CHAPTER 5 Darwin and a Tale of Three Apes: Why Competition Does Not Make Us Evil

CHAPTER 5 Darwin and a Tale of Three Apes: Why Competition Does Not Make Us Evil
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We weren’t hardwired to be happy or good, but engaging in competition can help make us both.
Note:TESI DEL CAPITOLO

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bodies were neither designed nor did they evolve to maximize happiness,
Note:CATTIVA NOTIZIA

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maximize survival—to
Note:IL VERO OBBIETTIVO

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Nature merely dangles the hope of positive feelings if we do useful things that promote survival.
Note:FELICITÀ COME ESCA

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sugars.
Note:ESEMPIO DI PIACERI UTILI

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sex kindles
Note:ALTRO ESEMPIO

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WE’RE ASKING THE WRONG QUESTION
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“Why aren’t you happy?” is the wrong question. Happiness is not a default position
Note:ADESSO SI SPIEGA

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“What causes poverty?”
Note:ALTRA DOMANDA SBAGLIATA

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Poverty is the default for the human

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escaping a state of misery is the challenge

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The default case is not Eden.

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THE MAN WITH THE PLUMP GIRLFRIEND
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First, humans prefer companionship
Note:4 CARATTERISTICHED DELLA NATURA UMANA

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Second, humans must make choices

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eating is primary.

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Fourth, cultural tastes change,

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If the British model Twiggy had shown up in London in the 1860s
Note:ES

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key to understanding where we come from,
Note:IMPORTANTE X LA RICERCA DELLA FELICITÀ

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We care what others think;
Note:IL SEGRETO SVELATO DA D

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we are what we are.
Note:MEGLIO ACCETTARLO ALLA SVELTA

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SURVIVAL OF THE MOST COMPETITIVE
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choosing our economic system.
Note:GUARDIAMO ALLA NS NATURA

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critics of free markets often link Darwin to a dog-eat-dog, zero-sum world,
Note:LIBERO MERCATO E DARWIN

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the best collection of bugs.
Note:LA NICCHIA DI D.

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Motivated by the spirit of competition and comforted that his work preceded Wallace’s by over a decade, Darwin finally sent his full manuscript to a publisher named John Murray.
Note:LA COMPESTIZIONE X ESSERE IL PRIMO A PROPORRE L IDEA EVOLUZIONISTA

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Darwin as a metaphor for natural selection.
Note:AH AH AH

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“survival of the fittest” took on a moral tone.
Note:HUXLEY E SPENCER VIOLANO LA LEGGE DI HUME

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you cannot deduce an “ought” from an “is.”

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Darwin did not see only fierce competition in species; he also thought kindness and sympathy might be built
Note:COMPETIZIONE... E ALLEANZE

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Huxley tended to see sympathy as a cultural artifice
Note:PIÙ REALISTA DEL RE

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the bad ape, the good ape, and the competitive ape.
Note:LE TRE SCIMMIE CHE DIMORANO IN NOI

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THE BAD APE
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dog-eat-dog.

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“boys in all cultures spontaneously engage in rough and tumble play, which is obviously practice for fighting.”
Note:PINKER LOTTA E VIOLENZA

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women are less competitive? No; it simply means they may direct their competitive spirits in different directions.
Note:LA COMPETIZIONE COPERTA DELLE DONNE

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dominating Khasi women narrowly outhustled the dominating Maasai men.
Note:ESEMPIO

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spirit of competition is inborn

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The comedian Jack Benny boasted that in forty years of marriage he and his wife never considered divorce. Not once. Murder? Yes! But divorce, never.
Note:AH AH AH

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Violence may not be “random and senseless” from an evolutionary point of view.
Note:VIOLENZA FITTED

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West Side Story,
Note:REPERTOTIO AUTOGIUSTIFICANTE X I CRIMINI COMMESSI

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whether the spirit of competition is the culprit in the evil we see around us.
Note:LA DOMANDA

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That’s where parents, preachers, and teachers come in.
Note:LA NATURA CI RENDE COMPETITFIVI... LA CULTURA CI DICE DOVE COMPETERE

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To blame competitiveness for evil is like blaming thirst for a drunk stumbling down
Note:ASSURDITÀ

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THE GOOD APE
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But we have impulses to hug and cuddle.
Note:VANNO DI MODA I NEURONI SPECCHIO

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We still share over 98 percent of our DNA with modern chimps,
Note:MA

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A chimp could not have written Hamlet,
Note:ANCHE SE

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Then Goodall witnessed the “Four Year War” of the 1970s. It was a chimp war.
Note:GUERRA DEI 4 ANNI

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mind”—a female chewing on an infant’s flesh,
Note:HORROR DI CHI ERA AFFETTUOSO

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Frans de Waal.
Note:HA ACCUSATO LA GOODALL DI AVER INSTIGATO LA GUERRA

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popularizing the “kinder, gentler” cousin of the chimp, the bonobo
Note:DEWAAL FAMA

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“Wild bonobos are happy, pleasure-loving creatures whose lifestyle is dictated by instinct and Mother Nature.”
Note:IL MITO DEL BUON SELVAGGIO

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bonobos are, however, far more sympathetic

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nominating these apes for Nobel peace prizes?

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hardly anyone observes bonobos in the wild.
Note:SCOPERTA

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human prison behavior is not the same as street behavior,
Note:CATTIVITÀ

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ARE WE BUILT TO BE NICE?
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When the volunteers chose to give the money away, the MRIs showed a glow coming from the primitive limbic brain that usually signals a desire for food and sex.
Note:IL BENE SUL VIDEO

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Grafman surmised that altruism may be a primitive, inherited genetic
Note:CONGETTURA

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The “joy of giving” turns out to be a physical pleasure,

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“helper’s high,”

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people escape the pain and stress of life by ingesting “soma,” a magical drug
Note:HUXLEY BRAVE NEW WORLD

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Dacher Keltner

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Born to Be Good

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survival of the kindest
Note:NUOVO PARADIGMA

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survival of the fittest.
Note:VECCHIO PARADIGMA

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THE COMPETITIVE APE
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For societies to hang together, they must rest not on the highest motives, but on the strongest motives.
Note:SOCIETÀ BEN FORMATA

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Baking pies and making pottery for each other is nice in a small community but does not allow an economy to grow.
Note:PICCOLO E GRANDE

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transactions among strangers,

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The word “economy” comes from the Greek oikos, meaning household,
Note:SVIANTE

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Rather than rely solely on the kindness of strangers, we must appreciate and use all our drives.
Note:SFRUTTARE TUTTO

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they realized that even the evil drive can be constructive.
Note:LA GRANDE SCOPERTA DELLA RELIGIONE EBRAICA

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accepting our natural drive

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WHERE HAVE ALL THE PEOPLE GONE?
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My point is we know more about the survivors.
Note:I BUONI E I CATTIVI SONO SPARITI... RESTA LA VIA DI MEZZO

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Mankind is capable of all sorts of behavior that seem unnatural and odd,
Note:IL MALE

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modern scholars have a tendency to romanticize.
Note:PURTROPPO

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I do not cite such hoaxes to create cynicism about researchers.
Note:UN PO PIÙ DI CINISMO!!!!

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We will see how competition actually breeds cooperation.
VIE PIÙ PROMETTENTO X SPIEGARE IL BENE