Visualizzazione post con etichetta #alexander scuola voucher. Mostra tutti i post
Visualizzazione post con etichetta #alexander scuola voucher. Mostra tutti i post

martedì 6 dicembre 2016

Privatizzare la scuola

La nomina di  Betsy DeVos – sostenitrice del sistema voucher - a ministro dell’istruzione del governo Trump fa sperare/temere una privatizzazione della scuola americana.
E’ anche un’ occasione preziosa per ascoltare le voci anti-voucher, che hanno già cominciato a levarsi.
Una delle più autorevoli è quella di Nathan Robinson, a cui risponde Scott Alexander nel saggio “Contra Robinson On Schooling”.
Per i critici introdurre il profitto economico nei servizi scolastici è pericoloso: si creano incentivi perversi.
L’obiettivo di fondo dei “produttori” si trasformerebbe: dal fornire un servizio ottimale a massimizzare il guadagno degli azionisti.
In parole semplici: si spenderebbe il meno possibile nell’educazione vera e propria pur di girare a dividendo certe somme…
… If you don’t have to spring for new lab equipment or new textbooks, you have no incentive to do so…
La risposta qui è scontata: le imprese commerciali possono massimizzare i profitti solo soddisfacendo la clientela. Se scelgiessero delle scorciatoie i clienti volerebbero altrove…
… choice creates competition, which creates quality…
Anche la cotroreplica è nota: ma i genitori non hanno molte opzioni, non ci sono alternative valide nelle vicinanze.
In poche parole: nella scuola di stato tutte le risorse investite vanno alla scuola mentre nel privato si scindono tra investimenti scolastici e profitti.
Per dirimere la diatriba guardiamo ai fatti.
Potremmo comparare buoni scolastici e buoni alimentari (foodstamp), il meccanismo è il medesimo: com’è la qualità degli alimenti che si comperano in un supermercato che accetta foodstamp?…
… I know the quality of service these poor people get for their money. And it is really good…
In merito c’è un aneddoto sintomatico
… There’s a story about Boris Yeltsin coming to America for the first time, walking into a random grocery store, seeing that random middle-class Americans had a better selection of goods than the highest-status Soviet officials, and freaking out that this was some kind of weird Potemkin economy that the Americans had set up to demoralize him… fifty different kinds of cereal… hundred different kinds of soda… also really cheap…
Ma perché i supermercati non lucrano? Perché non abbassano la qualità intascandosi la differenza?…
… Something like 48% of Americans are satisfied with the education system in the US. My guess is 100% of Americans are satisfied with the grocery…
L’ipotesi più probabile: la lotta agli sprechi pesa più dei profitti.
D’altronde, i profitti di mercato sono lì, possono essere visti. Sono un numero, di solito piuttosto basso.
Un esempio chiarificatore che mi sembra perfetto…
… An example: Health care in this country is overpriced… Some people think this is because greedy insurance… But health insurance companies have a profit margin of about 3%… not a big deal if you’re wondering how much they affect health care costs… If you’re paying $ 5,000 a year for health insurance, then take away all profit motive from the insurance companies and you would pay $ 4850 a year for health insurance…
Cosa concludere?…
… Insurance companies aren’t callously throwing sick people out on the street for profitability reasons, they’re callously throwing sick people out on the street because they can only pay as much money as their customers give them and that isn’t enough to fund as much health care as people need…
Certi beni sono cari perché costano cari (97% della quota del prezzo), non perché ci si specula sopra (3% della quota del prezzo), anche se a noi piace pensare altrimenti.
Un altro esempio è quello dei piccoli prestiti (che noi spesso etichettiamo come “usurai”)…
… In a profitability analysis by Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, it was determined that the average profit margin from seven publicly traded payday lending companies (including pawn shops) in the U.S. was 7.63%, and for pure payday lenders it was 3.57%. These averages are less than those of other traditional lending institutions such as credit unions and banks. Comparatively the profit margin of Starbucks for the measured time period was just over 9%, and comparison lenders had an average profit margin of 13.04%. These comparison lenders were mainstream companies: Capital One, GE Capital, HSBC, Money Tree, and American Express Credit…
Interessi esorbitanti sono da imputare al rischio più che alla speculazione…
… Payday lenders aren’t charging outrageous interest rates so they can get fat off the profits. They’re charging outrageous interest rates because loaning money to poor people who often fail to pay back…
Quanto guadagneranno gli imprenditori scolastici? Volendo esagerare attenendoci a settori più concentrati rispetto a quello scolastico potremmo ipotizzare un 11%.
A questo punto la domanda cruciale si fa più chiara…
…  If private schools cost the same amount of money as public schools, but 11% of that went to shareholder profits, wouldn’t our children receive an 11% worse education?…
Profitto e guadagni in efficienza andrebbero confrontati. Conosciamo i profitti, come possiamo conoscere il potenziale guadagno in efficienza?
Per esempio così
primary_scost
Si tratta di un costo già indicizzato all’inflazione!
E chi valuta sospetta la fonte sappia che risultati simili vengono confermati anche dai “nemici”, in questo senso non sono in discussione.
A cosa è dovuta l’esplosione nei costi?
Gli stipendi degli insegnanti non sono cresciuti in modo apprezzabile.
Il fenomeno è di quelli che fanno girare la testa:
… how is an activity which basically involves getting a bunch of kids into a building and throwing a teacher at them rising so dramatically in the absence of changes in building or teacher prices?…
Ci sono tre risposte.
Innanzitutto il Paradosso Simpson: i gruppi etnici di studenti che fanno male nei test sono aumentati.
Ma gli esiti nei test sono stagnanti anche per classi distinte di studenti. L’ipotesi è da scartare.
Seconda obiezione: si spende di più per i ragazzi con bisogni particolari.
Ipotizzando con larghezza che per ciascuno di questi studenti si spenda il doppio; spieghiamo in questo modo giusto il 13% dell’aumento, manca ancora il 150%.
Terza ipotesi: la burocrazia è in espansione.
Una prova a sostegno
… One argument in favor: the same thing that’s happening to primary education is happening to college education…
Non tutti sono convinti, però. Sta di fatto che il mistero dell’esplosione nei costi è misteriosamente irrisolto. Ma per noi il punto è un altro
… The point is, private schools lose 11% of their funding to shareholder profit, and public schools apparently lose 75% of their funding of… boh…
Chissà perché la spesa scolastica è difficilissima da tagliare
… In my home state of California, there was a big funding shortfall ten years ago, and schools tried to cut everything they could, but finally they said there was nothing left to cut and they had no more ideas, and I believe that they tried as hard as they could…
Quand’anche sia stata la burocrazia a far esplodere le spese, non l’ha fatto in modo ovvio. Se dietro c’è qualcuno questo “qualcuno” è un genio.
Forse nelle nostre scuole si è generata una “cultura dell’inefficienza” cosicché chi formula ipotesi “efficientiste” è mal visto ed escluso quasi fosse un bestemmiatore.
Altra obiezione degli anti-voucher
… look what happens with food stamps: the moment you start handing out a “voucher,” conservatives start seeing it as some kind of unearned “handout.”…
In altri termini: il sussidiato verrebbe stigmatizzato e inizierebbero delle pressioni per il taglio dei buoni…
… they erode the idea of education as a fundamental right… making it seem like a privilege
Ma qui l’analogia usata sembra forzata. Basta cambiarla e si giunge a conclusioni opposte…
… Medicare remains popular even though it’s essentially a voucher…
Un po’ più preoccupante è l’analogia che si potrebbe fare con gli ospedali privati…
… Although for-profit hospitals aren’t noticeably worse than not-for-profit, they’re also not noticeably better…
Potrebbero essere molto più efficienti ma tendono ad “adeguarsi” al pubblico e al terzo settore. Quasi non volessero rompere le scatole ai loro colleghi presentandosi come una minaccia. Da notare che l’adeguamento è in termini di efficienza non in termini di prezzi (detto altrimenti: non si tratta di somme girate agli azionisti)…
… existence of for-profit hospitals hasn’t started some kind of virtuous cycle… Having a field be open to competition isn’t necessarily incompatible with it being overpriced and inefficient…
Anche le scuole private oggi in attività non sembrano risparmiare molto su quel 75% di costo inutile, quasi si adeguassero all’andazzo. Tagliare i costi è dura anche nel privato.
Gli anti-voucher si preoccupano anche per i genitori più deboli
… Privatization schemes are also heavily dependent on the existence of highly astute parents, who have the time and inclination to carefully study schools… most vulnerable children are unlikely to have such parents…
Il punto è rilevante: genitori con pochi mezzi sono svantaggiati nelle scelte. Ma con i buoni la loro scelta diventa comunque più facile. Scegliere di cambiare quartiere per una migliore istruzione dei figli è molto più impegnativo.
Altra paura è quella dell’indottrinamento: le scuole confessionali potrebbero “lavare il cervello” dei vostri figli. Qui però i fatti sembrano smentire…
… Catholic school is already sort of like this and they don’t seem to be some weird foreign cancer on the body politic, so maybe it’s not such a big deal?…
Altra paura: la segregazione. Ognuno va con i suoi…
… everyone already goes to public schools in their own class-segregated neighborhood anyway…
Anche qui la stessa logica di prima: è più facile sfuggire alla segregazione con i voucher che con un trasloco. C’è chi vede questi traslochi come una delle cause della bolla immobiliare americana…
… Elizabeth Warren has argued this is primarily behind the secular rise in real estate… This factor could easily be more important than everything else combined and might make school vouchers a plus even if they seriously worsened the quality of education…
Conclusione: la cosa migliore è sperimentare
… As we start to understand things better, extend the window…
E la concorrenza? Ci sarà? Potrà sprigionare i suoi benefici? C’è chi ne dubita. Per identificare la quota di profitti abbiamo considerato settori più concentrati rispetto a quello della scuola, tuttavia altre soluzioni sono possibili…
… Let’s let random people open tiny schools
Oggi il 3% dei genitori americani fa scuola ai propri figli (homeschool), e da questo esperimento naturale sappiamo che la qualità non è un problema…
… All the research shows that home-schooled students do much better than traditionally schooled students on standardized tests, college admission exams, college GPAs, and general life satisfaction as adults…
Questo anche se c’è un problema di rappresentatività del campione: solo i genitori più attenti e coscienziosi optano per l’ homeschooling.
Dall’ homschooling alla tiny school il passo è breve.
E’ facile immaginarsi la storia standard
… A woman has a kid and decides she doesn’t want to go back to work and leave the kid in daycare for eighteen years. She takes some test, clears some regulatory hurdle, promises that she’ll clear a certain bar on her kids’ standardized test scores, and registers as an approved school. Then she gets a couple of friends and neighbors who trust her to send their kids to her too. Maybe her husband works outside the home, so she doesn’t even need five. She’s happy with two or three (I think it would be important that you can’t make any money by educating your own kid; otherwise the incentive is to keep them out of school and pretend to be educating them yourself). Then she tutors them in a class a fifth the size of comparable public school classes… If you’re an actual, qualified teacher, maybe you can get ten or twenty… That’s $ 100,000 to $ 200,000, minus your overhead…
E’ una stravaganza? No, è la storia americana…
… for the majority of American history, kids were taught by a member of the community in a one room schoolhouse… the system that produced Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, et cetera….
Qui andrebbe anche ricordato quanto poco contino i titoli dell’insegnante sul suo lavoro…
… remember that all the research shows that formal teacher training and level of teacher credentialing has zero effect…
Molte tiny school, molti posti di lavoro
… This would provide provide a means of self-directed, boss-free income for millions of people…
Magari questa è un’eresia, solo sperimentando possiamo capirlo, mai fidarsi di chi emette sentenze a-priori.
E non dimentichiamoci che già esiste un esito sperimentale univoco e riconosciuto più o meno da tutti: scegliersi la scuola aumenta la soddisfazione della famiglia. Esempio
… Universally, school choice parents are highly satisfied with choice schools, reporting greater discipline, more responsive staff and better educational environments than the public schools they left. That parents are satisfied with their choice schools is a valuable indicator that school choice delivers real benefits. As University of Wisconsin professor John Witte, the official evaluator of the Milwaukee choice program, recently commented on school choice research: “There’s one very consistent finding: Parental involvement is very positive, and parental satisfaction is very positive…parents are happier. The people using vouchers are mostly black and Hispanic and very poor…they deserve the same kind of options that middle-class white people have.”… Patrick J. Wolf’s survey of twelve voucher programs (pdf) supports this interpretation.  And here are strongly positive results on parental satisfaction Indiana
Naturalmente i genitori potrebbero essere soddisfatti per motivi differenti dal risultato nei test
… parents may like the academic programs, teacher skills, school discipline, safety, student respect for teachers, moral values, class size, teacher-parent relations, parental involvement, and freedom to observe religious traditions, among other facets of school choice…
Gli economisti si sono sempre disinteressati alle ragioni per cui un consumatore si dichiara soddisfatto: conta solo la sua soddisfazione.
Ecco allora un’avvertenza che s’impone:
… if you’re reading a critique of vouchers and the critic isn’t willing to tell you up front that parents typically like this form of school choice, I suspect the critic isn’t really trying to inform you

lunedì 5 dicembre 2016

Contra Robinson On Schooling Scott Alexander

Notebook per
Contra Robinson On Schooling
Scott Alexander
Citation (APA): Alexander, S. (2016). Contra Robinson On Schooling [Kindle Android version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com

Parte introduttiva
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 2
Contra Robinson On Schooling By Scott Alexander
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 5
Robinson argues against school vouchers:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 12
this is the first time you’ve read a logical argument, written in good faith and intended to convince someone,
Nota - Posizione 13
STRANO TROVARE PEZZI ARGOMENTATI VS I VOUCHER
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 14
Introducing profit into the school system is very dangerous,
Nota - Posizione 15
...
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 15
it creates a terrible set of incentives.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 16
strong incentive for the school to give as little in return as possible.
Nota - Posizione 16
L ACCUSA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
maximize value to shareholders
Nota - Posizione 17
IL VERO OBBOETTIVO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 17
schools should try to spend as little money educating students
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 18
If you don’t have to spring for new lab equipment or new textbooks, you have no incentive to do so
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 21
corporations have an incentive to maximize shareholder value. But they can’t do that without satisfying their customers.
Nota - Posizione 22
CONTROARGOMENTO CHE NN CONVINCE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 22
alignment
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 23
parents can simply go elsewhere.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 24
choice creates competition, which creates quality.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 26
In reality, parents will not have many options
Nota - Posizione 26
CONTRO CONTROARG
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 26
(there are only so many schools within a feasible distance
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 28
In a public school system, all money is spent on the schools.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 29
In a for-profit school system, at least some portion of that money is directed instead toward the pockets of shareholders
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 34
point, made somewhat weaker by failure to consider why it doesn’t apply to everything else.
Nota - Posizione 35
CONTRO CONTRO CONTROARGOMENTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 35
compares school vouchers to foodstamps,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 36
I know the quality of service these poor people get for their money. And it is really good.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 37
There’s a story about Boris Yeltsin coming to America for the first time, walking into a random grocery store, seeing that random middle-class Americans had a better selection of goods than the highest-status Soviet officials, and freaking out that this was some kind of weird Potemkin economy that the Americans had set up to demoralize him.
Nota - Posizione 39
x ELTSIN
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 40
fifty different kinds of cereal
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
hundred different kinds of soda,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 41
also really cheap.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 42
So why don’t grocery store shareholders leech off so much money that everything is overpriced and has terrible service? Why aren’t stores dingy and full of rats?
Nota - Posizione 43
DOMANDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 46
Something like 48% of Americans are satisfied with the education system in the US. My guess is 100% of Americans are satisfied with the grocery
Nota - Posizione 47
SODDISFAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 48
My guess: the loss from profits matters less than the gain in efficiency.
Nota - Posizione 48
X TESI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 49
Profit margins are a specific number.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 49
Usually they’re not very big.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 51
An example: Health care in this country is overpriced
Nota - Posizione 51
ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 51
Some people think this is because greedy insurance
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 52
But health insurance companies have a profit margin of about 3%
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 54
not a big deal if you’re wondering how much they affect health care costs.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 55
If you’re paying $ 5,000 a year for health insurance, then take away all profit motive from the insurance companies and you would pay $ 4850 a year for health insurance.
Nota - Posizione 56
x PROFITTO DELL ASSIC
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 57
Insurance companies aren’t callously throwing sick people out on the street for profitability reasons, they’re callously throwing sick people out on the street because they can only pay as much money as their customers give them and that isn’t enough to fund as much health care as people need.
Nota - Posizione 59
x CRUDELTÀ DELL ASS
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 59
3% are for profit and the other 97% are of necessity.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 60
payday lenders.
Nota - Posizione 60
ALTRO ESEMPIO ( CHI PRESTA AI OOVERI)
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 61
In a profitability analysis by Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, it was determined that the average profit margin from seven publicly traded payday lending companies (including pawn shops) in the U.S. was 7.63%, and for pure payday lenders it was 3.57%. These averages are less than those of other traditional lending institutions such as credit unions and banks. Comparatively the profit margin of Starbucks for the measured time period was just over 9%, and comparison lenders had an average profit margin of 13.04%. These comparison lenders were mainstream companies: Capital One, GE Capital, HSBC, Money Tree, and American Express Credit.
Nota - Posizione 66
x USURAI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 66
Payday lenders aren’t charging outrageous interest rates so they can get fat off the profits. They’re charging outrageous interest rates because loaning money to poor people who often fail to pay back
Nota - Posizione 68
x REALI MOTIVAZIONI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 69
I propose that about 11% of their funding would go to profit, the same as current private schools.
Nota - Posizione 69
IPOTESI DI PROFITTO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 72
If private schools cost the same amount of money as public schools, but 11% of that went to shareholder profits, wouldn’t our children receive an 11% worse education?
Nota - Posizione 73
x IL RAGIONAMENTO DELL OPPOSITORE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 84
There’s the dangers of profit and the promises of better efficiency.
Nota - Posizione 85
TRADEOFF
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 86
Here is a graph by the Cato Institute
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 88
In case you don’t trust them, here’s Politifact rating a similar claim
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 90
It’s not that teachers are getting paid any more– their salaries have remained stagnant
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 92
It’s not that school buildings cost more
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 94
how is an activity which basically involves getting a bunch of kids into a building and throwing a teacher at them rising so dramatically in the absence of changes in building or teacher prices?
Nota - Posizione 96
X DOMANDA CRUCIALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 96
three theories:
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 97
Simpson’s Paradox.
Nota - Posizione 97
PRIMA TEORIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 98
higher percent of students are in low-performing racial groups
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 99
race-specific scores are also stagnant
Nota - Posizione 99
OBIEZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 102
extra money has been used to help previously underserved special needs kids.
Nota - Posizione 103
SECONDA TEORIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 103
these kids apparently cost about twice
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 105
Up to 13% of students are special needs,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 106
then providing extra services to special needs kids can explain a rise of 13% in education costs, but not the 150%
Nota - Posizione 107
OBIEZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 108
“The bureaucracy is expanding
Nota - Posizione 108
TERZA TEORIA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 108
One argument in favor: the same thing that’s happening to primary education is happening to college education.
Nota - Posizione 109
X CONTROPROVA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
other people say it’s not exactly administration but it’s something else.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 116
But it doesn’t seem to be Simpson’s Paradox or special needs kids.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 123
The point is, private schools lose 11% of their funding to shareholder profit, and public schools apparently lose 75% of their funding
Nota - Posizione 124
X CONCLUSIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 125
Do private schools also lose 75% of their funding to nobody-knows, since I don’t see many of them around as cheap as schools were in 1980? I’m not sure.
Nota - Posizione 126
X NUOVA DOMANDA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 144
I know many people who are involved in education, and they are all very good people who are very passionate and definitely would never skim 75% off the top and use it to buy gold-plated yachts for themselves.
Nota - Posizione 145
x ESPERIENZA XSONALE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 145
In my home state of California, there was a big funding shortfall ten years ago, and schools tried to cut everything they could, but finally they said there was nothing left to cut and they had no more ideas, and I believe that they tried as hard as they could.
Nota - Posizione 147
X TAGLIARE LA SPESA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 147
If bureaucracy is inflating the price of schooling, it’s not doing so in an obvious way
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 148
it might be a general ethos of inefficiency
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 197
look what happens with food stamps: the moment you start handing out a “voucher,” conservatives start seeing it as some kind of unearned “handout.”
Nota - Posizione 198
LA PAURA DI ROBINSON
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 198
Pressure then develops to cut the handout.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 200
they erode the idea of education as a fundamental right,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 200
making it seem like a privilege
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 202
education’s popularity relative to food stamps.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 204
Imagine a world where food stamps are replaced by the Federal Food Agency.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 205
Every week, a truck comes to poor people’s houses and gives them
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 206
Do you think conservatives would be any happier with this than they are with food stamps?
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 207
Medicare remains popular even though it’s essentially a voucher.
Nota - Posizione 208
RISPOSTA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 211
there are some things that worry me about school vouchers.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 212
Although for-profit hospitals aren’t noticeably worse than not-for-profit, they’re also not noticeably better.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 213
existence of for-profit hospitals hasn’t started some kind of virtuous cycle
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 215
Having a field be open to competition isn’t necessarily incompatible with it being overpriced and inefficient.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
existing private schools are not generally 75% cheaper than public
Nota - Posizione 216
CI SI ADEGUA
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 216
cost-cutting is harder than I might think.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 217
Privatization schemes are also heavily dependent on the existence of highly astute parents, who have the time and inclination to carefully study schools.
Nota - Posizione 218
ROBINSON PREOCCUPATO DEL RUOLO DEI GENITORI
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 218
most vulnerable children are unlikely to have such parents.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 222
his point that many parents are ignorant or malicious is well-taken.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 230
Catholic school is already sort of like this and they don’t seem to be some weird foreign cancer on the body politic, so maybe it’s not such a big deal?
Nota - Posizione 231
X INDOTTRINAMENTO SMENTITO DA SCUOLE CATT
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 231
Fourth, vouchers could worsen class segregation.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 232
everyone already goes to public schools in their own class-segregated neighborhood anyway.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 233
at least there’s a little socioeconomic diversity
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 234
“privilege” of going to a school without poor students.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 235
people will pay extra for a house in a gated community
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 239
I wonder if it would be possible to have a system where you’re not allowed to combine the voucher with your own money.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 241
we would have to add one very big upside
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 242
it destroys the incentive to overspend on/ segregate housing in order to get into a “good school district”.
Nota - Posizione 242
x UPSIDE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 243
Elizabeth Warren has argued this is primarily behind the secular rise in real estate
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 244
This factor could easily be more important than everything else combined and might make school vouchers a plus even if they seriously worsened the quality of education.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 246
let’s experiment.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 247
and don’t have too much risk,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 247
As we start to understand things better, extend the window
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 253
lack of good competition
Nota - Posizione 254
PREOCCUPAZIONE
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 257
Let’s let random people open tiny schools.
Nota - Posizione 257
TINY SCHOOL
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 258
like 3% of parents home-school their children.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 259
All the research shows that home-schooled students do much better than traditionally schooled students on standardized tests, college admission exams, college GPAs, and general life satisfaction as adults.
Nota - Posizione 260
X QUALITÀ
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thoughtful conscientious parents
Nota - Posizione 261
SELF SELECTION
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a big genetic advantage.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 262
A woman has a kid and decides she doesn’t want to go back to work and leave the kid in daycare for eighteen years. She takes some test, clears some regulatory hurdle, promises that she’ll clear a certain bar on her kids’ standardized test scores, and registers as an approved school. Then she gets a couple of friends and neighbors who trust her to send their kids to her too. Maybe her husband works outside the home, so she doesn’t even need five. She’s happy with two or three (I think it would be important that you can’t make any money by educating your own kid; otherwise the incentive is to keep them out of school and pretend to be educating them yourself). Then she tutors them in a class a fifth the size of comparable public school classes.
Nota - Posizione 268
x ESEMPIO
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 268
If you’re an actual, qualified teacher, maybe you can get ten or twenty
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 268
That’s $ 100,000 to $ 200,000, minus your overhead,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 269
for the majority of American history, kids were taught by a member of the community in a one room schoolhouse,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 270
the system that produced Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison, et cetera.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 271
remember that all the research shows that formal teacher training and level of teacher credentialing has zero effect
Nota - Posizione 272
x TITOLI DI INSEGNAMENTO
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This would provide provide a means of self-directed, boss-free income for millions of people,
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 276
Probably there’s some sort of horrible flaw that I’m missing.
Evidenzia (giallo) - Posizione 276
moral of the story is to experiment more.