.
Note:Cccccccccccc

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birth order
Note:CONTA ANCHE QUESTO

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fourth children do worse in school than third children, and therefore bring down the family average
Note:ANXHE X QS LA FAMIGLIA DA 4 FA PEGGIO A SCUOLA

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Mozart was the youngest of seven children, and Benjamin Franklin was the youngest of fifteen.
Note:È SOLO UNA STATISTICA

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4 Birth Control
Note:TtttttttttttttPELTZMAN

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If a new method of birth control is safer, cheaper, more effective, and easier to use than any existing method, what do you predict will happen to the number of unwanted pregnancies?
Note:QUESITO DI PELTZMAN

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some people will switch from abstinence to the new method, or switch from having sex once in a while to twice in a while.
Note:SWITCH

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5 Cutting Back on Smoking
Note:TttttttttttttttDOMANDA E FFERTA

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Nosmo King is an antismoking crusader
Note:IL MILITANTE ANTIFUMO CHE BUTTA 100 SIGARETTE PENSANDO CHE VERRANNO FUMATE 100 SIGARETTE IN MENO

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takes the cigarette and throws it away,

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once you give a cigarette to Nosmo, you run out a little sooner,
Note:QUEL CHE SUCCEDE

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The convenience store where you do your shopping runs low
Note:E POI...

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leading its supplier to run out a little sooner.
Note:E POI.....

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increase in the demand for cigarettes
Note:DI FATTO

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slightly higher price.
Note:EFFETTO SUI PREZZI

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If they produce, say, an additional 7, and if Nosmo discards 20, then the number smoked falls not by 20 but by 13.
Note:CI SARANNO MENO DI 100 SIGARETTE NN FUMATE!

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an activist group asks people to go meatless for a day or a week
Note:LA STESSA LOGICA X LE CAMPAGNE ANIMALISTE...L ABBASSAMENTO DEI PREZZI NE MINA L EFFICACIA

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the fall in demand leads to a fall in price,

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6 Cutting Hairs
Note:TttttttttttLEGGE DI BAUMOL

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Barbers, for example, will probably be no more productive in the year 2050 than they are today.
Note:GRANDI AUMENTI DI PRODUTTIVITÀ PRODUCTIVITy N FUTURO...MA...

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wages of the average barber, relative to those of the average worker, will be higher or lower in 2050

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COSA PREVEDI?

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barbers, even though they’ll be no more productive, will see their wages rise in tandem with everyone else’s.
Note:RISPOSTA

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higher wages on (say) the auto assembly line tend to lure barbers away from haircutting.
Note:POCA OFFERTA IN FUTURO

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rising productivity in some industries leads to higher wages in other industries
Note:LEGGE DI BAUMOL

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It takes your barber about ten minutes to provide a basic haircut. It took your grandfather’s barber about the same. In other words, your barber is no more productive than your grandfather’s. But your barber is a lot richer than your grandfather’s barber,
Note:BAUMOL SPIEGA BENE ANCHE IL PASSATO

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I still grade essays at about exactly the same rate as my predecessors
Note:LA PRODUTTIVITÀ DEGLI NSEGNANTI NN È CRESCIUTA...AL CONTRARIO DI QUELLA DEGLI AGRICOLTORI

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Nevertheless, I earn a lot more than they did, because a lot of potential teachers have instead become, if not farmers, then computer programmers or financial analysts,
Note:TUTTAVIA LA RICCHEZZA DI UN RIGUARDA NSEGNANTE È CRESCIUTA MOLTO

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7 The Organ Eater
Note:Tttttttttttt

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If Leopold comes into a nice inheritance, what happens to his kidney consumption?
Note:LEOPOLDO IL GOLOSONE DI INTERIORA...EFFETTO REDDITO O EFFETTO SOSTITUZIONE?

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8 The Price of Bread
Note:tttttttttttttMANZONI E ASSALTO AI FOENI

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price ceiling on wheat,
Note:EFFETTI DI UN CONTROLLO DEI PREZZI

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What happens to the price of bread?
Note:DOMANDA

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the price of wheat just fell, so farmers will supply less wheat
Note:PREZZI BASSI....TAGLIO ALLE SCORTE

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If there’s less wheat, there’s got to be less bread—which drives the price up,
Note:EFFETTO SUI PREZZI

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wheat has become harder to find.
Note:VEDI MANZONI

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They’re paying less to the farmer but spending a lot more time scrounging around trying to find a farmer who’s willing to sell to them.
Note:FORNAI E MERCATO NERO....OPPURE ESAURIMENTO SCORTE

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9 Cars and Bars
Note:TttttttttttMONOPOLIO

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In a town with just one auto mechanic but several bars, a new law requires each business to contribute $20,000 a year toward the construction and maintenance of city parks.
Note:AUMENTERANNO DI PIÙ I PREZZI DELLE RIPARAZIONI O DEI CAPUCCINI?

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There’s no reason on earth for the price of a car repair to change.
Note:IL MONOPOLIO È GIÀ AL PREZZO MASSIMO

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losing your suitcase is no reason to alter your business practices.
Note:PERDERE DEI SOLDI

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10 Tickets at the Ballpark, Take One
Note:TttttttttttttRIPETIZIONE MONOPOLI...VERSIONE RONALDO

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A famous Chicago Cubs baseball player demands a $10 million raise,
Note:AUMENTERANNO I BOGLIETTI?

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is a lot like being forced to contribute an extra $20,000 a year to park maintenance—it’s
Note:VEDI SITUAZIONE PRECEDENTE

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Ticket prices are already set to maximize profit.
Note:OVVERO

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11 Tickets at the Ballpark, Take Two
Note:TttttttttttttI DIPENDENTI DEL MONOPOLISTA

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The Chicago Cubs play at Wrigley Field, where the ushers have just demanded and received a substantial raise.

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E ORA CHE SI FA CON IL PREZZO?

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if your ushers get a raise, you can lessen the pain by hiring fewer ushers.
Note:Il CUSTODE NN È RONALDO

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you might prefer to sell fewer tickets, as the ushers’ primary job is to monitor the behavior of unruly fans.
Note:IL PREZZO DEI BIGLIETTI SI ALZEREBBE

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Unlike a $20,000 annual contribution to the parks department, these are costs he can reduce
Note:LA DIFFERENZA

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12 Trolls on a Bridge
Note:TtttttttttttttttDOPPIO MONOPOLIO

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If you have to pass through two tollbooths to get across a bridge, would you prefer the two booths to be owned by one troll or by two different trolls?
Note:QUESITO

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One troll is better than two.
Note:RISPOSTA

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For a troll who owns a tollbooth, a $1 price increase is punished by the loss of, say, 10 customers at that booth. For a troll who owns both tollbooths, a $1 price increase is punished by the loss of 10 customers at both booths.
Note:L UNICO DETERRENTE AI PREZZI ALTI È LA PAIRA DI XDERE DEI CLIENTI

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13 Software Pricing
Note:TttttttttttttttMICROSOFT OFFICE...UN MODO X COMBATTERE I MONOPOLI È CONCENTRARLI

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would you prefer to see Microsoft broken up into two separate monopolies, one selling Windows and the other selling Office?
Note:DOMANDA PARALLELA ALLA PRECEDENTE

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One troll is still better than two.
Note:ANCORA

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The only thing preventing Microsoft from charging astronomical prices is the fear of losing customers.
Note:ANCORA

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14 Merge Ahead, Take One
Note:ttttttttttttt FUSIONI...EFFUSIONI DEM

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A monopoly tire company merges with a monopoly rubber company.
Note:AUSPICABILE?

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You should welcome the merger. One troll is still better than two.
Note:ANCORA

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Do you hear an echo? The solutions to the three preceding problems are essentially identical.
Note:CONCLUSIONE

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15 Merge Ahead, Take Two
Note:Nttttttt REGOLE GENERALI SUI MONOPOLI

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Three major computer manufacturers are seeking permission to merge into one giant company.
Note:IL CASO. SEI TRISTE O FELICE? UNA COALIZIONE DI COMPETITOR SI OPPONE

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If the merger were likely to raise prices, the smaller companies would be applauding it. When the big guys raise their prices, the little guys can follow suit.
Note:L OPPOSIZIONE DEGLI ALTRI PRODUTTORI È RASSICURANTE X IL CONSUMATORE

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As a general rule, firms welcome monopoly power even when they’re not part of the monopoly.
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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If a coalition of well-informed consumers were vocally opposing the merger,
Note:SAREBBE DIVERSO

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vertical integration is nearly always a boon to the consumer, while horizontal integration can go either way—but
Note:REGOLA GENERALE

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16 Life in Pullman
Note:TtttttMONARCHIA

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Pullman owned all the housing and rented it to the workers. It also owned grocery stores, where the workers shopped.
Note:IL PADRONE DELLA CITTFÀ

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Pushman had many competing employers, many competing landlords, and many competing grocery stores.
Note:LA CITTÀ COMPETITIVA

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where would you expect groceries to be more expensive—in Pushman or in Pullman?
Note:LA DOMANDA

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You should expect grocery prices to be the same in both towns.
Note:RISPOSTA

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Pullman, being a profit maximizer, presumably pays its workers just enough to keep them from moving to Pushman in search of a better life.
Note:SI VOTA COI PIEDI...RICORDIAMOLO

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Even if all you care about is the university’s bottom line, losing $10,000 at the restaurant can be worth it if the alternative is to make the campus so unpleasant that you’ve got to start offering higher wages to keep people around.
Note:ILPIACEVOLE RISTORANTE DELL UNIVERSITA CHIUSO X DEFICIT

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if we accept the logic that led to the restaurant closure—that each division is to be judged by its individual profits—then the first thing we should do is close the library.
Note:CHE FACCIAMO?CHIUDIAMO ANCHE LA BIBLIOTECA?

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Pick a stock at random, tell 256 people its price is about to go up, and tell another 256 it’s about to go down. After a week, when one of your forecasts has proved accurate, take the 256 people who got the accurate forecast, divide them into two groups of 128, tell one group that some other randomly chosen stock is about to go up and tell the other that the same stock is about to go down. After another week, you’ve provided 128 people with two accurate forecasts in a row. Divide them into two groups of 64, and repeat. Pretty soon you’re down to 8 people who have heard you make six accurate forecasts in a row. Tell them that if they want your next forecast, they’ll have to pay for it.
UN METODO X FAR SOLDI

Compulsory licensing IT robin hanson

Compulsory licensing IT robin hanson

riccardo-mariani@libero.it

Citation (APA): riccardo-mariani@libero.it. (2018). Compulsory licensing IT robin hanson [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

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Parte introduttiva

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 3

Compulsory Licensing Of Backroom IT? by Robin Hanson

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 3

We now understand one of the main reasons that many leading firms have been winning

Nota - Posizione 3

IL SEGRETO DEL SUCCESSO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 6

top managers flocking to top firms, automation creating an imbalance in productivity, merger-and-acquisition mania, lack of antitrust regulation and more.

Nota - Posizione 7

LE RAGIONI AVANZATE IN PRECEDENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 7

IT spending that goes into hiring developers and creating software owned and used exclusively by a firm is the key competitive advantage.

Nota - Posizione 8

LA NUOVA IPOTESI SUGGERITA DAI DATI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 10

built their own software and even their own hardware,

Nota - Posizione 11

I GRANDI PLAYER

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 11

aligning their business model with some outside developer’s idea of it.

Nota - Posizione 12

IERI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 12

When new technologies were developed in the past, they would diffuse

Nota - Posizione 13

BASTA CON LA CLASICA DIFFUSIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 13

productivity rose across entire industries.

Nota - Posizione 13

Cccccccc

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 14

someone is trying to copy and reproduce Google’s cloud infrastructure

Nota - Posizione 14

IMMAGINA....TROPPO COMPLICATO ANCHE COPIARE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 15

massive and inextricably linked to the engineers, workers, systems and business models built around

Nota - Posizione 15

LA NUOVA TECNOLOGIA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 15

in the past it might have been possible to license, steal or copy

Nota - Posizione 16

IERI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 16

technology can’t be separated from the systems of which it’s a part.

Nota - Posizione 17

OGGI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 17

Walmart built an elaborate logistics system around bar code scanners,

Nota - Posizione 17

ESEMPIO DI TECNO NN IN VENDITA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 19

rising industry concentration,

Nota - Posizione 20

CONSEGUENZA

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 23

much must be learned through experience,

Nota - Posizione 23

ATTRAZIONE DEI MIGLIORI VERSO I MIGLIORI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 27

balance has been lost with regard to information technology… the policy challenge is to offset this trend.

Nota - Posizione 28

ANTITRUST IMPOTENTE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 29

future for both IP and antitrust policy is to facilitate the diffusion of new technical knowledge and right now the trend seems to be in the wrong direction.…

Nota - Posizione 30

WRONG DIRECTION

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 35

making good backroom software, to use internally, has become something of a natural monopoly.

Nota - Posizione 36

NEOMONOPOLIO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 37

one standard approach to regulating monopolies is to force them to sell to everyone at regulated prices.

Nota - Posizione 38

LA VIA TRADIZIONALE....FORSE È APPLICABILE ANCHE QUI?

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 49

Note that I’m not saying that it is obvious that this is a good solution. I’m just saying that this is a standard obvious policy response to consider, so someone should be looking into it. At the moment I’m not seeing other good options, aside from just accepting the increased IT-induced firm inequality and its many consequences.

Nota - Posizione 51

CONCLUSIONE

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 52

it is very hard to take software written for internal use and make it available for outside use.

Nota - Posizione 53

EMERGE DAI COMMENTI

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 54

what happens when leaders of different industries start to coordinate their IT with each other.

Nota - Posizione 54

INTERROGATIVO

Evidenzia ( giallo) - Posizione 55

we might have single firms as big winning leaders in larger economic sectors.

Nota - Posizione 56

IL RE DELLA TERRA